吻合血管的跗外侧皮瓣修复重度虎口挛缩的临床研究

目的 探讨吻合血管的跗外侧皮瓣游离移植治疗重度虎口挛缩的临床疗效.方法 对15例重度虎口挛缩患者行切开、松解、开大或重建;设计跗外侧皮瓣游离移植,皮瓣切取面积：3cm×6cm～4cm×9cm.将第1,2掌骨头用克氏针U形撑开固定3～4周,术后进行功能康复锻炼.结果 15例皮瓣全部成活,随访到10例,随访时间5个月～3年,平均13个月.所有皮瓣质地柔软,形态近似正常,功能满意,供区无功能障碍.按照Jensen及顾玉东等测定方法及TAM系统对虎口开大和手功能进行评价,虎口开大优8例,良2例,手功能评价优8例,良2例.结论 应用跗外侧皮瓣游离移植修复重度虎口挛缩,可获得良好的外形及功能,是重度虎口挛缩修复较为理想的手术方法.     

游离足背皮瓣修复手部损伤32例

目的:为进一步探讨游离足背皮瓣修复手部损伤的效果。方法:从1990年2月至1995年11月,应用单块、联合和复合足背皮瓣游离移植修复手部损伤32例。结果:经1年至5年的随访,皮瓣全部成活,供区植皮全部生长愈合,伤手运动、感觉和外形恢复良好,足部功能无明显影响。结论:联合足背皮瓣能解决较大面积手外伤修复的局限,保留完整的腱周围膜、骨膜和双重加压包扎能解决以往供区植皮生长不理想的问题。足背皮瓣是目前修复手外伤较理想的皮瓣。     

游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣修复手部创面

目的 报告应用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣修复手部创面的临床效果.方法 对10例手部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,采用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣切取面积为8cm×6cm～16cm×9cm.结果 术后1例皮瓣发生血管危象,经探查后存活,其余皮瓣全部顺利存活.经4～12个月的随访,皮瓣质地、外形优良,手功能恢复满意.术后供区伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,外形满意.结论 应用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣可以一期修复创面,供区损伤小,是修复手部创面的理想选择.     

Free digital artery flap: an ideal flap for large finger defects in situations where local flaps are precluded

The heterodigital arterialized flap is increasingly accepted as a flap of choice for reconstruction of large finger wounds. However, in situations where the adjacent fingers sustained concomitant injuries, the use of this flap as a local flap is precluded. This paper describes our experience with the free digital artery flap as an evolution of the heterodigital arterialized flap. Four patients with large finger wounds were reconstructed with free digital artery flap. Our indications for digital artery free flap were concomitant injuries to adjacent fingers that precluded their use as donor sites. The arterial supply of the flap was from the digital artery and the venous drainage was from the dominant dorsal vein of the finger. The flap was harvested from the ulnar side of the finger. The digital nerve was left in situ to minimize donor morbidity. The donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft and secured with bolster dressings. Early intensive mobilization was implemented for all patients. All flaps survived. No venous congestion was noted and primary healing was achieved in all flaps. In addition to providing well-vascularized tissue for coverage of vital structures, the digital artery was also used as a flow-through flap for finger revascularization in one patient. Donor-site morbidity was minimal, with all fingers retaining protective pulp sensation and the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints retaining full ranges of motion. In conclusion, the free digital artery flap is a versatile flap that is ideal for coverage of large-sized finger defects in situations where local flaps are unavailable. Donor-site morbidity can be minimized by preservation of the digital nerve, firmly securing the skin graft with bolster dressings, and early mobilization of the donor finger.     

游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手、足背皮肤缺损

目的 探讨游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手、足背皮肤缺损的方法与疗效.方法 自胫骨粗隆平面至内外踝连线等分成6段,在近端第2、3段胫骨内缘设计皮瓣,切取胫后动脉穿支皮瓣,并携带2～3束隐神经,游离移植修复手、足背皮肤缺损,缺损面积:3.0cm×7.5 cm～6.0 cm×12.0 cm.结果 2009年1月至2010年12月,临床应用11例,皮瓣完全成活.随访3～10个月,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽红润,两点辨距觉达7～10 mm,小腿供区只存留较小的线状切口瘢痕,功能及外形均较满意.结论 胫后动脉穿支皮瓣不损伤胫后动脉主干,皮瓣薄且供区相对隐蔽,感觉可部分或全部恢复,是修复手、足背皮肤缺损的较理想术式.     

