Transcatheter closure of a coronary sinus defect with an Amplatzer septal occluder.

We report a successful transcatheter closure of a coronary sinus defect using an Amplatzer septal occluder in a 9.5-year-old boy suffering from a significant volume overload due to left-to-right shunt.     

无顶冠状静脉窦综合征的外科处理策略

目的:总结无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的手术方法,为术中处理此类疾患提供借鉴.方法:入选UCSS 患者14例,男 8例,女6例,年龄2个月～35(10.55±10.63)岁,体重3.5～60(26.17±19.60)kg,其中完全型心内膜垫缺损4例,部分型心内膜垫缺损6例,室间隔缺损1例,法洛四联症2例,镜像右位心4例,伴中至重度肺动脉高压11例.14例均为永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)直接汇入左心房,即完全型冠状静脉窦间隔缺损(Ⅰ型).心脏彩超明确诊断3例,提示伴左上腔静脉(LSVC)5例.14例中未行手术处理1例,采用心外管道连结PLSVC至右心耳5例,心内隧道重建冠状窦顶4例,建立心房内隔板2例,限制性环缩LSVC 1例,直接结扎LSVC 1例.结果:全组死亡3例,出现脑部并发症2例,延迟关胸致伤口延迟愈合1例,其余患者远期效果满意.结论:心内膜垫缺损或镜像右位心伴PLSVC时,要警惕UCSS的存在.根据PLSVC汇入左心房的位置选择不同的手术方法,可获得满意的手术效果.限制性环缩LSVC可能是处理该类畸形的又一方法.     

Missed unroofed coronary sinus

Coronary sinus atrial septal defect (ASD) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly, which might be difficult to diagnose. In this report, we describe a patient with small secundum ASDs and an associated large coronary sinus ASD, which had been missed at initial evaluation. The diagnosis of coronary sinus ASD was established by using transesophageal echocardiography after percutaneous closure of a small secundum ASD at another center. Patient underwent corrective surgery.     

Assessment of surgically unroofed coronary sinus by live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography

Both two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) and live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) were attempted in a 25-year-old morbidly obese female with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) into the coronary sinus (CS) in whom surgical unroofing of CS with patch closure of CS ostium was performed in infancy to redirect pulmonary venous flow into the left atrium (LA). The patient had become increasingly symptomatic over the past 1 year because of severe left-to-right shunting due to dehiscence of the patch used to close the CS ostium. Despite a poor acoustic window, 3DTTE was able to identify a communication between the LA and CS which resulted from surgical unroofing of the CS as well as flow signals moving into the right atrium from the CS. These findings were not detected by 2DTTE.     

Closure of unroofed coronary sinus with a covered stent in a symptomatic infant.

A covered stent was used for percutaneous closure of an unroofed coronary sinus in an infant with congestive heart failure secondary to increased pulmonary flow. Prior to the stent deployment, the location of the entrance of the coronary vein into the coronary sinus was demonstrated with a selective left coronary artery angiogram to facilitate placement of the stent. The procedure was well tolerated without complications. The infant's symptoms improved significantly after the procedure.     

Transcatheter treatment of coronary artery disease and atrial septal defect with sequential implantation of coronary stent and Amplatzer septal occluder: preliminary results.

Coronary stent implantation had been established as a highly effective revascularization technique in patients with occlusive coronary artery disease. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects is becoming a definite alternative to surgery in properly selected patients. During a 19-month period, 6 patients (50% women; mean age, 58 +/- 17 years; range, 32-73 years) of a consecutive series of 176 prospective multicenter registry patients undergoing transcatheter atrial septal defect closure were treated with sequential percutaneous coronary revascularization and Amplatzer septal occluder implantation. Indication for revascularization was stable angina in four patients and unstable angina in two. Indication for defect closure was significant left-to-right shunt with right ventricular enlargement. Defect diameter ranged from 13 to 20 mm by transesophageal echocardiography, and the stretched diameter measured 13 to 25 mm. Procedural success of both interventions was achieved in all cases without in-hospital complications. A total of seven stents were successfully implanted in five coronary vessels. No stent was used in one patient after successful PTCA. Immediate total closure of the defect was obtained in five patients. Trivial residual shunting, observed in one patient, disappeared at 24 hr. No adverse cardiac events, recurrence of anginal symptoms, or evidence of residual shunt were observed at clinical and echocardiographic follow-up, which ranged from 60 to 390 days (mean, 258 +/- 150 days). These results suggest that sequential transcatheter therapy of coronary artery disease and atrial septal defect is safe and efficacious in selected patients.     

