应用额部靴形皮瓣行全鼻再造术的体会

目的探讨应用额部靴形皮瓣进行全鼻再造的手术体会。方法在额旁正中皮瓣及额斜皮瓣的基础上设计额部靴形皮瓣,即以一侧滑车上动脉为蒂,皮瓣的“靴筒”部为皮瓣岛状转移的蒂部;而皮瓣的主体为越过额部的正中线直达对侧颞区的横向皮瓣,其中包括对侧滑车动脉供血区及颞浅动脉供血区。结果2005年3月至2006年1月,应用此靴形皮瓣对2例鼻缺损患者行Ⅰ期全鼻再造。术后随访2例患者6～9个月,再造鼻均获成功,鼻的外形及通气功能均良好,效果满意。结论应用额部靴形皮瓣进行的全鼻再造的手术方法,具有操作方便、皮瓣的血供可靠、手术可Ⅰ期完成、术后效果良好等优点,是修复鼻缺损的良好的手术方法。     

滑车上动脉的影像学研究及在鼻再造术中的应用

目的通过颈内、外动脉造影对滑车上动脉分支血管进行影像学研究,并设计改良额部皮瓣行鼻再造术。方法选用30例成人颈内、外动脉造影资料进行血管三维成像,对滑车上动脉分支(肌支和皮支)进行研究,探讨滑车上动脉分支走行、层次以及与眶上动脉的交通情况。根据影像学检测结果临床应用滑车上动脉分支设计额部皮瓣对11例鼻缺损患者行鼻再造术。其中男7例,女4例;年龄15～48岁,平均23岁。鼻缺损范围3.0 cm×2.5 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm。结果颈内动脉造影和三维成像显示,30例滑车上动脉恒定出现,直径(0.9±0.6)mm;其中浅层皮支恒定出现,直径(0.7±0.3)mm;深层肌支4例缺失,直径(0.5±0.5)mm,走行于额肌间,长(32.0±6.2)mm,分支间互有交通并与眶上动脉亦有吻合。临床应用皮瓣均成活,无软骨外露,外形良好。术后经4个月～3年随访,鼻尖、鼻翼及鼻小柱外形接近正常,鼻高度和坡度适中,再造鼻质地弹性良好,鼻孔无狭窄,通气功能正常。结论影像学检测结果佐证了滑车上动脉存在恒定皮支,以其分支为血管蒂设计的额部皮瓣提高了鼻再造疗效。     

改良前额旁正中皮瓣在鼻缺损修复和再造中的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量额肌的前额旁正中皮瓣行鼻缺损修复和鼻再造术的可行性和临床意义.方法 采用仅蒂部携带额肌的改良旁正中皮瓣法,完成2例鼻再造和7例鼻缺损修复术.除眶上区的蒂部携带少量额肌外,皮瓣获取均在皮下层次.皮瓣的轴线角度从垂直90°到倾斜50°不等,其中3例低发际线患者,采用倒L形设计.结果 一期皮瓣形成和二期皮瓣断蒂术中,观察到长距离行走皮下脂肪层的滑车上血管皮支的存在,以及良好的动脉灌注压.8例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地和色泽良好.采用皮下蒂法1例术后皮瓣周边血运障碍,经换药自愈.结论 滑车上血管皮支的存在是改良旁正中皮瓣应用的解剖学基础.仅蒂部携带少量额肌的旁正中皮瓣具有设计较灵活,成活良好,质地合适,皮肤颜色匹配,以及供区损伤更小等优点.采用改良旁正中皮瓣行鼻再造或鼻缺损修复,能满足血运和形态的双重要求.     

滑车上动脉分支的解剖研究及在鼻再造中的应用

目的 通过对滑车上动脉分支的解剖研究,证实其存在恒定的皮支,经观察其供应皮肤的范围,设计以该皮支作为供血血管的额部超薄皮瓣和肌、皮双瓣,改良目前额部全厚皮瓣法的全鼻再造.方法 采用10具成人新鲜尸体进行解剖研究,分别记录滑车上动脉皮支发出的位置(以上眶缘和颜面中线为参考点)及其在皮下走行的深度、方向及与眶上动脉的交通情况.根据解剖结果在临床上设计超薄皮瓣5例,肌、皮双瓣11例.术后随访再造鼻的稳定性、皮瓣的存活率及患者对外形的满意度.结果 10具尸体解剖中均可见滑车上动脉在距上眶缘(1.18±0.36)cm,距颜面中线约(1.35±0.34)cm处发出固定皮支行于皮下且与对侧皮支、肌支、同侧肌支及双侧眶上动脉有广泛交通支,有3例只有皮支没有肌支.术后皮瓣全部成活,仅有1例鼻尖出现张力性水泡,未做处理自愈.其余病例术后塑形良好,患者对手术效果满意.结论 滑车上动脉存在有恒定的皮支,以皮支为血管蒂设计的额部超薄皮瓣,提高了鼻再造与鼻缺损修复的疗效.     