显微外科皮瓣修复[足母]甲瓣供区的临床应用

目的探讨应用显微外科皮瓣对[足母]甲瓣供区进行修复的临床疗效,并对皮瓣选择做出分析。方法应用5种近位足部带蒂皮瓣和2种远位游离皮瓣对57例[足母]甲瓣供区软组织缺损进行修复。其中近位带蒂皮瓣33例:带蒂足跗外侧动脉皮瓣2例,以第1跖背动脉的跖蹼穿支为蒂的足背逆行皮瓣15例,带第1跖背动脉的足背逆行皮瓣3例,顺行足第2趾胫侧皮瓣11例,逆行足底内侧皮瓣2例,足部皮瓣供区行全厚皮片游离植皮。远位游离皮瓣24例:游离腹股沟皮瓣13例,游离股前外侧皮瓣11例。皮瓣供区均直接缝合。结果57例皮瓣中53例成活良好;以第1跖背动脉的跖蹼穿支为蒂的足背逆行皮瓣3例远端部分坏死,经换药治疗后创面愈合;游离腹股沟皮瓣1例术后发生血管危象,经血管探查术后未缓解,Ⅱ期行游离植皮修复[足母]甲瓣供区创面。术后随访2~12个月,行走姿态良好。结论合适的显微皮瓣技术可以良好的修复[足母]甲瓣供区创面,保全肢体的完整性,减少医源性损伤,患者更容易接受[足母]甲瓣移植的手术方式。皮瓣选择不应只关注[足母]趾供区的修复,更应合理运用显微皮瓣技术,重视供、受区的平衡。     

腹部皮瓣瓦合足背皮瓣修复手部严重皮肤脱套伤

目的报道利用腹部带蒂皮瓣瓦合足背游离皮瓣移植修复手部严重脱套伤的手术方法及，临床疗效。方法2003年2月～2010年6月．收治手部严重脱套伤患者9例。彻底清创后2—5指末节或中节中部平面以远指骨截除，创面先采用腹部带蒂皮瓣包埋手部创面，3～4周后行腹部皮瓣断蒂，并用腹部皮瓣覆盖手（指）背侧创面，游离足背皮瓣修复手（指）掌侧创面，足背供区行游离植皮术。皮瓣成活后3个月、6个月分别行手指分指术。结果术后9例手掌、手背皮瓣均顺利成活，伤口均一期愈合，足部供区植皮区及腹部供区伤口一期愈合。随访以最后一次分指术后开始计算，时间为6～48个月．平均15个月。手掌、手背皮瓣无臃肿。2—5指掌指关节活动为0°-80°，指间关节僵直于伸直位，2—5指可完成与拇指的对指、对捏等功能。手（指）背皮瓣感觉恢复为S1-S2，手（指）掌皮瓣感觉恢复为S2～S3＋。足背供区及腹部无明显瘢痕挛缩，行走无明显影响。结论利用腹部带蒂皮瓣瓦合足背游离皮瓣移植修复手部严重脱套伤，可以修复手部创面，重建手部分功能，是一种较好的治疗方法。     

游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复前臂、手、足部创面的临床疗效.方法 先确定皮瓣穿支血管部位,以此为中心,设计皮瓣并切取,保留阔筋膜盘约4.0 cm × 3.0 cm～3.0 cm×2.5 cm:"沙丘样"削除阔筋膜、皮下脂肪,皮瓣四周可将皮下脂肪完全削去,仅保留真皮层.采用游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复前臂、手、足部创伤性软组织缺损15例.结果 全部病例术后无血管危象发生,有1例修复前臂创面皮瓣远端约2.0 cm×1.2 cm浅表坏死,经换药愈合.15例术后经3个月～2年随访,皮瓣外形、质地良好,两点辨别觉为8.0～10.0 mm.结论 游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣外形、质地优良,受区感觉恢复良好,对供区创伤小,不需二期整形,是修复手、足部创面优良供区.     

游离移植第1、2趾相邻侧双叶共蒂皮瓣修复相邻指掌侧组织缺损

目的 探讨游离移植第1、2趾相邻侧双叶共蒂皮瓣修复相邻指掌侧组织缺损的临床效果.方法 采用游离移植第1、2趾相邻侧双叶共蒂皮瓣修复10例相邻指掌侧组织缺损患者,缺损面积较大一侧选用第1趾腓侧皮瓣,缺损面积相对小的选用第2趾胫侧皮瓣.受区组织缺损面积2.0 cm×2.0 cm～3.5 cm×2.8 cm.结果 患者均获得...     

