青光眼术前睫状体脱离的超声生物显微镜观察

目的：应用超声生物显微镜对急性闭角型青光眼术前睫状体脱离的组织结构进行形态学检查,方法：对青光眼病入术前常规进行超声生物显微镜检查,发现有睫状体脱离。对睫状体脱离者与非睫状体脱离者按年龄、性别、眼压降低幅度,眼前节解剖结构的测量数据进行统计学处理。结果：术前睫状体脱离多出现于眼压50mmHg以上,迅速降至正常或更低,房角大部分关闭但未完全关闭的病人,在272眼急性闭角型青光眼中发现有睫状体脱离者37眼占13．6％,与病人年龄、性别、眼前节解剖参数无显著性的差异,结论：术前睫状体脱离与眼压迅速下降有关。     

The presentation of acute glaucoma in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule

Up to 25% of patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule (PXF) and glaucoma may present with an acute rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) but the majority of these are not due to angle closure glaucoma. A series of 139 cases with acute presentation of PXF is described; this comprised 86 cases of acute open angle PXF glaucoma (9 bilateral), 18 cases of acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF, 21 cases of neovascular glaucoma with PXF and 14 cases of absolute PXF glaucoma. Males suffered acute open-angle PXF glaucoma and absolute PXF glaucoma significantly more frequently than females. The anterior chamber depth was 2.2 mm or less in all eyes having acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF but few cases with acute open-angle PXF glaucoma had a shallow anterior chamber, this difference being highly statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The response to medical treatment was poor in most cases, while surgical treatment was successful in lowering IOP in the majority of cases. Argon laser trabeculoplasty was less successful with a risk of late high rise in IOP.     

THE PRESENTATION OF ACUTE GLAUCOMA IN PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE

Up to 25% of patients with pseudoexfoliation of the tens capsule (PXF) and glaucoma may present with an acute rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) but the majority of these are not due to angle closure glaucoma. A series of 139 cases with acute presentation of PXF is described; this comprised 86 cases of acute open angle PXF glaucoma (9 bilateral), 18 cases of acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF, 21 cases of neovascular glaucoma with PXF and 14 cases of absolute PXF glaucoma. Males suffered acute open-angle PXF glaucoma and absolute PXF glaucoma significantly more frequently than females. The anterior chamber depth was 2.2 mm or less in all eyes having acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF but few cases with acute open-angle PXF glaucoma had a shallow anterior chamber, this difference being highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). The response to medical treatment was poor in most cases, while surgical treatment was successful in lowering IOP in the majority of cases. Argon laser trabeculoplasty was less successful with a risk of late high rise in IOP.     

One model of outflow damage.

The intraocular pressure, facilities of outflow, and Po/C ratios of 3 groups of eyes were compared. Group 1 consisted of 20 eyes at risk to the development of acute closed-angle glaucoma that had been treated with prophylactic pilocarpine for at least 8 years. Group 2 consisted of 20 eyes at risk that had received no treatment and had been followed up for at least 4 years. Group 3 comprised 20 eyes in which there was no evidence of glaucoma. There were highly significant differences between the 3 groups. The 60 eyes were then provoked with pilocarpine and phenylephrine; 90% of Group 1, 75% of Group 2, and none of Group 3 developed significant gonioscopic angle closure. These results suggest that asymptomatic partial angle closure was the cause of the observed changes and provide a naturally occurring model of one mechanism that can produce outflow damage without clinical symptoms.     

Dilating dangerous pupils.

Altogether 85 eyes from patients at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma were dilated with either parasympatholytic or sympathomimetic drugs. Of 21 eyes dilated with cyclopentolate 1/2%, 9 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure at some stage during dilatation and subsequent miosis. Of 58 eyes dilated with tropicamide 1/2%, 19 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure during dilatation. Treatment with intravenous acetazolamide and pilocarpine rapidly returned pressure to normal levels. Six eyes that had previously had a positive provocative test with simultaneous pilocarpine and phenylephrine were safely dilated with phenylephrine alone. Subsequent miosis with pilocarpine produced closed-angle glaucoma in all eyes. The significance of these observations is explained and discussed, and it is suggested that high-risk eyes should never be dilated with cyclopentolate. Tropicamide is safe if elementary precautions are observed. Safest of all, however, is phenylephrine-induced mydriasis and subsequent miosis with thymoxamine drops 1/2%.     

