HPLC法测定赫酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量。方法:色谱柱为No- va-Pak C18(150 mm×4．0mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10 mmol·L-1NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6．48,含2 mmol·L-1三乙胺) (30:70,V／V);流速为0．7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃。结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在0．1-1．0mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0．9989),平均加样回收率98．9％(n=3,RSD=1．4％);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1-10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0．999 6),平均加样回收率99．2％(n=3,RSD=1．6％)。结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制。     

RP-HPLC测定雷诺嗪含量及有关物质

目的:建立测定雷诺嗪(ranolazine)含量及有关物质的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:依利特Hypersil BDS C_(18)硅烷键合硅胶柱(250mm×4．6mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-7mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵与3．5mmol·L~(-1)醋酸的缓冲液(65:35),流速:1．0mL·min~(-1),柱温:30℃,检测波长:272nm。结果:雷诺嗪在0．102～2．034mg·mL~(-1)的范围内,浓度和峰面积线性良好,r=0．9999。重复性试验的RSD为0．92%。结论:测定方法简便快速、重现性好、准确度高,可适用于雷诺嗪的含量测定及其有关物质检查。     

高效毛细管电泳法测定番泻叶中番泻苷A的含量

目的:对番泻叶中的有效成分番泻苷A进行含量测定。方法:采用毛细管胶束电动色谱,熔融石英毛细管柱(57cm×75μm,有效长度50cm),电解缓冲液:37.5mmol·L~(-1)Tris,25％乙腈,1mmol·L~(-1)SDS,稀磷酸调pH至8.9;柱温:25℃;柱上紫外检测波长:214nm。结果:回归方程为Y=-921.4+2 158 848X,r=0.9998,平均回收率为99.56％,RSD为1.2％(n=5)。结论:本方法简便、快速,重现性好。     

混合取代基—β—环糊精—毛细管电泳法分离测定麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱

目的:建立毛细管电泳法同时分离测定同分异构的2对手性化合物麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的含量。方法:Waters CapillaryIon Analyzer,50μm×60cm空心熔融石英毛细管柱,柱上紫外检测。电泳条件:分离用缓冲液为25mmol·L~(-1)的磷酸-Tris 缓冲液,含18mmol·L~(-1)的羧甲基-β-环糊精和7.5mmol·L~(-1)的β-环糊精-硫酸酯,pH3.02。分离电压:18kV;温度:25℃;虹吸进样,高度10cm,时间1s;紫外检测波长214nm。结果:左旋伪麻黄碱、右旋麻黄碱、左旋麻黄碱和右旋伪麻黄碱线性范围分别为23.7～237μg·ml~(-1),25.0～250μg·mL~(-1),25.0～250μg·mL~(-1),25.4～254μg·mL~(-1),以信噪比等于3:1为标准,最小检测浓度均为5.0μg·mL~(-1);日内和日间精密度RSD在2.4％～4.3％之间。结论:方法分离效率高、简便、快速、成本低。     

HPLC法测定盐酸左氧氟沙星血浓度

目的:建立HPLC法测定血清中盐酸左氧氟沙星浓度。方法:采用三氯乙酸提取血样,以盐酸洛美沙星为内标,色谱柱:shim-pack C_(18)柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈:50 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸:1 mol·L~(-1)醋酸胺(16:83:1),流速1．0 ml·min~(-1),检测波长295 nm,灵敏度0．01AUFS。结果:本法在0．1～10μg·ml~(-1)之间线性良好(r=0．999 9),日间和日内RSD小于10％,最低检测浓度为0．1μg·ml~(-1)。结论:本法快速、准确、重现性好,可为临床血药浓度监测和药物动力学提供依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中氯雷他定浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中氯雷他定的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:血浆样品碱化后用乙醚萃取。色谱柱为C_(18)柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为50mmol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸调pH4.0)-乙腈(62:38),流速为1.50mL·min~(-1),荧光检测波长:Ex290nm,Em460nm。外标法峰面积定量。结果:测定方法在1.0～100.0μg·L~(-1)范围内具良好的线性关系,萃取回收率为86.0％～99.7％,方法回收率为85.0％～100.4％,日内、日间RSD小于15％,最低定量浓度为1.00μg·L~(-1)。结论:本测定方法具灵敏、准确、快速的优点,适用于氯雷他定片剂的药代动力学和生物利用度等的研究。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度

