Clinical course of alcoholic pancreatitis

AIM: To study a natural course of alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Follow-up clinical, laboratory and radiation examinations were made of 170 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. Exocrine secretion of the pancreas was assessed by secretin-pancreozymin test. Morphological signs of pancreatitis were studied in patients who had died of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS: In 24% of patients AP manifested with acute attack. In 76% it was preceded with weak clinical symptoms. AP ran was complicated with pseudotumorous pancreatitis, calcinosis and pancreatic pseudocysts. Pancreatic secretion was suppressed in 87% patients though clinically it was evident only in 12% cases. Autopsy cases of pancreatic cancer carried morphological markers of chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: Various clinical forms of AP represent stages of its development: early symptoms, recurrences, complications and decompensated failure of the pancreatic function. The presence of pancreatitis in patients with pancreatic cancer causes difficulties in differential diagnosis between these diseases.     

Autonomic neuropathy and chronic liver disease

Autonomic neuropathy has been reported in association with alcoholic cirrhosis but there is no information on its occurrence in non-alcoholic liver disease. We have examined autonomic function in 64 patients with biopsy-proven liver disease (22 with alcoholic liver disease and 42 with non-alcoholic liver disease) together with 29 age-matched controls. Forty-five per cent of patients with alcoholic liver disease and 43 per cent with non-alcoholic liver disease showed evidence of parasympathetic damage; 11 per cent of patients with alcoholic liver disease and 12 per cent with non-alcoholic liver disease had sympathetic damage. Forty-five per cent of patients with alcoholic liver disease and 22 per cent with non-alcoholic liver disease had peripheral neuropathy on clinical examination. Sixty-eight per cent of those with peripheral neuropathy also had autonomic neuropathy. This study confirms that autonomic neuropathy is common in alcoholic patients but the fact that it is found with comparable frequency in non-alcoholic liver disease suggests that the neurological defect may be secondary to the disturbed liver function. The implications of these observations with regard to prognosis of chronic liver disease are discussed.     

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: variant syndromes

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), a fascinating disease that had been reported perhaps 50 times in varying guises over the preceding century, suddenly burst forth in the 1960s and was recognized in clusters of cases almost simultaneously in Paris, London, and West Haven, Connecticut. The spectrum of the disease has broadened. Initially, it was associated almost exclusively with alcoholic cirrhosis, but it has now been found in association with posthepatitic cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, chronic active liver disease, and, occasionally, in biliary cirrhosis and cardiac cirrhosis. Recently, it has been reported in alcoholic hepatitis and acute viral hepatitis. It occurs occasionally in malignant ascites and in pancreatitis in the absence of cirrhosis. It is surprisingly common in disseminated lupus, in which it occurs relatively more commonly than in alcoholic cirrhosis. A similar syndrome, primary peritonitis, occurs frequently in children with nephrotic ascites. The clinical pattern of SBP has broadened. Initially it consisted of abdominal pain, fever, rebound tenderness, hypoactive bowel sounds, hypotension, encephalopathy, and cloudy ascites with large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in ascitic fluid. Each and every symptom, sign, and laboratory abnormality may be absent; indeed, the syndrome can be completely silent. Initially, the causative bacteria appeared to be almost exclusively enteric, but now the list of bacteria isolated in cases of SBP looks like a bacteriology textbook. Anaerobes are rare. Multiple organisms usually suggest nonspontaneous origin such as perforation or vasopressin induction. The differentiation between spontaneous and nonspontaneous bacterial peritonitis is crucial in the differential diagnosis. The great majority of cases of SBP develop in the hospital, 80% more than one week after admission. It is therefore a nosocomial disease that may be precipitated by procedure-induced bacteremia, gastrointestinal bleeding, or diarrhea, and it tends to occur in patients with low ascitic fluid protein (complement) concentrations and severe portal-systemic shunting.     

1-14C]Ethanol breath test in alcoholic liver disease

The activity of ethanol metabolising enzymes was assessed in 51 patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease using tracer doses of [1-14C]ethanol and measuring 14CO2 excretion in the breath. Alcoholic patients with only fatty infiltration of the liver showed significantly increased activity compared with controls. Comparing alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and a serum albumin greater than 28 g/l, activity in those with a recent history of continued heavy drinking was significantly greater than in patients who had abstained from alcohol. In addition, both groups of alcoholic cirrhosis showed significantly more activity than patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The activities of patients with acute alcoholic or viral hepatitis were normal when their prothrombin times were less than 7 sec prolonged, but were reduced when prolongation exceeded 7 sec. These results demonstrate that in chronic alcoholic liver disease, even with cirrhosis, alcohol can still increase the activity of ethanol oxidising enzymes provided hepatic function remains adequate. However, this response is lost in acute liver damage and in chronic alcoholic disease with severe hepatic dysfunction.     