Die Deckung von Weichteildefekten und instabilen Narben über der Achillessehne durch freie mikrochirurgische Lappenplastiken

INTRODUCTION: Coverage of the exposed Achilles tendon requires thin, supple tissue to provide adequate range of motion and a satisfying aesthetic result for the distal lower extremity. Various local flaps and free flaps have been described for reconstruction of small and large defects. Small defects can be closed with local tissue, whereas free flap coverage may be necessary for coverage of large defects. METHODS: From July 1993 to September 1998 14 patients between the age of 15 and 74 years (mean 47 years; 3 female, 11 male) underwent free flap coverage for the exposed Achilles tendon due to primary trauma, chronic wounds or tumors. The mean duration of follow-up was 33.3 months. The defect size ranged from 8 x 8 to 25 x 28 cm. RESULTS: Six parascapular flaps (three with a vascularized scapular fascial extension), four radial forearm flaps and four latissimus dorsi flaps (one combined with free serratus fascia) were used for soft tissue coverage over the Achilles tendon. Thirteen flaps survived. In one case a parascapular flap had to be removed due to venous thrombosis and a free latissimus dorsi flap was used as secondary salvage procedure. The donor site morbidity was acceptable for most patients after flap harvesting in the subscapular region and also satisfactory in the forearm region. Average active range of motion in the upper ankle joint was 15-0-40 degrees for extension/flexion. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic result. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue coverage over the exposed Achilles tendon requires an optimal solution for each patient to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result and acceptable function. Microvascular free flaps can be used to reconstruct medium and large defects and to provide gliding tissue for the Achilles tendon. The complication rate of microvascular flaps is comparable with that of local flaps.     

One-staged coverage and revascularisation of traumatised limbs by a flow-through radial mid-forearm free flap

The concept of flow-through circulation in free flaps is an interesting and useful one. Its importance is paramount in the clinical field, if one applies it as a one-staged technique for cover and revascularisation in major trauma of the extremities. This paper describes the practical use of this concept in two clinical cases (hand and foot), in which an uninterrupted arterial and venous flow was established through the radial mid-forearm fasciocutaneous flap, allowing revascularisation of the ischaemic extremity.     

Preliminary experience with perforator flaps in reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the foot and ankle

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical reconstruction has improved limb salvage in patients who because of many etiologies have soft-tissue loss from the lower extremities. Free-tissue transfer to the foot and ankle often interferes with postoperative function and footwear because of the bulk of a muscle flap. The foot and ankle often are best treated using thin flaps that will not contract and fibrose, particularly if secondary procedures are required. We hypothesized that perforator flaps, which are thin free-tissue transfers consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue, both diminish donor site morbidity and are ideally suited for soft-tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle. METHODS: Ten patients had free- tissue transfers to the foot and ankle using perforator flaps during a 2-year period. Four had acute posttraumatic wounds, three had soft tissue defects with exposed hardware or bone graft after reconstructive surgery, and three had large soft-tissue defects after foot infection secondary to diabetes. Nine had reconstruction with anterolateral thigh perforator flaps and one had reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) perforator flap. RESULTS: All flaps survived. There were no deep infections. Three flaps had minor tissue loss requiring subsequent small skin grafts, all of which healed. There were no donor site complications and no interference of muscle function at the donor sites. Custom shoewear was not required to accommodate the flaps. CONCLUSION: This series highlights the success and utility of perforator flaps in microsurgical reconstruction of the foot and ankle. The greatest advantage of perforator flaps is the diminished donor site morbidity, which was achieved while maintaining high microsurgical success rates. These skin and fat flaps remained pliable and contracted less than muscle flaps, allowing for smooth tendon gliding and easy flap elevation for secondary orthopaedic procedures.     