Coronary sinus septal defect (unroofed coronary sinus): Echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment

Objective

To explore the value of transthoracic and right heart contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary sinus septal defect (CSSD), also known as unroofed coronary sinus.

Methods

The echocardiographic characteristics of 20 patients with CSSD who underwent surgery in our hospital between October 1999 and June 2012 were reviewed retrospectively, including results of 9 cases studied by contrast echocardiography, and compared with surgical results.

Results

Of the coronary sinuses in these 20 patients, 40% were totally unroofed, 35% partially unroofed in mid-portion, 20% partially unroofed in terminal portion, and 5% mixed type (mid- and terminal portions). Of these 20 patients, 65% were associated with other types of atrial septal defects, and 65% had a persistent left superior vena cava. The diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography for the CSSD was 65%. In patients whose diagnoses were confirmed by echocardiography, the accuracy for the types of CSSD was 84.6%. All of the first 6 cases studied before 2002 were either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and 78.6% of the last 14 cases studied were diagnosed accurately. Of 9 patients who underwent contrast echocardiography, 8 were correctly diagnosed, including 5 type II and 3 Raghib syndromes. 1 case of type IIIa was misdiagnosed as Raghib syndrome.

Conclusions

The combination of transthoracic and contrast echocardiography can diagnose and classify CSSD accurately in most cases and should be the first choice for diagnosing CSSD.     

Transcatheter closure of unroofed coronary sinus using covered stents in an adult with drainage of the coronary sinus to the right ventricle after supra‐annular tricuspid valve replacement

We present a rare case of unroofed coronary sinus in a patient who underwent supra‐annular tricuspid valve replacement with consequent drainage of the coronary sinus to the right ventricle. It is unclear whether the coronary sinus was unroofed congenitally or iatrogenically. This rare setup resulted in significant cyanosis. The abnormal drainage was successfully closed via trans‐catheter delivery of covered stents with resolution of the cyanosis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Transcatheter closure of postsurgical residual ventricular septal defects: Early and mid‐term results

Background: The incidence of residual ventricular septal defects (VSDs) after surgery is 5–25%. Redo surgery is associated with higher risks. Methods: Between January 2000 to December 2008, 170 patients underwent percutaneous VSD closure in our centre: 22(16M) of these had 23 closures for residual VSDs. Median age was 32.5 yrs (1.4–79). All patients had echocardiographic signs of left ventricle volume overload (Q_p/Q_s ≥ 1.5). Nine patients had previous VSD closure, 6 tetralogy of Fallot repair, and 7, other procedures. There were 15 muscular, 6 perimembranous and 2 apical VSDs. Results: Amplatzer VSD devices were used in all. Median VSD size was 8 mm (4.3–16). Median fluoroscopy time was 33 minutes (15–130). There were three adverse events: 1 ventricular fibrillation requiring DC cardioversion; 1 transient complete atrio‐ventricular block reverting to sinus rhythm at 24‐hours; one patient had transient atrial flutter during the procedure. All procedures were successful; no additional procedures were required. Trivial residual shunts were seen in 3 patients at follow‐up. There were no late events. One patient experienced arrhythmic death 5‐yrs after procedure. One patient was reoperated due to dehiscence of VSD patch 2‐yrs after the second successful percutaneous closure. Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of postsurgical residual VSD is safe and efficacious management option and obviates the need for further surgery and by‐pass. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect with Amplatzer® device in children aged less than 10 years old: Immediate and late follow‐up

