ICU机械通气患者早期阶段性康复护理程序的实施

目的探讨ICU机械通气患者早期康复护理程序的建立及实施效果。方法将机械通气患者随机分成干预组(28例)与对照组(26例)。对照组患者给予呼吸机集束化护理干预,定时翻身、拍背、排痰等基础护理;干预组在此基础护理上经多学科协作评估,应用早期阶段性康复护理程序,比较两组干预效果。结果干预后干预组Barthel指数、握力显著优于对照组,机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著短于对照组,一次脱机成功率显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论实施早期阶段性康复护理程序,能显著缩短ICU患者机械通气时间,提高一次性脱机成功率,帮助患者恢复肌力,促进康复。     

ICU机械通气患者早期四级康复训练效果

目的探讨ICU机械通气患者早期四级康复训练的实施效果。方法将100例入住综合ICU的重症患者随机分为干预组和对照组各50例,对照组按ICU护理常规给予四肢被动活动和功能锻炼,干预组在机械通气24h内开始实施早期四级康复训练。干预后对两组肌力变化、Barthel指数、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、ICU获得性肌无力发生率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、深静脉血栓发生率、压疮发生率进行评估。结果干预组出院前1天肌力、Barthel指数评分显著高于对照组,机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间显著短于对照组,ICU获得性肌无力、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论早期四级康复训练可提高ICU机械通气患者的肌力和自理能力,预防患者获得性肌无力的发生,缩短住院时间,利于患者早日康复。     

序贯性早期床上运动对ICU老年患者肌力及自理能力的影响

目的探讨序贯性早期床上运动对ICU老年患者肌力及自理能力的影响。方法将80例ICU老年患者按随机数字表法分为干预组42例和对照组38例。对照组予ICU常规护理及运动,干预组在对照组基础上实施序贯性早期床上运动。比较两组干预前及转出ICU时MRC肌力评分、Barthel指数评分及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间。结果干预组转出ICU时MRC肌力评分及Barthel指数评分显著高于对照组,机械通气时间及ICU住院时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论序贯性早期床上运动有利于提高老年患者肌力,改善其自理能力,缩短机械通气时间及ICU治疗时间。     

危重症专职护理小组干预提高COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗效果

目的探讨危重症专职护理小组在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中的作用。方法将序贯机械通气治疗的102例COPD呼吸衰竭患者分为两组。对照组(n=51)实施常规护理干预;干预组(n=51)由危重症专职护理小组实施护理干预。比较两组干预前后血气指标、治疗效果、护理质量。结果干预后干预组血气分析结果显著优于对照组(均P0.05);干预组入住ICU时间、住院时间及机械通气时间较对照组显著缩短(P0.05,P0.01),护理质量评分较对照组显著上升(均P0.01)。结论将危重症专职护理小组干预运用于COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中有助于提高临床疗效,有利于改善患者预后。     

急性心肌梗死主动脉球囊反搏治疗患者的早期心脏康复

目的 探讨早期心脏康复方案在经主动脉球囊反搏辅助循环治疗急性心肌梗死患者的应用效果。方法选择100例经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者,随机分成对照组和干预组各50例。对照组给予常规康复训练,干预组在此基础上给予早期心脏康复训练,康复训练内容包括呼吸锻炼、肺部体疗、主动和被动肌力训练,营养支持及心理干预等。结果干预后,干预组血栓栓塞发生率以及疼痛、焦虑及抑郁程度显著低于对照组,日常生活能力评分、左心室射血分数显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论早期心脏康复方案的实施,可促进经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者康复,减轻焦虑抑郁情绪,提高生活质量。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理干预效果分析

目的观察对呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预的临床效果,并探讨其临床价值。方法 80例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者随机分为干预组及对照组各40例,对照组行常规护理,观察予以组体位护理干预、口腔护理干预、气道护理干预等。结果与对照组比较,干预组的平均机械通气时间明显缩短,护理满意度明显高于对照组,且干预组VAP患者成功脱机率明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。干预组治愈率及总有效率明显高于对照组,干预组死亡率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预可以提高患者住院满意度、降低死亡率、缩短机械通气时间。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的集束化护理干预

目的:探讨采用集束化护理干预预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的方法。方法:将我院2010年1月～2012年1月发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的患者120例,随机分为对照组(60例)和干预组(60例),分别采用常规护理方法,干预组在常规护理的基础上用集束化护理干预措施,观察比较两组患者平均机械通气时间、成功脱机率、护理满意度及总有效率等。结果:干预组能明显缩短机械通气时间,提高患者护理满意度及脱机成功率(P<0.05),干预组护理干预后患者预后明显优于对照组,死亡率较对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论:集束化护理干预能有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的死亡率,缩短患者机械通气时间,临床上值得推广。     

程序化脱机在撤离呼吸机过程中的应用

目的探讨程序化脱机对撤离呼吸机的影响.方法将100例机械通气患者随机均分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用程序化脱机方案,对照组采用传统SIMV过渡撤机方法.比较两组直接、间接脱机成功率,再插管率.结果观察组直接脱机成功率与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);再插管率较对照组显著降低(P＜0.01).观察组间接脱机成功率高于对照组,但两组比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论程序化脱机可以帮助患者安全、及时、顺利地脱离呼吸机.     

两种气管导管预防机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎效果比较

目的探讨圆柱形与锥形气囊气管导管对机械通气患者微误吸致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果。方法将机械通气≥48h的气管插管患者64例随机分为A组32例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;B组32例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。将机械通气≥48h的气管切开患者72例随机分为C组36例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;D组36例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。观察并记录四组患者VAP发生率和时间、机械通气时间、痰液变化量、声门下分泌物变化量、脱机成功率。结果 B、D组VAP发生率显著低于A、C组;痰液变化量和声门下分泌物变化量显著多于A、C组(P0.05,P0.01)。四组机械通气时间、7d内脱机成功率、14d内脱机成功率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论使用锥形气囊的气管导管可以更好地预防微误吸的发生,从而预防VAP的发生。     

早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响

目的探讨早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响。方法将124例机械通气患者随机分为干预组和对照组各62例。对照组行常规床上活动;干预组在此基础上加床上脚踏车运动,每天2次,每次20min。结果两组均60例完成研究。运动第7、14天,干预组肌肉总量、骨骼肌、体脂肪、四肢水分、前白蛋白值及潮气量、呼吸频率、二氧化碳分压与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);干预组机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、VAP发生率、谵妄发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论床上脚踏车运动实现早期活动,可改善机械通气患者的营养指标和心肺功能,促进患者康复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.