Serum chemistry templates of disease in liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

On routine hospital admission, 23,714 patients received a 28-test serum metabolic profile. The 33 most common diseases (4,132 patients) of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder (LPG) had unique chemical templates averaging 15 significant serum deviations. Each LPG disease differed from all others by elevations of both leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels. LAP level was low or normal and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and AP levels were elevated in 43 non-LPG diseases. Patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis had elevated amylase levels. The four nonmalignant diseases of the gallbladder were associated with normal levels of amylase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH); except for silent cholelithiasis, each showed elevated total bilirubin (BIL) levels. Patients with solitary or scattered lesions of the liver had normal bilirubin levels (2,115 patients), and those with diffuse interstitial or parencymal disease had elevated BIL levels. Cancer patients had elevated LDH and alpha1 globulin (A1G) levels, but low albumin levels. The importance of comprehensive liver profiles in the treatment of psychoses is emphasized by significant liver damage in a number of these patients. A1G was normal and LDH was elevated in patients having mononucleosis, hepatitis, lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, and alcoholic cirrhosis.     

The prevalence of TTV infection in non-A to G chronic liver disease, especially non-A to G hepatocellular carcinoma, and the clinical significance of TTV infection]

We examined the prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in non-B, non-C, non-G chronic liver disease, in particular, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the clinical significance of TTV infection. Among 829 cases with chronic liver disease, 30 cases (4%) had non-B, non-C, non-G chronic liver disease. The percentage of TTV-DNA positive cases among these 30 cases with non-B, non-C, non-G chronic liver disease was 57% (17/30), significantly higher than the percentage TTV-DNA positivity (14%; 5/107) among blood donors (P < 0.01). All the TTV-DNA positive cases were still positive for TTV-DNA throughout the follow-up period (4 +/- 2 years; 1-7 years), thus demonstrating that TTV infection is persistent. These findings suggest that TTV may be one of the causes of non-B, non-C, non-G chronic liver disease. When the 30 cases of non-B, non-C, non-G chronic liver disease were divided into a TTV-DNA positive group and TTV-DNA negative group and the clinical data between the two groups compared, it was found that the serum ALP and serum gamma-GTP levels in some cases in the TTV-DNA positive group were higher than those in the TTV-DNA negative group. Twelve cases of non-B, non-C, non-G HCC were divided into two groups (TTV-DNA positive and TTV-DNA negative), and the clinical data between the two groups compared. All the four cases of HCC which were not associated with liver cirrhosis were TTV-DNA positive. However, with respect to the age at the time of onset of the HCC, no significant differences were noted between the cases of HCC associated with liver cirrhosis and those not associated with liver cirrhosis. In spite of older patients, many cases of HCC associated with TTV infection are not associated with liver cirrhosis.     

Total fasting serum bile acids and beta-hexosaminidase in alcoholic liver disease

Total serum bile acid levels and beta-hexosaminidase activity were studied in 22 normal subjects, 35 non-cirrhotic patients with acute alcohol intoxication, 45 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and 11 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and surgical portal-systemic shunts. Comparison was made with traditional liver function tests. beta-Hexosaminidase was most frequently elevated in acute alcohol intoxication (94%) while total serum bile acids were elevated in all patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Total serum bile acid levels were found to discriminate most efficiently between acute alcohol intoxication and liver cirrhosis. The combined determination of serum beta-hexosaminidase and total serum bile acids is proposed for evaluating alcoholic liver disease.     

酒精性肝病患者健康相关生存质量研究

目的研究酒精性肝病患者健康相关生存质量及其与疾病严重程度的关系以及对比酒精性肝病与慢性乙型肝炎患者健康相关生存质量的差别。方法 2010年12月至2011年10月收治的70例男性酒精性肝病患者(非肝硬化组45例,肝硬化组25例),56例男性慢性乙型肝炎患者(非肝硬化组24例,肝硬化组32例)以及42例男性健康对照组受试者参与试验。所有受试者回答SF-36V2(中文版)量表,通过SF-36V2软件计算出:生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、总体健康、活力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康共8个维度,以及躯体健康总评和精神健康总评。使用协方差分析对比健康对照组,酒精性肝病非肝硬化组,以及酒精性肝病肝硬化组健康相关生存质量;对比酒精性肝病与慢性乙型肝炎患者健康相关生存质量。结果和健康对照组相比,酒精性肝病患者随着疾病的加重,SF-36V2各维度评分明显降低(P<0.05)。酒精性肝病非肝硬化组患者较慢性乙型肝炎非肝硬化组患者仅生理功能、生理职能、活力、躯体健康总评四项评分轻度受损(P<0.05)。酒精性肝病肝硬化组与慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化组患者SF-36V2各维度评分相似(P>0.05)。结论酒精性肝病患者健康相关生存质量降低,且病情越重,健康相关生存质量越差。酒精性肝病患者健康相关生存质量与慢性乙型肝炎患者相似。     

Localization of T and B cells and alpha fetoprotein in hepatic biopsies from patients with liver disease.

