eCASH策略预防ICU机械通气患者谵妄效果评价

目的降低ICU机械通气患者谵妄发生率,优化患者临床转归。方法将100例ICU机械通气患者按入院先后分为两组各50例,在常规治疗的基础上对照组按常规防范患者发生IUC谵妄,观察组实施早期以患者为中心的舒适化浅镇静(eCASH)策略防范。结果观察组谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、机械通气时间、ICU停留时间均显著低于对照组,临床转归好于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 eCASH策略应用于ICU机械通气患者谵妄预防管理,可有效降低谵妄发生率,改善患者临床结局。     

eCASH理念结合早期活动在ICU机械通气患者的应用研究

目的探讨eCASH理念结合早期活动在ICU机械通气患者中的应用效果。方法将96例ICU机械通气患者按入院时间分为对照组和观察组各48例,对照组给予常规镇痛镇静及护理,观察组实施基于eCASH理念的舒适化浅镇静管理结合早期活动。结果观察组谵妄发生率和ICU获得性衰弱发生率显著低于对照组,MRC肌力评分显著高于对照组,机械通气时间和ICU住院天数显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 eCASH理念结合早期活动应用于ICU机械通气患者,可降低患者谵妄和ICU获得性衰弱,缩短机械通气和ICU入住时间,促进患者康复。     

ESCAPE策略在机械通气患者谵妄管理的应用

目的评价ESCAPE策略用于机械通气患者谵妄管理的效果。方法将165例机械通气患者采用随机数字软件分为干预组(n=86)、对照组(n=79)。对照组采用ICU常规护理,包括观察患者生命体征、呼吸机及循环监测、常规镇痛镇静护理、药物不良反应及脏器功能监测。干预组采用ICU常规护理的同时应用ESCAPE策略,包括早期活动、睡眠管理、每日唤醒及自主呼吸试验、精神状态评估、情感支持、镇痛镇静管理。比较两组患者谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、镇痛镇静药物使用量、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间。结果干预组患者谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、镇痛镇静药物使用量、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著低于/短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论实施ESCAPE策略可有效降低ICU机械通气患者谵妄发生率,缩短谵妄持续时间,提高临床护理质量。     

基于最佳证据的危重症患者ICU谵妄三级护理管理

目的将ICU谵妄护理管理的最佳证据应用于危重症患者的护理实践,促进护士对ICU谵妄患者开展有效管理。方法根据住院时间将340例住院重症患者分为对照组和观察组各170例,对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施基于最佳证据的护理干预,即建立危重症患者ICU谵妄管理小组,确定最佳证据及调查证据应用障碍因素,开展护士ICU谵妄相关知识的培训、评估筛选ICU谵妄,ICU谵妄三级护理管理。结果观察组ICU谵妄发生率、ICU谵妄持续时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、住院总费用与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。谵妄相关不安全事件发生率低于对照组。结论将ICU谵妄三级护理管理的最佳证据应用于危重症患者,可有效改善患者临床结局,减少不安全事件发生。     

骨科术后机械通气患者ICU谵妄发生率及危险因素调查

目的探讨骨科术后机械通气患者谵妄发生率及相关危险因素,为护理人员采取有效的预防措施提供参考。方法选择ICU骨科术后机械通气患者142例,每日2次使用ICU意识模糊评估法评估患者是否发生ICU谵妄并收集相关危险因素。结果骨科术后机械通气患者谵妄发生率为40.8%,89.7%在入ICU 5d内发生。Logistic回归分析显示,APACHEⅡ评分、疼痛、机械通气时间和低钙血症是谵妄的独立危险因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论骨科术后机械通气患者谵妄发生率较高,ICU护理人员应重点关注病情严重、机械通气时间长的患者,采取积极的措施缓解疼痛和纠正低钙血症,以降低ICU谵妄发生的风险。     