The versatile uses of the posterior interosseous forearm flap

Sixteen patients with a posterior interosseous artery (PIA) forearm flap are presented. Fourteen distally based fasciocutaneous PIA island flaps, one distally based PIA fascial flap and one PIA free flap have been performed to cover defects of the dorsum of the hand (10), first web space (5) and lower leg (1). The size of the island flaps ranged from 3 to 5 cm in width and 6 to 13 cm in length. The maximum size of skin island was 13×4 cm. The area of reach for the distally based PIA flap was the MP joint. Venous congestion with partial flap loss was seen in two cases, radial nerve palsy with an incomplete extension of the fourth and fifth finger in one case. The donor site was closed primarily most times. In the majority of cases the scarring at the donor site was inconspicuous. There was practically no functional loss. The flaps contoured well to the recipient site and had good texture and color match. Received: 19 February 1998 / Accepted: 3 May 1999     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣桥接旋髂浅动脉蒂组织瓣组合移植修复四肢骨与软组织缺损

目的 探讨股前外侧穿支皮瓣桥接旋髂浅动脉蒂组织瓣组合移植修复四肢骨与软组织缺损的应用特点.方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2011年1月,用股前外侧穿支皮瓣制备血流桥接皮瓣串联旋髂浅动脉为蒂的髂骨骨皮瓣、髂骨膜骨瓣或皮瓣修复10例四肢骨与软组织缺损患者资料,男9例,女1例;年龄21～57岁,平均39.7岁;血流桥接髂骨骨皮瓣7例,髂骨膜骨瓣2例,髂腹股沟皮瓣1例;重建手3例,足4例,小腿3例;平均皮肤缺损面积20 cm×9.7 cm.结果 股前外侧穿支皮瓣平均17.8 cm×9.4 cm,髂腹股沟皮瓣平均8.4 cm×4.5 cm,髂骨膜骨瓣平均5.4 cm×2.1 cm×0.8 cm,血管桥平均长10.5 cm.1例髂骨骨皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮愈合,余皮瓣顺利成活.10例患者均获得6～36个月(平均12个月)随访.手损伤者平均骨愈合时间3个月,平均臂肩手残疾问卷评分43分;足损伤者平均骨愈合时间4个月,日本外科协会足部疾患治疗效果评分平均71.3分;小腿损伤者平均骨愈合时间4.5个月,Puno等评分平均91分.供区瘢痕颜色白、平软,6例大腿瘢痕增宽,2例瘢痕周围有麻木感,3例髂腹股沟区瘢痕增宽.结论 股前外侧穿支皮瓣桥接旋髂浅动脉蒂组织瓣移植可自由调整组织瓣位置,供区副损伤小,是修复大面积、结构复杂或类型特殊四肢骨与软组织缺损的一种较好方法.     

An ideal and versatile material for soft-tissue coverage: experiences with most modifications of the anterolateral thigh flap

Free anterolateral thigh flaps are a popular flap used for the reconstruction of various soft-tissue defects. From April, 2002 to June, 2003, 32 free anterolateral thigh flaps were used to reconstruct soft-tissue defects. Twenty-three of these flaps were used for lower extremity reconstruction, and nine were used for head and neck reconstruction. There were 24 male and eight female patients, with ages between nine and 82 years. The size of the flaps ranged from 11 to 32 cm in length and 6 to 18 cm in width. Five flaps required reoperation for vascular compromise in four patients and for twisting of the pedicle in another patient. While four of these were salvaged, one flap was lost due to recipient vessel problems. Musculocutaneous perforators were found in 23 cases, and septocutaneous perforators were found in nine cases. In four cases, thinning of the flap was performed. The flap was used as a flow-through type for lower extremity reconstruction in three patients. In two patients, the flap was used as a neurosensory type for foot reconstruction. Eighteen cases underwent split-thickness skin grafting of the donor site and, in the remaining cases, the donor sites were closed primarily. In three patients, the donor areas required a partial skin regrafting procedure. No infections or hematomas were observed. Despite some variations in its vascular anatomy, the anterolateral thigh flap offers the following advantages: 1) it has a long and large-caliber vascular pedicle; 2) it has a wide, reliable skin paddle; 3) it may be harvested as a neurosensory flap; 4) it can be harvested whether its pedicle is septocutaneous or musculocutaneous; 5) it can be designed as a flow-through flap; 6) it can be elevated as a thin or musculocutaneous flap; and 7) the procedure can be performed by two teams working simultaneously, and no positional changes are required.     