应用改进的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术

目的 探讨应用改进设计的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术的效果。方法 将前额主要供血支部分结扎阻断，保留选用的轴型血管蒂，强化皮瓣扩张的延迟效应，除设计以额正中皮瓣做全鼻再造外，还选用额上区横向扩张皮瓣，其供区缺损施以同侧或对侧扩张皮瓣推进修复，直接缝合。共已应用11例。结果 11块额部扩张皮瓣转移后完全存活，随访6个月～8年4个月，再造鼻功能形态恢复满意，供区瘢痕不明显。结论 强化额部扩张皮瓣血供或选用额上区横向皮瓣都是鼻再造的有效方法。     

额部阶梯状皮瓣与肌、皮双瓣鼻再造术

目的　改良目前常用的额肌皮瓣鼻再造术 ,克服其形态臃肿 ,再造鼻高度受限等不足 ,进一步提高手术效果。方法　根据新观察到的滑车上动脉于眉上存在一相同走向的皮支的解剖特点 ,设计额部阶梯状皮瓣与肌、皮双瓣 ,前者用于克服肌皮瓣臃肿 ,再造鼻形态欠佳的缺点 ,一次成形鼻各组成结构。后者组成结构肌瓣用于构建鼻中隔结构 ,适用于复杂病例 ,并可增加再造鼻高度。结果　 9例患者术中均可见滑车上动脉于眶缘上 1 2～ 1 7cm开始有皮支行于皮下 ,且与对侧有交通支。术后皮瓣全部成活 ,其中 1例鼻小柱右侧支架外露 ,经二次手术修复痊愈。鼻各组成结构塑形良好。结论　额部阶梯状肌皮瓣和肌、皮双瓣适用于修复不同程度的鼻缺损 ,再造鼻形态较好 ,可为鼻再造的首选方法。     

额部扩张皮瓣同时用于鼻再造及面部缺损修复

我们将额部扩张皮瓣形成以一侧滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣行鼻再造，同时形成另一侧颞浅血管额支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部其他部位（眶部、颧部、上唇、下唇）缺损，计治疗４例病人，效果满意。     

以面动脉为蒂的逆行下颌缘皮瓣全鼻再造

目的　探讨全鼻再造术的新术式。方法　设计应用以面动脉为蒂的下颌缘皮瓣逆行移转行全鼻再造 6例。结果　 6例全鼻再造手术均一次完成 ,皮瓣一期成活 ,鼻外形满意。结论　以面动脉为血管蒂的全鼻再造 ,具有供、受区邻近 ,切取移转方便 ,血管恒定 ,血供丰富 ,技术要求不高 ,皮瓣质软与面部肤色近似等优点 ,并具有较好的应用价值。     

滑车上动脉的解剖特点

目的 研究滑车上动脉未被发现或未被重视的解剖学特点,以减少额部旁正中皮瓣在修复鼻缺损时发生血运障碍的机率.方法 于直视与手术放大镜下解剖10具20侧成人头部标本,观察滑车上动脉的行程、层次及吻合情况,以双侧眶上缘水平线为X轴,前正中线为Y轴的二维坐标系定位滑车上血管的出眶位置以及滑车上动脉穿出额肌的位置.结果 滑车上动脉从眶上缘出眶后大致呈直线斜向内上行走,但部分(9/20)滑车上动脉起始处有一外凸的迂曲部.滑车上动脉层次表浅,在距离眶上缘水平线上方(15.2±2.6)mm、距离前正中线(12.1±1.4)mm处穿出额肌走行在皮下层,并沿原方向逐渐浅出紧贴真皮,在额上部与对侧滑车上动脉及同侧眶上动脉、颞浅动脉额支的分支相吻合.结论 额部旁正中皮瓣蒂部不能过于狭窄,分离蒂部时不能太靠近滑车上动脉,以免损伤动脉的迂曲部影响皮瓣血运.额部旁正中皮瓣分离到眶上缘上2～3 cm时则需在额肌深面分离,以免损伤滑车上动脉.     