Peripheral blood and hepatic tissue T- and B-lymphocyte distributions, serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations, and hepatic AFP were studied in 46 patients undergoing diagnostic percutaneous liver biopsy. The patients included 26 with alcoholic liver disease, 13 with nonalcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, and 7 with either normal histology or minor nonspecific changes. Serum AFP was determined by radioimmunoassay and hepatic tissue AFP by indirect immunofluorescence. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes were identified by the sheep red-cell rosette technique; and B lymphocytes by fluoresceinated anti-immunoglobulin antisera and IgG aggregates. Tissue identification of T lymphocytes was accomplished using an extensively absorbed rabbit antihuman thymocyte antiserum and indirect immunofluorescence; tissue B lymphocytes were identified using pepsin F (ab')2 fragments of rabbit IgG antibodies to human immunoglobulins. T lymphocytes predominanted in hepatic lymphoid infiltrates from patients with alcoholic liver disease (91+/-4%), whereas in patients with chronic active or chronic persistant hepatitis, viral hepatitis, or cryoptogenic cirrhosis proportions of T and B lymphocytic infiltrates were similar (50+/-15%). Hepatic tissue AFP was detected in 9 of 18 patients with alcoholic hepatitis; serum AFP concentration was increased in only 1 of these 9 patients. Tissue AFP was not observed in the remaining biopsy material nor were serum AFP concentrations increased. Peripheral blood T-cell numbers were significantly decreased in patients with alcoholic liver disease (P less than 0.01) and in nonalcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis (P less than 0.025). A close relationship between peripheral blood T-lymphocytopenia and hepatic T-cell infiltrates was observed in patients with alcoholic liver disease; this relationship was less apparent in patients with nonalcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis.     

Surgical treatment of pancreatitis: review of a series.

In this review of the surgical experience with pancreatitis, 55 patients had acute relapsing pancreatitis associated with gallstones and 47 had chronic pancreatitis of alcoholic, idiopathic, or familial causation. The severity of pancreatitis associated with gallstones could not be correlated with results of preoperative biochemical tests; only one-third of patients were found to have stones within the biliary ductal system; and postoperative mortality (5%) could not be correlated with the severity of pancreatic inflammation or the timing of surgical intervention. Postoperative observations have revealed that all but four of the patients have remained asymptomatic. With regard to the patients with alcoholic, idiopathic, or familial disease who had significant pancreatic ductal dilatation or obstruction, ductal drainage procedures with or without resection benefited 80%. In the absence of ductal dilatation or obstruction, major resective surgery benefited 50% of patients. Continuing alcohol abuse limited the effectiveness of any operative procedure, and diabetes occurred more often after major resective procedures.     

Autonomic Neuropathy and Chronic Liver Disease

Autonomic neuropathy has been reported in association with alcoholiccirrhosis but there is no information on its occurrence in non-alcoholicliver disease. We have examined autonomic function in 64 patientswith biopsy-proven liver disease (22 with alcoholic liver diseaseand 42 with non-alcoholic liver disease) together with 29 age-matchedcontrols. Forty-five per cent of patients with alcoholic liverdisease and 43 per cent with non-alcoholic liver disease showedevidence of parasyrapathetic damage; 11 per cent of patientswith alcoholic liver disease and 12 per cent with non-alcoholicliver disease had sympathetic damage. Forty-five per cent ofpatients with alcoholic liver disease and 22 per cent with non-alcoholicliver disease had peripheral neuropathy on clinical examination.Sixty-eight per cent of those with peripheral neuropathy alsohad autonomic neuropathy. This study confirms that autonomicneuropathy is common in alcoholic patients but the fact thatit is found with comparable frequency in non-alcoholic liverdisease suggests that the neurological defect may be secondaryto the disturbed liver function. The implications of these observationswith regard to prognosis of chronic liver disease are discussed.     