Temporoparietal fascial free flap for correction of first web space atrophy

Fourteen temporoparietal fascial free flaps were used for correction of first web space atrophy from ulnar nerve palsy in 13 patients. Ten sustained ulnar nerve injuries and three suffered from leprosy. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia except one leprosy patient with bilateral ulnar nerve palsy in which local anesthesia and brachial block were employed to harvest bilateral free flaps and recipient site preparations, respectively. The follow‐up time varied from 4 to 64 months. The postoperative results were satisfactory and there was no resorption of the free flaps. The consistency of the augmented first web space was soft and compressible like natural feel. The size of the flap was more than enough for augmentation of first web space and donor site morbidity was minimal and accepted by all patients. We conclude that temporoparietal fascial free flap is an ideal autogenous tissue for correction of first web space atrophy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2010.     

The use of innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch perforator free flap for complex digital injuries reconstruction

Loco-regional flaps have been widely used for the reconstruction of digital injuries without requiring microvascular anastomosis, however, they result in scarring and compromised functional outcomes. This study demonstrates our experience utilizing the innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASPB) perforator free flap for complex digital injury reconstruction. From May 2007 to March 2014, the innervated RASPB perforator free flap was used to reconstruct 79 distal complex hand and digital soft tissue defects of which 14 were used to re-vascularise the distal digit in a flow-through fashion. All free flaps were innervated by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. All 79 free flaps survived and all 14 digits re-vascularized successfully. One flow-through free flap developed distal skin necrosis which healed uneventfully without further procedure. The average follow-up was 21.5 months. Measurement of two-point discrimination ranged from 7 to 13?mm. All patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results. The innervated RASPB perforator free flap is a feasible and effective option for the reconstruction of complex digital defects and the flow-through concept, when utilized in cases with compromised vascularity, provides reliable re-vascularization. Level III, therapeutic study.     

应用皮瓣修复游离足趾移植后供区创面

目的评价应用皮瓣修复游离足趾移植再造拇、手指术后供区创面的临床效果。方法选择同侧跖背动脉岛状瓣修复1例、趾腓侧岛状瓣修复2例、外踝皮瓣修复1例、胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复3例、腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复1例,共8例足部供区创面;趾指骨对换修复1例第二趾近趾间关节移植术后足部继发趾骨缺损。结果8例足部供区创面各皮瓣血运良好,创面均一期愈合。1例指骨对换患者术后2个月骨全部愈合。经3—6个月随访,供足恢复正常的行走功能,外形美观,无行走疼痛症状发生,皮瓣感觉功能部分恢复。结论足趾移植后应用皮瓣修复供区,最大限度地保留了足部的正常结构,恢复足部外形和功能。     

Creating two independent fasciocutaneous free flaps from a single radial forearm donor site

The authors describe the creation of two independent fasciocutaneous free flap units from a single radial forearm donor site. After the radial forearm flap is elevated in the standard manner, based on the entire length of the radial artery, the individual flap units are developed as island flaps based on the proximal and the distal radial artery respectively by transecting the radial artery, its accompanying veins, and the cephalic vein. Thus, two independent radial forearm free flaps are created from a single donor site: The proximal one has antegrade flow and the distal one has retrograde flow. The individual free flap units were transferred, and microvascular anastomoses were performed simultaneously by two surgical teams. This technique was used in 2 patients presenting with bilateral foot defects that required reconstruction with a thin, reliable flap such as the radial forearm flap.     

足背串联皮瓣修复手部两处皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用游离足背串联皮瓣修复手部两处皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2003年2月至2009年2月,采用游离足背串联皮瓣修复手部两处皮肤软组织缺损11例.其中手掌2处皮肤软组织缺损3例,手背2处皮肤软组织缺损4例,手背皮肤软组织缺损伴中指近节掌侧皮肤软组织缺损1例,手部洞穿伤致手背、手掌洞穿性皮肤软组织缺损3例,切取皮瓣面积:近端皮瓣3 cm×3 cm～8 cm×7 cm,远端皮瓣4 cm×2 cm～6 cm×5 cm.足部供区采用全厚皮片植皮.结果 术后所有皮瓣均一期成活,伤口甲级愈合,足部供区植皮均顺利成活.10例获随访6～19个月,平均随访9个月.随访皮瓣质地优良,外观自然、不臃肿,感觉恢复S2～S3,手部功能恢复满意,足部供区愈合良好,无破溃及溃疡形成,行走功能无影响.结论 应用足背串联皮瓣修复手部两处皮肤软组织缺损,具有皮瓣设计灵活、质地优良等优点,是修复手部两处皮肤软组织缺损的较好方法.