模拟人体生物钟镇静用于ICU机械通气患者的临床研究

目的探讨模拟人体生物钟镇静方案对ICU机械通气患者谵妄及其他临床结局的影响。方法将110例ICU有创机械通气≥12h患者根据是否应用模拟人体生物钟镇静方案分为模拟人体生物钟组(研究组,55例)与非模拟人体生物钟组(对照组,55例),两组再根据使用镇静药物的不同分为右美托咪定组(各15例)、丙泊酚组(各20例)、右美托咪定+丙泊酚组(联合镇静组,各20例)。应用重症监护疼痛观察工具(CPOT)及Richmond躁动-镇静评分(RASS)对镇痛镇静深度进行量化控制,使研究组RASS评分白天维持在0~1分、夜间维持在-1~-2分;对照组昼夜均维持在-1~-2分。记录患者谵妄、呼吸机相关性肺炎等并发症或不良事件发生率,以及机械通气时间、住ICU时间、拔管时间、镇痛镇静药物用量。结果研究组谵妄、呼吸机相关性肺炎、严重低血压及心动过缓发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);与同种镇静药的对照组比较,研究组机械通气时间、拔管时间、住ICU时间显著缩短,镇痛镇静药物剂量显著减少(均P0.05)。结论模拟人体生物钟镇静有助于降低ICU机械通气患者不良反应发生率,缩短机械通气时间、拔管时间及住ICU时间,减少镇静镇痛药物用量,可提高临床疗效。     

品管圈活动降低ICU非计划性拔管

目的探讨开展品管圈活动在有效管理重症监护病房非计划性拔管中的作用。方法成立品管圈,选定"降低ICU非计划性拔管"为活动主题,寻找造成问题的主要原因,针对原因制定并实施改善措施。结果品管圈活动历时39周,ICU非计划拔管率由活动前的12.5%下降至4.5%(P0.01),目标达成率为125.0%,且护理人员沟通协调能力、团队精神、解决问题的能力、责任心、自信心、积极性、品管手法、和谐度等均较活动前有明显提升。结论应用品管圈进行ICU质量管理能有效降低ICU患者非计划性拔管发生率。     

开展品管圈活动降低非预期重返ICU发生率

目的探讨品管圈活动在降低非预期重返ICU发生率的临床效果。方法采用品管圈方法,在科室内开展品管圈小组活动,针对患者重返ICU的原因,采取加强与家属沟通、严格培训并考核交接班制度及内容、建立交接班记录表、建立ICU转出患者回访制度等措施。结果患者重返率由开展品管圈活动前的5.03%下降至2.77%,目标达成率83.70%,进步率44.93%。结论开展品管圈活动,对降低非预期重返重症医学科率有积极作用。     

光照疗法联合保守氧疗对ICU机械通气患者谵妄的影响

目的探讨光照疗法联合保守氧疗预防ICU机械通气患者谵妄的效果。方法将360例ICU机械通气患者随机分为对照1组、对照2组、观察组各120例。对照1组给予光照强度为100 Lux的安慰光照,对照2组采用10000 Lux的LED治疗灯进行光照疗法,观察组采用光照疗法联合保守氧疗。比较三组患者谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、谵妄药物干预、谵妄相关不良结局(非计划性拔管、ICU停留时间、ICU病死率)及睡眠障碍情况。结果对照1组、对照2组、观察组谵妄发生率分别为26.66%、28.57%、16.67%;三组谵妄持续时间及睡眠障碍评分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),观察组最优。结论光照疗法联合保守氧疗能减少ICU机械通气患者谵妄发生率、缩短谵妄持续时间,改善睡眠障碍。     

早期目标导向型镇静用于ICU机械通气患者的效果评价

目的评价早期目标导向型镇静(EGDS)策略在ICU机械通气患者的应用效果。方法将2015年1~10月收治ICU符合纳入及排除标准的76例机械通气患者按随机数字法分为干预组和对照组,干预组42例采用EGDS策略;对照组34例采用标准化镇静策略。比较两组48h内浅镇静达标率、谵妄发生率及ICU住院日。结果干预组48h内浅镇静达标率显著高于对照组(P0.01),谵妄发生率及ICU住院日显著低于/短于对照组(均P0.05)。结论 EGDS策略相对安全、可行,较标准化镇静策略能更有效使ICU机械通气患者达到早期浅镇静目标。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.