目的:建立血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度测定方法。方法:血浆在酸性条件下以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,用二氯甲烷萃取纯化,以乙腈-5 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 4．8)(45:55,每100 mL流动相中含十二烷基硫酸钠0．17 g)为流动相,色谱柱为DIAMONSIL~(TM)C_(18)柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),检测波长为233 nm,柱温为40℃。流速为1．2 mL·min~(-1)。结果:在此色谱条件下,盐酸二甲双胍与血浆中其他成分分离完全,线性范围为60．06～4 004 ng·mL~(-1),最低检测浓度为60．06 ng·mL~(-1),相对回收率在101．3％～108．3％,日内精密度RSD＜5．4％,日间精密度RSD＜13％。结论:该法稳定、灵敏、可靠,可用于人体血浆中盐酸二甲双胍浓度的测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中熊去氧胆酸的浓度

目的：建立高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法测定人血浆内的熊去氧胆酸浓度的方法。方法：采用Shimadzu VP-ODS(4．6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱；柱温25℃；流动相为(A)乙腈-水(含5 mmol·L~(-1)的乙酸铵)(35：65,V/V),(B)乙情；梯度程序为0～2min,A：B=94：6；2～4．5min,A：B= 80：20：4．5～7min,A：B=94：6；流速为1．0 mL·min~(-1)；通过液相串联质谱,电喷雾离子源(ESI),以选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测；离子极性监测负离子(-)；检测离子为熊去氧胆酸m/z 391．1 [M-H]~-→391．1[M-H]~-,盐酸西替利嗪(内标)m/z 387．1[M-H]~-→387．1[M-H]~-。结果：熊去氧胆酸的最低定量限为40．144μg·L~(-1),线性范围为40．14～12 043μg·L~(-1)(r=0．995)。结论：该方法简便、灵敏度高,可以用来进行熊去氧胆酸的人体药动学和生物等效性研究。     

毛细管电泳法测定元胡止痛片和元胡止痛口服液中延胡索乙素的含量

目的:建立毛细管区带电泳法测定元胡止痛片和元胡止痛口服液中延胡索乙素的含量。方法:0.2mol·L~(-1)Tris-45mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠(磷酸调pH 5.30)-40％异丙醇为缓冲液,分离电压为29 kV,检测波长200nm,50cm×50μm,末涂层石英毛细管,每次进样前分别用0.1 mol·L~(-1)的盐酸、氢氧化钠和缓冲液冲洗5 min; 进样方式:压力进样2s。操作温度:25℃。结果:延胡索乙素在0.04～1.60mg·mL~(-1)范围呈线性,RSD小于2.9％,回收率大于97％。结论:实验结果表明,该方法简便、快速、结果准确可靠,有较好的重复性。     

新型抗癌铂配合物的高效液相色谱分析

目的:建立新型抗癌铂配合物顺式-3,5二异丙基水杨酸根-(1R,2R环己二胺)合铂(Ⅱ)(cis-3,5-dii- sopropylsalylic cyelohexanodiaminoplatinum(Ⅱ),LSPt-DACH)的HPLC分析方法,并应用于其油水分配系数losP的测定。方法:色谱条件:色谱柱Kromasil C_(18)(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm)反相柱,流动相为甲醇-10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵溶液(70:30),检测波长315 nm,流速1．0 mL·min~(-1),柱温28℃。结果:线性范围0．05～0．60μg,相关系数r=0．999 9;精密度和稳定性良好。LSPt-DACH的油水分配系数10gP值为2．72。结论:所建立的方法简单、灵敏,可作为LSPt- DACH的含量测定方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.