Treatment of chronic diseases of the liver with catergen

Fifty-seven patients with chronic liver diseases of different etiology were treated with catergen ((+)-cyanidanol 3) given in a dose of 1.5 g (3 tablets) a day throughout 3 months. The findings were compared with those derived in the control groups of patients (82) who received vitamins or essentiale. It was shown that catergen significantly improved some biochemical characteristics of the blood and indicators of the antipyrine test in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis of the viral and alcoholic etiology. In patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, catergen, like essentiale, exerted an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in the liver. There were no significant differences in the biochemical characteristics of the blood in patients with chronic alcoholic hepatitis treated with catergen and control group patients. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, catergen exerted an insignificant symptomatic effect but in single cases. The side dyspeptic effects which demanded the drug withdrawal were only recorded in 2 patients. It is concluded that catergen may be used in the treatment of virus- and alcohol-induced chronic liver diseases of moderate activity.     

肝硬化患者768例病因及临床特点分析

目的 探讨云南省昆明地区肝硬化患者病因及临床特点.方法 选择云南省第三人民医院消化内科2006年10月至2010年8月期间住院确诊的肝硬化患者768例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料和各项实验室检查结果.结果 768例肝硬化患者中单纯乙型肝炎病毒感染所致肝硬化354例(46.1%),单纯饮酒所致肝硬化162例(21.1%),单纯丙型肝炎病毒感染所致肝硬化39例(5.1%),酒精合并肝炎病毒共同损伤所致肝硬化86例(11.2%),原发性胆汁性肝硬化45例(5.9%),血吸虫性肝硬化32例(4.2%),血色病等遗传及代谢性疾病所致肝硬化21例(2.7%),不明原因肝硬化29例(3.8%).肝硬化并发症依次为上消化道出血(53.4%),肝性脑病(37.1%),继发感染(21.2%),原发性肝癌(16.4%)和肝肾综合征(5.9%).结论 云南省昆明地区的肝硬化病因以乙型肝炎病毒感染为主,其次为长期饮酒,单纯肝炎病毒感染所致肝硬化的临床表现以门脉系统高压为主,酒精中毒则以肝功能损伤为主,肝炎病毒感染与嗜酒重叠容易导致原发性肝癌的发生.     

Multiple myeloma in alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A case of multiple myeloma (Bence Jones, lambda) associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis is reported. A 56-year-old Japanese male died of hepatic failure and hypercalcemia. Autopsy revealed alcoholic liver cirrhosis and plasma cell myeloma. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of his reserved serum disclosed the presence of M component of lambda Bence Jones protein. IgA and lambda light chain were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the myeloma cells. Complications such as generalized amyloidosis, metastatic calcification, myeloma kidney and hemorrhagic pancreatitis were noted. The coexistence of multiple myeloma and liver cirrhosis has rarely been reported. On the basis of a review of the reported cases, a possible association between both diseases was discussed.     

Serum proteins in liver cirrhosis: effects of shunt surgery

The serum protein patterns of 38 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were studied and compared with those of 15 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and of 18 normal volunteers. Serum prealbumin and albumin were significantly lowered in alcoholic liver cirrhosis in comparison with the normals. In liver cirrhosis, the four acute phase reactants, alpha 1-antiproteinase, orosomucoid, and haptoglobin and caeruloplasmin, showed a pattern in serum, in which alpha 1-antiproteinase was increased, orosomucoid and haptoglobin were decreased, and caeruloplasmin was normal. Immunoglobulins G, A and M were significantly elevated. IgA was significantly more elevated in patients with alcoholic disease than in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. The construction of a surgical portal-systemic shunt resulted in a significant decrease in serum concentrations of the acute phase reactants, while prealbumin, albumin and immunoglobulins were unaffected.     

Red blood cell status in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease.

Macrocytosis is most commonly associated with vitamin B(12) and folic acid deficiency, followed by alcoholism, liver disease, and other pathologic conditions. We studied the red cell and vitamin status in 423 consecutive patients with various liver diseases, including 31 with acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 105 with chronic hepatitis (CH), and 134 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), who consisted of 84 with non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease (NCALD) and 50 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC), 60 with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis (NALC), and 93 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly higher in patients with ALD and NALC, and among them macrocytosis occurred more frequently in patients with ALC. Macrocytic anemia was mostly found in cirrhotic patients, in which the Child-Pugh score was closely related to the development of macrocytic anemia. In ALD, the MCV was significantly correlated with the estimated alcohol consumption and inversely correlated with the serum folic acid level, which, however, was often maintained within the normal range in patients with macrocytic ALC. After abstinence from alcohol, the MCV and RDW were reduced significantly and were associated with an increasing serum folic acid level. This suggests that macrocytic anemia was a common feature of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis and that alcohol abuse and folic acid deficiency play a secondary role in macrocytosis.     