合并视网膜色素变性的青光眼临床特征

目的 分析合并视网膜色素变性（RP）的青光眼患者的临床特征。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 2008年8月至2012年9月北京同仁眼科中心RP合并青光眼患者37例（62眼）及未合并青光眼的RP患者109例（215眼）。方法 对上述患者的门诊电子病历结合门诊病案资料进行回顾分析。主要指标 青光眼类型,矫正视力及眼压。结果 37例（62眼）RP合并青光眼者中急性闭角型青光眼9例（18眼,29.0%）,慢性闭角型青光眼21例（34眼,54.8%）,原发性开角型青光眼7例（10眼,16.1%）。RP合并青光眼及未合并青光眼者盲眼（视力<0.05）比例分别为58.9%和33.6%（P=0.000）。RP合并青光眼者的平均眼压（23.1±14.0）mm Hg。结论 此回顾性研究中RP合并的青光眼多为原发性闭角型,且视力损害加重。（眼科,2013, 22：42-44）     

Viscogonioplasty: an effective procedure for lowering intraocular pressure in primary angle closure glaucoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of combined phacoemulsification and viscogonioplasty (Phaco-VGP) in managing primary acute closed-angle glaucoma (ACAG) unresponsive to conventional therapy (patent PI). PATIENT AND METHODS: In all, 15 consecutive eyes of patients with refractory ACAG and greater than 270 degrees peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) underwent VGP. The technique of VGP involved routine phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation (Phaco/IOL) under topical anaesthetic. Following IOL implantation a heavy viscoelastic was used to deepen the anterior chamber and then injected near the angle for 360 degrees (without touching the trabecular meshwork) to break the PAS. No surgical instrument was used to physically break the PAS. Upon completion of VGP, automated irrigation with balanced salt solution to remove the viscoelastic was performed. RESULTS: Mean IOP reduced from 52.1 to 14.1 mmHg by Phaco-VGP at 6-months review. 14/15 patients were free of glaucoma medications at 6-month review. All angles showed exposure of the trabecular meshwork over 360 degrees postoperatively without evidence of residual synechiae. No untoward complications were observed in any patient. CONCLUSION: VGP may have a role in controlling IOP effectively and safely in patients with refractory ACAG. It produces a large drop in the IOP and opening of the angle. It is a relatively simple technique to learn and we would recommend its use in the eyes of all patients who have had ACAG and are undergoing cataract extraction.     

Acute primary angle closure in an Asian population: long-term outcome of the fellow eye after prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy

PURPOSE: To study the long-term outcome of fellow eyes of Asian patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC) who underwent prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-six consecutive patients with APAC at presentation to one Singapore hospital from January 1990 through December 1994. METHODS: The presenting features of the fellow eye were recorded, and the subsequent long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) outcome after LPI was analyzed. All fellow eyes were initially treated with pilocarpine 2% eyedrops four times daily before LPI, which was performed within 1 week of presentation. For any eye, a rise in IOP during follow-up was defined as a rise in IOP requiring treatment by medication or surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of acute angle closure and IOP. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 50.8 months (range, 9-99 months). Of the 96 patients, 15 patients had bilateral APAC, and APAC developed in one fellow eye before LPI could be performed. The remaining 80 fellow eyes were studied. No cases of APAC developed after prophylactic LPI. Seventy-one fellow eyes (88.8%) were successfully treated with LPI alone without the need for additional glaucoma treatment in the long term. Seven eyes (8.8%) had IOPs of 21 mmHg or less on presentation, but a rise in IOP developed on follow-up despite the presence of a patent LPI. Two fellow eyes (2.5%) had signs of preexisting chronic angle closure glaucoma at presentation and required further glaucoma treatment even after LPI. There were no significant complications from the procedure in any of the fellow eyes studied. CONCLUSIONS: In this Asian population with APAC, prophylactic LPI is safe and effective in preventing acute angle closure in fellow eyes. In addition, prophylactic LPI prevents long-term rise in IOP in 88.8% of fellow eyes (with approximately 4 years of follow-up). However, because a small proportion of fellow eyes did experience a rise in IOP within the first year, despite the presence of a patent LPI, close monitoring is still advised in the follow-up of fellow eyes of patients with APAC.     