Aims: To analyze the efficacy and follow‐up results of percutaneous closure of Atrial septal defect (ASD) with the Amplatzer® septal occluder in children aged <10 years old. Methods: Between November 1998 and September 2005, 27 patients diagnosed with ASD were treated percutaneously with an Amplatzer septal occluder. The procedure was carried out in the cathlab, under general anesthesia and with both fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography guidance. Basal physical examinations and echocardiograms were performed prior to the procedure and at 30 days, 6, and 12 months of follow‐up. Survival free of symptom was estimated by Kaplan–Meier. Results: The mean age, weight, height, body mass index, and corporal surface was: 5.35 ± 2.11 years, 23.07 ± 9.43 kg, 110.55 ± 17.6 cm, 16.77 ± 2.42 kg/m², and 1.24 ± 2.44 m². The prevalence of septal aneurysm was 3.7% and all patients presented single secundum ASD. The mean stretched diameter by fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography were 17.18 ± 6.75 mm and 16.77 ± 5.99 mm, and the prostheses sizes were 18.83 ± 6.98 mm, ranging from 10 to 30 mm. The systolic and diastolic pulmonary pressures were 25.26 ± 5.97 mm Hg and 13.38 ± 3.40 mm Hg, respectively. The procedure time was 82.92 ± 29.14 min and the hospital stay was 2.20 ± 0.26 days. Clinical and echocardiography follow‐ups were performed within 11.59 ± 4.42 months and all devices were in the correct position with no residual shunt. Right ventricular diameter decreased from 19.38 ± 5.23mm to 11.38 ± 11.92 (P 0.001). No major complications or deaths occurred; two patients had a hematoma at the vascular access. Conclusion: Secundum atrial septal defect closure can be safely and successfully performed with the Amplatzer septal occluder in children younger than 10 years old. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Percutaneous closure of a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are rare congenital anomalies. When they rupture, they can lead to the development of biventricular failure as a result of systemic-pulmonary shunting. Surgical repair has been the traditional treatment for these aneurysms. We present a case of a 54 year old man in whom a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was successfully closed using a catheter-based approach with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder.     

Transcatheter treatment of unroofed coronary sinus

Unroofed coronary sinus (coronary sinus‐type atrial septal defect) is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from imperfect development of left atrio‐venous fold. This malformation is not considered suitable for percutaneous treatment due to complex anatomy and risk of coronary sinus obstruction. This article reports on the first successful treatment of partially unroofed coronary sinus by implantation of an Amplatzer^® Septal Occluder device (AGA Medical Co., Golden Valley, MN). In this patient, the malformation was deemed favorable for device closure due to the local anatomy and the association with persistent left superior vena cava draining in coronary sinus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

应用Amplatzer封堵器封堵小儿房间隔缺损的并发症分析

目的　总结Amplatzer封堵器 (ASO)封堵小儿房间隔缺损 (ASD)后出现并发症的种类及其防治方法。方法　应用Amplatzer封堵器封堵的 2 11例ASD患儿中 ,9例在术中或术后随访中出现并发症。其中体循环系统空气栓塞 2例、肺空气栓塞 1例、心包填塞 1例、封堵器脱落 1例、房性早搏1例、测量球囊碎片残留体内 1例、封堵器部分移位 1例、二尖瓣穿孔并返流 1例。分别给予内科、外科积极治疗及随诊观察等处理。结果　冠状动脉气栓及早搏病例自行缓解。封堵器部分移位及二尖瓣穿孔病例仍在随访观察中 ,其余病例均经治疗痊愈。结论　空气栓塞是应用ASO治疗时较易发生的并发症 ,且其发生多数与手术操作有关。并发症一旦发生大多需采取包括外科手术在内的积极处理。加强对ASO治疗病例的随访工作非常重要。     

Neonatal transcatheter occlusion of a large coronary artery fistula with Amplatzer duct occluder.

A large fistula from the right coronary artery to the right atrium was diagnosed in a fetus at 22 weeks of gestation. Following delivery, the baby developed cardiac failure. The fistula was occluded at 3 weeks of age by transcatheter implantation of an Amplatzer duct occluder. Large coronary fistulas can be closed safely with a device even at this early age. Vigilance for ischemic events is required following implantation because of the rare possibility of thrombus extension proximally into the native coronary artery or spasm of the coronary artery.     

