氢化可的松治疗重症急性胰腺炎的实验研究

目的探讨氢化可的松对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的治疗作用及作用机制.方法 54只健康SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术(SO)组、SAP组及氢化可的松治疗组.采用经十二指肠胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠SAP模型.氢化可的松治疗组于模型制作成功后10 min给予舌下静脉注射氢化可的松(10 mg/kg).各组于术后3 h、6 h和12 h分批处死动物,观察各组大鼠血浆淀粉酶、TNF-α、IL-6、血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮前列腺素F1α(6-Keto-PGF1α)、TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α比值、胰腺及肺组织病理变化、组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及肺湿干比值的变化.结果 SAP组血浆淀粉酶、TNF-α、IL-6、TXB2、TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α比值、胰腺及肺组织MPO均较SO组明显升高(P＜0.05),6 h、12 h肺湿干比值较SO组明显升高(P＜0.05),氢化可的松治疗组血浆淀粉酶、TNF-α、IL-6、TXB2、TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α比值、肺组织MPO均较SAP组显著降低(P＜0.05),6 h、12 h肺湿干比值较SAP组明显降低(P＜0.05),肺组织病理损伤较SAP组明显减轻.结论氢化可的松可减少TXA2、TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子的产生等从而对SAP具有重要的治疗保护作用.     

不同给药途径对大鼠急性胰腺炎治疗作用的差异

目的：探讨经不同途径给药对急性置症胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠不同脏器损伤的治疗效果。方法：SD大鼠46只，随机分为4组：①组1 对照组(假手术组)10只；②组2 急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)经腹腔动脉给药组12只；③组3 AHNP经尾静脉给药组12只；④组4 AHNP组12只；用药组分别在造模后12h给药，持续8h，24h后取材，测血清磷脂酶A2(PLA2)浓度；观察肝、肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子-αmRNA(TNF-αmRNA)的表达变化，取部分肝、肺、胰腺组织作病理学检查。结果：与组4比较，组2门静脉血清PLA2浓度明显降低(P＜0．05)，肝组织中TNF-α mRNA的表达减少(P＜0．05),而肺组织中TNF-αmRNA的表达与组4差异无显著性(P＞0．05)；组3门静脉血清PLA2浓度下降不明显(P＞0．05)，肺组织中TNF-α mRNA的表达减少(P＜0．05)，而肝组织中TNF-α mRNA的表达与组4无差异(P＞0．05)。结论：药物对胰腺炎的治疗作用与给药途径相关，腹腔动脉灌注可减少SAP大鼠胰腺坏死面积,减低门静脉血PLA2的活性，使肝组织中TNF-αmRNA的表达量明显下降，但对肺组织中TNF-α mRNA的表达影响小。外周静脉给药对肺脏有保护作用。     

蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎及其肺损伤中的保护作用

目的观察蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）中的保护作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法SD大鼠30只,5％牛磺胆酸钠逆行胆胰管注射制作重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）模型,观察各组大鼠胰腺、肺组织形态学改变,并测定血清淀粉酶及胰腺、肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性。结果MG-132治疗组与胰腺炎组及假手术组比较,血清淀粉酶、胰腺及肺组织MPO活性下降（P〈0．05）,组织病理学改变均有不同程度的改善（P〈0．05）。结论制模前30min腹腔注射10mg／kg的MG-132可以明显减轻5％牛磺胆酸钠诱导的大鼠的肺损伤严重程度,并可减轻胰腺炎所致的肺损伤。     

ghreIin在大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用及机制

目的探讨ghrelin在大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用和机制。方法 54只SD大鼠随机分为假手术（SO）组、急性坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）组和ghrelin干预组,采用胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠ANP模型,ghrelin干预组于模型制作前30 min和造模后3 h腹腔注射ghrelin,SO组开腹后翻动胰腺后关腹。观察各组大鼠血清淀粉酶的变化,ELISA检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）,光镜观察胰腺和肺组织的病理改变,Western blot检测肺组织核因子-κB（NF-κB）蛋白的表达,酶化学法测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的变化。结果 ANP组大鼠胰腺和肺组织随着时间延长病变加重;ANP组血清淀粉酶、TNF-α、肺组织MPO均较SO组明显升高（均P〈0.05）,表达水平与肺病理严重程度成正相关。ghrelin干预组各检测指标均较ANP组明显降低（均P〈0.05）,胰腺及肺组织病理损伤明显减轻。结论 ghrelin可减轻大鼠ANP后的肺损伤,并对MPO和TNF-α有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能与影响了NF-κB的表达,从而干预了炎症信号传导过程有关。     