扩张额部岛状皮瓣眼窝再造的临床研究

目的探讨应用扩张额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣进行眼窝再造的可行性。方法2002年6月～2005年6月收治6例眼窝缺失患者,男4例,女2例;年龄16～42岁。受伤原因为外伤3例,肿瘤2例,化学烧伤1例。左侧4例,右侧2例。病程1～4年,均先行额部皮瓣供区皮肤软组织扩张术,1个月后行二期扩张后的额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣移位眼窝再造术。皮瓣切取范围8cm×5cm～10cm×6cm,术后观察再造眼窝外观及功能恢复效果。结果术后6例移位皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣无明显回缩,感觉功能良好。术后1个月义眼放置再造眼窝,位置稳定,无脱出现象;获随访1～3年,外观效果满意,皮瓣供区愈合良好,无明显瘢痕增生。结论应用扩张的额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣再造眼窝,皮瓣成活率高,再造眼窝外观、感觉及功能效果好,是一种较理想的眼窝再造方法。     

应用扩张额部斜行皮瓣修复鼻部缺损

目的：探讨扩张一侧滑车上动脉的额部斜行皮瓣修复鼻部缺损的效果。方法：对13例伴有鼻尖鼻翼大部分缺损的病例,在额部一侧滑车动脉走行区域下斜向植入80～120ml不同容积扩张器,经过2～3.5个月的扩张,获得多余的皮肤软组织。设计滑车上动脉额部斜行薄皮瓣转移修复鼻部缺损,对鼻支架破坏的病例同期植入肋软骨支架或鼻假体,1个月后断蒂并对鼻外形进行修整。结果：全部病例扩张顺利,转移的皮瓣成活。获得足够的鼻长度、鼻尖突度,修复效果满意,额部供区无明显瘢痕遗留。结论：该方法能获得比较理想的修复效果,应作为修复伴有鼻尖鼻翼大部分缺损修复的首选方法。     

运用额部阶梯状皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻部畸形

目的探讨烧伤后鼻部畸形的修复方法。方法选择烧伤后鼻部有多个亚单位存在瘢痕挛缩或缺损的患者,其额部皮肤正常或留有浅表瘢痕。依照鼻部美学亚单位分布或整个鼻部单元,切除鼻部挛缩的瘢痕及部分正常皮肤,以使创面规则完整、移位的鼻翼及外翻的鼻黏膜复位。松解、切除鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨之间的瘢痕,以显现鼻翼沟。而鼻尖亚单位区的瘢痕则给予部分保留。若有衬里缺损,可翻转瘢痕瓣或周围正常皮肤制作衬里。以一侧滑车上动脉在眶上的皮支为蒂,形成额部正中或旁正中三叶状皮瓣。分离时,皮瓣大部在额肌表面掀起,近蒂部时达额肌下,呈阶梯状。皮瓣分离后,带蒂转移修复鼻部创面,供区移植皮片。3周后断蒂、修整。结果本组12例,术中均发现滑车上动脉在眶上1.5-2.0cm水平出现皮支走行于皮下。术后皮瓣均成活,随访3-12个月,鼻外形逼真,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤相近,瘢痕不明显,通气良好。其中5例额部供区移植皮片后皮片色素沉着显著,3个月后行扩张皮瓣修复。结论以滑车上动脉眶上皮支为蒂的额部阶梯状皮瓣是修复烧伤后鼻畸形的一个良好选择。     

Forehead anatomy: arterial variations and venous link of the midline forehead flap.

The largest prospective cadaver study done over a 3-year period to investigate the arterial variations of the forehead is presented. The primary goal was to find anatomical support for various forehead flaps previously designed. Thirty cadaver foreheads (60 hemi-foreheads) were dissected from deep to superficial to identify arterial variations. The arteries were filled with a latex solution prior to dissection. The results show that the supratrochlear and dorsal nasal arteries have a relatively constant origin. Vertical (VB), oblique (OB), medial (MB) and lateral branches (LB) of the supraorbital artery were identified. The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (FBSTA) was found to continue in the direction of the scalp at the lateral orbital rim vertical line and gave off a transverse branch, the transverse frontal artery (TFA), to supply the forehead. The oblique branch of the supraorbital artery (OBSOA) most often anastomosed with either the transverse frontal artery or the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery at the lateral orbital rim vertical line. A central artery (CA) was consistently found originating from the dorsal nasal artery usually 5mm from its origin. The central artery had a constant anastomosis with the opposite central artery in the inferior transverse third of the forehead. The central artery was not easily identifiable in the superior third of the forehead. The angular artery (AA) was found to have a variable termination. The angular artery could communicate with the supratrochlear artery (STrA) at the supraorbital rim (SOR) or it could continue up into the forehead medial to the STrA. This artery was called the paracentral artery (PCA). The central artery, paracentral artery and supratrochlear artery have an important relationship with the most prominent central vein that is relevant to flap construction. The significance of the central artery and vein favours the median forehead flap as anatomically superior and the prominent central vein is a constant landmark on which to select the side of the pedicle. Clear landmarks for defining the pedicle base for the median forehead flap are provided.     