急性闭角型青光眼高眼压状态下小梁切除术的远期疗效观察

目的观察原发性急性闭角型青光眼患者高眼压状态下行复合式小梁切除术的远期疗效。方法回顾性研究。收集2008年1月至2015年12月惠州市中心人民医院收治的原发性急性闭角型青光眼大发作期患者26例(26眼)的临床资料。所有患者均行局部及全身降眼压治疗后眼压仍控制欠佳,对急性大发作眼行复合式小梁切除术。术后随访4~11年,观察远期疗效。结果随访期间均未见葡萄膜炎、前房积血或睫状体环阻塞性青光眼等严重并发症。入院眼压为(46.65±18.08)mmHg,出院眼压为(11.58±4.20)mmHg,末次随访眼压为(16.07±10.01)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。末次随访时滤过泡Ⅰ级者18眼、Ⅱ级者1眼、Ⅲ级者7眼。滤过泡等级与末次随访眼压呈正相关(r=3.350,P=0.009)。随访期间视网膜神经纤维层厚度、视野指数及视野平均偏差逐渐降低(P<0.001)。结论复合式小梁切除术治疗持续性高眼压状态的急性闭角型青光眼患者有效且安全。     

How large must an iridotomy be?

Four cases of acute angle closure glaucoma in eyes with a small but patent Nd-YAG laser iridotomy are presented, and similar cases in the literature are reviewed. Theoretically a 15 microns diameter iridotomy should be large enough to prevent angle closure glaucoma due to pupil block. Mechanisms by which larger iridotomies fail to prevent angle closure glaucoma, and the role of provocation tests following iridotomy, are discussed. An iridotomy should be at least 150-200 microns in diameter if acute angle closure glaucoma is to be reliably prevented.     

激光周边虹膜切除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的远期疗效观察

目的 探讨激光周边虹膜切除术(LPI)治疗原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)的远期疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.收集1992年4月至2002年10月实施LPI治疗且术后随诊时间达5年以上的PACG患者临床资料,根据患者LPI治疗前眼压、视乳头、视野、前房角等情况,将患眼重新分为3组:疑似原发性前房角关闭(PACS)组、原发性前房角关闭(PAC)组、原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)组,分析LPI治疗后各组患者远期眼压控制、视力及并发症等情况.不同类型的原发性闭角型青光眼之间LPI治疗后眼压控制情况比较采用x~2检验.结果 共收集到符合条件的患者131例(251只眼),其中PACS组18只眼(7.2%),PAC组98只眼(39.0%),PACG组129只眼(51.4%),无法分类的6只眼(2.4%).PACS组、PAC组、PACG组患者LPI治疗后眼压控制满意率分别为88.9%(16/18)、38.8%(38/98)及10.9%(14/129),眼压控制不满意率分别为5.6%(1/18)、48.0%(47/98)及75.2%(97/129),眼压控制失败率分别为5.6%(1/18)、13.3%(13/98)及14.0%(18/129).3组患者LPI治疗后眼压控制情况的差异有统计学意义(x~2=59.08,P=0.000).251只眼中8只眼(3.2%)在LPI治疗后1周至16年发生青光眼急性发作.全部患者在随诊期间未发生大泡性角膜病变.结论 LPI治疗后PACG的眼压控制不如预期的那样好.在大多数青光眼中,LPI可以有效防止闭角型青光眼的急性发作.LPI治疗后PACG、PAC、PACS组患者均存在不同程度的眼压升高危险,需密切随诊,及时处理.     