黄芩甙对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺转化生长因子β1表达的影响

目的观察黄芩甙对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠胰腺组织转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）表达的影响。方法将45只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、黄芩甙组,每组15只。假手术组打开腹腔后仅翻动胰腺和十二指肠后关腹,其余两组采用逆行胰胆管注射3.5%牛黄胆酸钠法制造SAP模型。造模后10min,黄芩甙组经股静脉给予5%黄芩甙,其余两组给予等量生理盐水。给药3,6,12h,测定血清淀粉酶,胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的含量,免疫组化法和RT-PCR法检测胰腺组织TGF-β1的表达,用积分光密度（IOD）评价免疫组化切片TGF-β1的表达结果。结果①假手术组大鼠胰腺组织结构完整,模型组胰腺及周围有皂化斑的形成,胰腺水肿、出血、炎细胞浸润,胰腺组织结构破坏明显,有大片坏死区;黄芩甙组较模型组病理改变显著改善。②给药后各时间点,模型组及黄芩甙组血清淀粉酶水平显著高于假手术组（P〈0.05）,黄芩甙组血清淀粉酶水平较模型组显著降低（P〈0.05）;③给药后各时间点,模型组和黄芩甙组胰腺组织中MPO,TNF-α含量较假手术组均显著增高（P〈0.05）,黄芩甙组胰腺组织MPO,TNF-α含量较模型组均显著降低（P〈0.05）;④给药后各时间点,假手术组均未见到TGF-β1表达,模型组和治疗组均可见到TGF-β1表达。模型组及黄芩甙IOD显著高于假手术组（P〈0.05）,黄芩甙组IOD较模型组显著降低（P〈0.05）。给药后各时间点,对照组均未见到TGF-β1mRNA表达,模型组TGF-β1mRNA表达随时间延长而增多,黄芩甙组TGF-β1mRNA表达各时间点均低于模型组。结论黄芩甙可能通过下调TGF-β1的表达,抑制TGF-β信号通路介导的炎症反应,减轻胰腺组织损害。     

甘遂对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺微循环的作用研究

目的探讨甘遂对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠胰腺微循环的作用机制，为临床应用甘遂治疗SAP提供理论基础。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（S组）、SAP组、甘遂治疗组（K组）。每组40只。分别在手术后2、6、12和24h处死大鼠后检测胰腺组织TXB2和6-Keto—PGF1α水平COX-2的表达、胰腺组织的光镜和电镜检查和各组术后72h死亡率。结果SAP组TXB2、6-Keto—PGF1α含量、T／P比值、COX-2表达在各时间点均显著高于S组（P〈0．01）；K组TXB2含量和T／P比值6、12和24h点较SAP组有显著降低（均P〈0．01），T／P比值与COX-2蛋白表达呈显著正相关（r=0．867，P〈0．01）；K组胰腺组织损害较SAP组减轻，微血管内血栓明显减少；72h死亡率：S组（0％）和K组（12．5％）均显著低于SAP组（62．5％）（均P〈0．05）。结论甘遂可能通过降低COX-2的表达，纠正TXA2／PG12之间的平衡而改善胰腺微循环。这可能是其治疗大鼠SAP的作用机制之一。     