Expanded Forehead Stepped Flaps for Delayed Three-Stage Repair of Midface Skin Lesions

BackgroundThe forehead flap is the best flap for nasal defect repair and nasal reconstruction. It is also an ideal option for repairing skin lesions in the midface (including the nasal area, inner area of the cheek, and upper lip of the perioral area). However, the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap is relatively bulky for repairing pure skin lesions. In addition, the original forehead flap is generally not sufficient to cover a large wound area. If a large forehead flap is removed, the donor site cannot be sutured in one stage. In this study, an expanded forehead stepped flap was used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap.MethodsIn stage one surgery, a rectangular expander (80–100 mL) was implanted on the side of the forehead. The expansion pot was built-in, and the excess expansion amount was 160–200 mL. After 4 weeks of rest, stage two operation was performed to remove the skin lesions in the midface. The pulsation point of the supratrochlear artery on one side was used as the pedicle, and the flap was designed diagonally to the upper region of the opposite side. The flap was designed according to the size and shape of the wound. The distal portion of the flap was separated in the superficial layer of the frontalis muscle, approximately 1.7 cm above the superior orbital edge, and cut into the submuscle. The flap pedicle was cut from the superficial layer of the periosteum to form a stepped flap. Then, the flap was rotated downward to repair the wound in the midface. Five weeks later, stage three of the operation which involved flap pedicle division, was performed.ResultsExpanded forehead stepped flaps were used in 12 cases with 6–36 months of follow-up. In all cases, the blood supply to the flaps was good, and their color, texture, and thickness matched well with those of the surrounding skin. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the repair.ConclusionExpanded forehead stepped flaps present an ideal option for repairing wounds after large skin lesion resections in the midface since they have multiple edges from a reliable blood supply, easiness to transfer, and well-matched color, texture, and thickness to those of the surrounding skin of the face to no need for many auxiliary incisions.     

从美学角度对额部扩张皮瓣行外鼻重建术的改进

目的 探讨从美学角度重建外鼻的手术方法及优点.方法 对12例鼻下端缺损行额部扩张皮瓣修复,在额部帽状腱膜下方斜向置入皮肤软组织扩张器,采用常规扩张法注液,以鼻背皮肤及鼻端残余瘢痕和黏膜作为衬里,测量患者鼻翼或内眦间距,在扩张的皮肤上以此为基准按美学标准设计三叶肌皮瓣,向下翻转再造外鼻,按美容亚单位分区修剪皮瓣至不同层面并塑形.结果 12例鼻缺损患者术后无一例皮瓣坏死,随访6个月至1年,鼻形态自然、美观.结论 从美学角度按个体化标准化设计的三叶肌皮瓣再造全鼻安全、理想.术中皮瓣的塑形、血运良好的鼻衬里、鼻支架的Ⅰ期置入也是鼻形态良好的关键.     

颞浅血管顺行与逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨各种颢浅血管顺行与逆行岛状轴型皮瓣在眶区皮肤组织缺损修复中的应用。方法 根据颢浅血管的解剖分布及其与眶上血管、滑车上血管、耳后血管等的吻合情况，制备额部、头皮、耳前及耳后等各种岛状皮瓣，通过皮下隧道移转至受区，修复各种原因所致的眶区皮肤组织缺损。结果 本组共22例，顺行岛状轴型皮瓣13例，逆行岛状轴型皮瓣9例。其中，1例逆行耳后岛状皮瓣术后早期出现静脉回流障碍，经积极处理，皮瓣远端仅有小片表皮坏死。术后因皮瓣臃肿行二次修复者6例，余形态及功能良好。结论 根据颢浅血管分布情况及其与眶上血管、滑车上血管、耳后血管等有丰富的吻合支的解剖特点，可制备各种顺行或逆行岛状轴型皮瓣用于眶区组织缺损修复。