Primary lens extraction for glaucoma management: A review article

Recently, primary lens extraction alone gained more acceptance as an alternative surgical approach for glaucoma management. This view was supported by the advances in phacoemulsification and intraocular lenses with greater safety and visual recovery, in addition to a substantial reduction of intraocular pressure and deepening of the anterior chamber and filtration angle. The decrease in IOP after cataract surgery in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is mild, less predictable, related to baseline levels, and may return to presurgical values after an initial period of reduction. Therefore, the IOP-lowering effect of primary cataract extraction in POAG may be insufficient to achieve adequate IOP control. The IOP reduction after lens extraction is consistently greater in eyes with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) than in eyes with POAG. Primary lens extraction in acute PACG eliminates, or at least, reduces the risk of recurrence of acute attacks and deepens the anterior chamber and widens the angle which reduces the risk of progression of peripheral anterior synechiae and development of chronic PACG. Primary lens extraction may be more preferable to glaucoma incisional surgery in mild to moderate PACG eyes with appositional angle closure. The decision to do lens extraction as a primary treatment for glaucoma should be individualized based upon several factors other than the effect on IOP. These factors include patients’ characteristics, surgeons’ skills and preferences, status of glaucoma control, type of cataract and intraocular lens implanted, and potential harm of laser treatment for late capsular opacification and fibrosis.     

超声乳化晶状体摘除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效观察

目的 观察及评估超声乳化晶状体摘除,联合囊袋内人工晶状体植人手术,治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效.方法 对2005年6月至2006年12月,收治的34例34只眼原发性闭角型青光眼,行透明角膜切口超声乳化晶状体摘除,联合囊袋内人工晶状体植入手术.所有术眼晶状体均伴不同程度混浊.其中11只眼已在6个月至10年前行抗青光眼手术.本次术后随访至少6个月.观察术前、术后至6个月最佳矫正视力、眼压、前房深度变化.结果 术后除1只眼外,所有患眼视力均有不同程度提高,眼压均得到有效控制;与正常白内障对照组术后眼压比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后2周后不需要药物控制眼压.结论 超声乳化晶状体摘除联合囊袋内人工晶状体植入手术,可以作为急性原发性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的一种有效治疗手段.     

Glaucoma management in developing countries: medical, laser, and surgical options for glaucoma management in countries with limited resources

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Most people affected by glaucoma live in developing countries. Recent trials and reports provide sound evidence for management of glaucoma. This review extrapolates relevant articles to the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS: The predictive value of gonioscopy for progression of primary angle closure suspects (PACS) to primary angle closure (PAC) is only 22% (95% CI: 9.80-34.2). PACS are not uncommon; laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is neither indicated nor feasible for all. Twenty-eight and a half percent of PAC progress to primary angle closure glaucoma; the number needed to treat (NNT) for LPI to prevent progression is only 4. Laser peripheral iridoplasty controls acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) faster than medical therapy alone. Primary lens extraction has also been suggested as treatment for AACG after control of the acute attack. A 5-year NNT for ocular hypertension (OH) of 20 is too high to allow treatment of all OH. High-risk OH and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) have an NNT of 5 to 6 and merit treatment.Latanoprost and brimonidine are effective in lowering IOP in Asian eyes with POAG, but primary surgical therapy may be a more viable option.For cataract and coexistent glaucoma requiring filtration, trabeculectomy combined with the Blumenthal technique of cataract surgery may be as effective as trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification. SUMMARY: The principles of glaucoma management should be the same the world over. Considering the paucity of resources and competing opportunity costs, countries with limited resources have to extrapolate available information in a sensible and cost-effective manner.     

激光虹膜切除术治疗早期原发性闭角型青光眼

目的评价激光虹膜切除术治疗早期原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效。方法对62例（112眼）早期原发性闭角型青光眼按不同类型分为3组，分别行激光虹膜切除术，观察术前及术后1h、1周、3月的眼压、前房深度、前房角等变化情况。结果所有病例治疗后中央及周边前房深度都有不同程度加深。暗室试验阳性组治疗后平均眼压（13．71±2．29）mmHg。且房角未出现关闭。原发性急性闭角型青光眼组治疗后平均眼压（14．69±2．43）mmHg，11．9％的眼出现了15。以内的房角关闭。原发性慢性闭角型青光眼组治疗后平均眼压（23．18±5．66）mmHg，房角关闭增加15。以内5只眼，增加300。600的3眼，共占50．00％。结论激光虹膜切除术是预防和治疗早期闭角型青光眼，保护视功能的一种有效手段。但由于慢性闭角型青光眼发病机制复杂，应通过术前病例的合理选择及术后的密切随访，有效控制术后病情的发展。     

Partial angle closure.