抑肽酶抑制兔肺挫伤早期炎症反应的实验研究

目的 研究大剂量抑肽酶对兔肺挫伤早期炎症反应的作用。方法 24只新西兰大白兔随机分为3组（n=8），正常对照组、创伤组及治疗组，采用兔单侧肺挫伤生物撞击模型，观察伤前（0h）和伤后30min，1、2、4、6h血浆中TNF-α、IL-8、TXB2、6keto-PGF1α含量；6h后活杀动物后取支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）检测上述炎症介质及白蛋白含量和白细胞计数，肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）、丙二醛、髓过氧化物酶的变化；并对肺组织进行光镜病理观查。结果 创伤组血浆及BALF中，TNF-α、IL-8、TXB2、6keto-PGF1α含量均明显升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），BALF中白细胞总数、PMN％、清蛋白明显增加（P〈0．05），肺组织MDA和MPO的含量升高（P〈0．01），肺组织损伤以肺出血、肺水肿和中性粒细胞浸润为主要表现。治疗组相应指标显著减少（P〈0．05），肺组织损伤程度减轻（P〈0．05）。结论 早期应用大剂量抑肽酶能够抑制肺挫伤后的炎性反应。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺组织腺苷酸环化酶活性的变化及银杏苦内酯B的影响

[目的]观察重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠胰腺组织腺苷酸环化酶（AC）活性的变化及银杏苦内酯BN52021）的影响。[方法]Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为阴性对照组（NC组）、SAP模型组（SAP）和BN52021治疗组（BN组）,每组按术后不同时相点（1、2、3、6、12、24h）分为6小组,用放射免疫的方法检测胰腺组织中AC活性的变化,同时对胰腺组织进行病理学观察和测定血清淀粉酶的变化。[结果]血清淀粉酶和病理学结果显示SAP大鼠制模成功,BN52021能降低SAP的血清淀粉酶和改善病理学变化;SAP组AC活性在2h,3h较Nc组显著升高（P〈0．05）;BN组AC活性在2、3、12h较NC组显著升高（P〈0．05）;在2h、3h较SAP组显著降低（P〈0．05）。[结论]SAP发生后,胰腺组织AC活性升高,可能通过第二信使途径完成细胞内信号转导,导致炎症反应延续并放大。BN52021通过降低SAP大鼠胰腺组织AC活性发挥治疗作用。     

丁酸钠对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨丁酸钠（NaB）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋广的影响。方法30只SD大鼠分成对照组、SAP组及NaB治疗组,每组各10只．采用牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射制作SAP动物模型,NaB治疗组为SAP制模5rain后通过股静脉注射NaB（5mg／kg）。检测血清淀粉酶、胰腺湿十重比值,利用Kusske方法对胰腺组织的病理学改变：水肿、出血、坏死、炎细胞浸润进行计分,TUNEL法检测胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡。结果SAP组血清淀粉酶与对照组比较明显升高,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）,NaB治疗组血清淀粉酶较SAP组明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：SAP组胰腺组织湿,干重比值较对照组下降,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）,NaB治疗组胰腺组织湿／干重比值较SAP组明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。SAP组胰腺损伤积分明显高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）,NaB治疗组胰腺损伤积分明显低于SAP组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。SAP组胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）,NaB治疗组胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数显著高于SAP组．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论NaB可以促进SAP大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡,减轻中性粒细胞活化,降低SAP严重程度。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对急性坏死性胰腺炎保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）对急性坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）的保护作用及作用机制。方法54只SD大鼠随机分为3组：假手术（SO）组、ANP组及NAC处理组。采用胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠ANP模型,NAC处理组于模型制作前30min腹腔内注射NAC（200mg/kg）进行预处理。分别观察各组大鼠血浆淀粉酶、TNF-α、IL-6、丙二醛（MDA）、肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、肺湿/干比值的变化,胰腺及肺组织病理改变,肺组织TNF-αmRNA的表达。结果ANP组血浆淀粉酶、TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、肺组织MPO、肺湿/干比值均较SO组明显升高（P〈0.05）,肺组织TNF-αmRNA表达较SO组显著增加（P〈0.01）,NAC处理组各检测指标均较ANP组显著降低（P〈0.05）,胰腺及肺组织病理损伤明显减轻。结论NAC可通过清除氧自由基、减少TNF-α、IL-6的产生等机制对ANP进行重要的治疗保护作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.