不同类型无顶冠状静脉窦综合征手术治疗13例临床观察

目的:分析无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的外科手术方法,包括经右腋下剖胸小切口入路手术的治疗经验,为此类疾病的手术处理提供参考。方法 :回顾性分析2010年3月至2013年6月于北京安贞医院小儿心脏中心行手术矫治的13例UCSS患者的临床资料,本组病例术前经超声确诊率为54%(7/13),经手术中探查,其中I a型7例,II b型1例,III a型4例,III b型1例。合并左上腔静脉(LSVC)引流入左心房11例,采用自体心包缝制心内隧道9例,左心房后壁折叠式隧道窦顶重建1例,直接结扎LSVC 1例。全组病例均合并其他心内畸形,手术同期根治合并畸形。10例经右腋下剖胸小切口入路行根治术。结果:本组手术无死亡病例。1例术后并发肺部感染,1例术后并发右侧膈肌麻痹行膈肌折叠术,分别治疗18天和24天后痊愈出院。其余11例患儿术后早期恢复顺利,术后呼吸机使用时间平均33.8小时;住院天数(11.6±5.3)天;全组病例均行随访,随访时间平均18.9个月,其中10例经右腋下剖胸小切口入路行矫治术,无死亡及并发症。结论:UCSS的术前漏诊率较高,需经术中仔细探查。根据分型及合并畸形选择最佳处理方法。右腋下剖胸小切口入路手术根治多数心内畸形合并UCSS,治疗效果良好。     

Clinical results of percutaneous closure of large secundum atrial septal defects in children using the Amplatzer septal occluder

We reviewed our experience using the Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Medical, Golden Valley, MN, USA) to close large, secundum-type atrial septal defects (ASDs) in children. Between June 2002 and December 2005, 52 patients (mean age 13.5 +/- 8.7 years) underwent transcatheter closure of large (>/=25 mm), secundum ASDs with the use of the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO). Groups 1 and 2 included patients with a retroaortic rim of <5 mm (n = 39) or >/=5 mm (n = 13), respectively. All procedures were performed with general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiographic guidance except for 10 patients, which involved local anesthesia and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Successful device implantations, device sizes, approaches, complications, and closure rates were assessed. Device implantation was successful in 50 patients (96.1%), with no difference between groups (95% vs 100%, P>0.05). In 2 patients, implantation failed because of embolism or deployment failure. Device were larger in group 1 than in group 2 (29.7 +/- 4.2 vs 26.7 +/- 3.8 mm, P = 0.04). The right upper pulmonary-vein approach was more common in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.0001). Complications and closure rates did not differ between the groups (P > 0.05). Transcatheter closure of large, secundum ASD by using the ASO device was feasible, and complication rates were low. A deficient retroaortic rim did not preclude successful device implantation; however, a large device may be needed to close large ASD. Close long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the safety of transcatheter closure of large ASDs in children.     

国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损21例

目的:分析国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）的疗效。方法:21例,全部为膜部室间隔缺损,年龄3.035.0（7.6±8.4）岁。VSD左室面直径为2.212.0（6.2±4.2）mm。经6F-10F传送鞘置入国产对称双盘状封堵器,封堵后即刻行左心室造影,术后1 d、1、6及12月行超声心动图检查观察有无残余分流。结果:封堵器植入成功20例,植入技术成功率95%。术后即刻左心室造影示4例（20%）存在微少量残余分流,16例（80%）封堵完全无残余分流。术后2448 h超声心动图示分流完全消失19（95%）、微少量残余分流1例（5%）。1例封堵术后3 d发生一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,经过410 d内科保守治疗治愈。1月超声心动图所有病例未见残余分流。结论:应用国产双盘状封堵器治疗VSD是一种安全有效的介入方法,操作简便,成功率高,近期疗效可靠。     

Echocardiographic follow‐up after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

The use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for high‐risk patients with aortic stenosis has rapidly increased during the past years. Accordingly, more and more patients are referred for a follow‐up echocardiographic study after TAVR. However, the echocardiographic evaluation of patients who underwent TAVR places specific demands on echocardiographers. Furthermore, TAVR may be associated with new types of complications, which are frequently unrecognized or underestimated due to lack of familiarity with the normal and pathological appearance of TAVR. Therefore, this review summarizes the echocardiographic parameters describing the structural and functional status of bioprostheses used in TAVR, procedures taking into account their peculiar hemodynamics. We also describe the strengths and the limitations of echocardiography and of other imaging modalities in detecting long‐term complications of TAVR (eg, infective endocarditis, thrombosis). The aim of this review was to serve as a guide for a structured echocardiographic follow‐up of TAVR patients, as well as for the echocardiographic diagnosis of the procedure‐associated complications.