Serum hyaluronate and type III procollagen aminoterminal propeptide concentration in chronic liver disease. Relationship to cirrhosis and disease activity

To analyse the relationship between the presence of liver cirrhosis and hepatic inflammation and the serum concentrations of the aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen type III (P-III-NP) and of hyaluronic acid (HA) in chronic liver disease, we measured P-III-NP and HA concentrations in paired serum samples from 133 patients with various chronic liver diseases, from 22 patients with acute hepatitis and from 50 healthy age-matched controls. In 24 (of the 133) patients with autoimmune chronic liver disease, follow-up determination was performed during therapeutic treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Compared with controls P-III-NP concentrations (medians) were significantly elevated in 65% of patients with chronic active hepatitis (P = 0.00097) and in 79% of patients with active liver cirrhosis (P = 0.0126) but not in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (P = 0.06). Serum concentrations (medians) of HA were increased (P = 0.0058) in 32% of patients with chronic active hepatitis and in 91% of patients with active cirrhosis (P less than 6 x 10(-7)). The difference of HA serum concentrations but not that of P-III-NP serum concentrations in patients with chronic active hepatitis and in patients with active cirrhosis was statistically significant. HA and P-III-NP serum concentrations were significantly elevated in 22 patients with acute hepatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in liver disease: serum elevation is independent of hepatic GGTP activity

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was measured in liver and serum from 110 patients undergoing diagnostic liver biopsy, including patients with alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver not due to alcohol, primary biliary cirrhosis, persistent hepatic disease, chronic active hepatitis and normal livers. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was markedly elevated in patients with alcoholic liver disease and primary biliary cirrhosis while mean hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was significantly increased only in the alcoholic liver disease group. There was considerable overlap of individual enzyme values among the different disease groups. There was no inhibitors or activators of liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in any of these disorders. The increased liver activity was not related to the degree of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. There was no correlation between hepatic and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Hepatic and serum gamma activities were equally increased in individuals with alcoholic liver disease whether or not they were drinking at the time of the study. The data suggest that increased hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is neither specific for alcoholic liver disease nor essential for serum GGTP to be elevated.     

酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病的临床特点分析

目的：探讨酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病与成年隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病（ LADA）及2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的临床资料、代谢指标及生化检查的差异。方法对2005~2014年于本院内分泌和消化科住院治疗的符合WHO糖尿病诊断标准的酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病患者24例,LADA患者30例及T2DM患者40例的病史,临床资料进行回顾性分析和比较。结果酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病患者的体重指数（BMI）与LADA患者的差异无显著性,明显低于T2DM患者。酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发糖尿病的空腹C肽值要高于LADA组患者,低于T2DM患者,总胆固醇（ CHO）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ LDL-C）水平低于LADA及T2DM患者,外周血管病变的发生低于T2DM患者。结论长期大量饮酒患者出现糖尿病,应注意鉴别有无酒精性慢性胰腺炎继发的糖尿病,该类患者体型偏瘦,CHO及LDL-C低于LADA及T2DM患者,易出现低血糖,但是无酮症倾向。     

血清总胆汁酸与丙氨酸氨基转移酶联合测定对肝胆疾病患者的临床价值分析

目的建立血清总胆汁酸(TBA)和血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)联合测定模式,探讨该模式对肝胆患者的临床应用价值。方法采用Hitachi 7600-020全自动生化分析仪(日本日立公司)分别对223例肝胆疾病患者和60例健康对照者血清TBA和ALT进行联合检测。结果各种肝胆疾病患者血清TBA和与健康对照组相比均明显升高:TBA的阳性检出率在急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝癌、肝硬化分别为100.0%、89.1%、88.4%、84.0%和75.9%。ALT的阳性检出率在急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、胆道疾病、肝癌、肝硬化分别为100.0%、81.8%、73.9%、36.0%和37.9%。ALT在各种肝胆疾病患者中均有不同程度的升高(均P<0.01)。血清TBA在急性肝炎、慢性肝炎和胆道疾病中有明显升高(均P<0.01),其阳性检出率均在80%以上。急性肝炎时,TBA和ALT阳性检出率都达到100.0%,但两者在肝癌和肝硬化患者的阳性检出率上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),胆道疾病中也有较大差异(P<0.05)。结论 TBA与ALT都是肝胆疾病的重要而且灵敏的指标,但是两者特异性、敏感性在不同肝胆疾病过程中并不一致,各有优劣,因此TBA与ALT联合测定在监测各种肝胆疾病中的有着现实的临床意义。