During the course of negative provocative test for closed-angle glaucoma using pilocarpine and phenylephrine 60% of eyes develop significant reductions in outflow facility at some stage during the test. It is shown that these reductions can be explained by postulating the presence of partial-angle closure since: (1) A random sample (6) of 53 eyes showing an abnormal response subsequently had a peripheral iridectomy. On reprovoking they then behaved as normal eyes with a uniform increase in outflow. (2) Fifty-eight eyes that had a peripheral iridectomy for closed-angle glaucoma (spontaneous or induced) responded to provocative testing as do normal eyes.     

房角虹膜前粘分离术治疗闭角型青光眼的临床观察

目的探讨房角虹膜前粘连分离术治疗闭角型青光眼的临床效果。方法 9例（9只眼）闭角型青光眼行房角虹膜前粘连分离术,观察术后眼压、房角及并发症的情况。随访时间6周至4个月。结果 9例（9只眼）术前平均眼压（39.44±12.86）mm Hg,至最后1次随访,术后平均眼压（13.33±1.80）mm Hg,与术前相比明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。超声生物显微镜（UBM）检查示：术后房角大部分或全开放。并发症：3例发生前房出血渗出,逐渐吸收,无浅前房、脉络膜脱离等并发症。结论对于闭角型青光眼,房角虹膜前粘连分离术疗效确切,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Role of phacoemulsification in angle closure glaucoma

 Cataract or clear lens extraction has been suggested as a treatment option for different spectrums of primary angle closure diseases. It might reduce the risk of progression of angle closure and/or glaucoma by helping to open the angle and control the intraocular pressure (IOP). Conventionally, medically uncontrolled primary angle closure glaucoma was treated with trabeculectomy or phacotrabeculectomy and acute primary angle closure was treated with laser peripheral iridotomy. However, recent randomized controlled trials have demonstrated greater promise of phacoemulsification cataract surgery alone for control of the IOP. In this report we review the current literature to evaluate the impact of cataract surgery upon preventing and controlling primary angle closure diseases.     

Provocative tests in closed-angle glaucoma.

Altogether 119 eyes at risk of developing closed-angle glaucoma were provoked with simultaneous pilocarpine and phenylephrine; of these 74 developed closed-angle glaucoma. The remaining 45 eyes were re-provoked with tropicamide and a further nine developed closed-angle glaucoma. The 36 eyes in which all tests were negative were given no treatment and have been observed for a period of 1 to 7 years (mean 3 years). One has developed closed-angle glaucoma. A scheme for provoking eyes at risk of developing closed-angle glaucoma is described.     

慢性闭角型青光眼激光虹膜周边切除术远期临床疗效分析

目的 观察各期慢性闭角型青光眼(慢闭青),在施行YAG激光虹膜周边切除术(YAG laser iridectomy,YLI)治疗后的远期临床效果并评估其适用范围。方法 对青光眼门诊中已施行YLI的各期幔闭青患者随访一年以上者(1～8年,平均3年),着重对眼压的控制情况、视功能(视力和杯盘比)的保持情况、激光孔的保持情况、周边房角的保持情况、以及远期合并症等方面进行观察分析。结果 在204例(337只眼)各期慢闭青中,YU后有87．5％(295／337)的眼压及视功能保持稳定。其中27％(91／337)临床前期或早期病人效果最佳,基本达到“痊愈”,而60．5％(204／337)的发展期或晚期病人则需长期加点适量降眼压药方可控制眼压。另外有12．5％(42／337)的发展期或晚期病人,眼压仍未能控制,需用其它治疗或施行手术。结论 Nd：YAG激光虹膜周切术,对慢闭青是一种简便而有效的治疗手段,尤其对临床前期或早期患者效果最佳,对很大一部分发展期或晚期病人,施行YLI后加点药可以控制眼压,从而避免了手术。