空腹高血糖的2型糖尿病患者加用甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素的比较研究

单用口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分别加用甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素(NPH)联合治疗3个月,然后停止胰岛素治疗,恢复原口服治疗方案,共观察6个月。结果甘精胰岛素组的HbAIC和餐后血糖低于NPH组[治疗3个月(6．1±0．5)％vs(6．9±0．8)％和(7．2±2．1)mmol／L vs(9．3±3．1)mmol／L,治疗6个月(6．6±0．7)％vs(7．4±1．1)％和(8．8±2．8)mmol／Lvs(10．3±3．1) mmoL／L,P<0．01或P<0．05],两指标的下降值甘精胰岛素组大于NPH组[治疗3个月(4．0±0．7)％vs (3．7±0．6)％和(7．1 4-2．0)mmol／Lvs(5．9±1．8)mmol／L,治疗6个月(3．5±0．5)％vs(3．2±0．3)％和(5．5±1．4)mmol／Lvs(4．9±1．3)mmol／L,P<0．01或P<0．05],提示使用甘精胰岛素可以在不增加不良反应的情况下比NPH更加全面而有效地控制血糖。     

长期高脂饲养大鼠胰岛形态功能改变与外周胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的观察高脂高热量饲料长期饲养对大鼠胰岛形态功能的影响,探讨其与外周胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠30只,分为正常对照组(NC,n=15)和高脂饲养组(HF,n=15),分别给予普通饲料和高脂高热量饲料饲养,采用高胰岛素-正常血糖钳夹技术测定外周胰岛素抵抗程度；以静脉胰岛素释放试验观察胰岛分泌功能；作胰岛素和胰高血糖素双重免疫组化染色,进行胰岛形态学及量化分析；RT-PCR观察胰岛素原mRNA水平的变化。结果HF组的葡萄糖输注率(GIR)显著低于NC组[(5．83±0．79)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)vs(7．60±1．29)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),P＜0．05]。胰岛的免疫组化结果显示HF组单个胰岛的体积增大[(15168±1327)μm~2 vs(6264±1840)μm~2,P＜0．01],β细胞相对于α细胞比率下降[(4．68±1．01)vs(11．84±3．82),P＜0．05],β细胞的胰岛素相对浓度降低[(-5．15±0．03) vs(-4．81±0．17),P＜0．01]。HF组胰岛素分泌高峰明显延迟至10min,NC组达峰时间为5min,HF组胰岛素曲线下面积在10～60min则显著增高[(152．51±34．53)mIU·L~(-1)·min~(-1)vs(86．40±21．21)mIU·L~(-1)·min~(-1),P＜0．01],60 min胰岛素仍在基础水平之上,胰岛素原mRNA差异无统计学意义。结论长期高脂高热量饮食不仅诱导出显著的胰岛素抵抗,胰岛的形态和功能已经出现了早期的损害,提示在2型糖尿病发生发展的前期阶段胰岛的代偿能力已经受损。     

高血压病患者胰岛β细胞功能变化及雷米普利的影响

目的探讨高血压病患者胰岛 β细胞功能变化及雷米普利对胰岛 β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性的影响。 方法　用酶联免疫吸附法检测 2 4例健康人及 44例高血压病患者血浆胰岛素原 (PI)、真胰岛素 (TI) ,用放免法测定免疫反应性胰岛素水平 (IRI) ;并利用上述指标计算胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (PI/IRI)和胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,观察 2 1例高血压病患者给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果　 (1)高血压病组患者与对照组比较胰岛素原 (17.2± 8.2vs7.9± 2 .8pmol/L)和免疫反应性胰岛素浓度 (2 1.0± 12 .4vs 14± 7.8μU/ml)有显著性差异 (P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ,胰岛β细胞功能指数 (0 81± 0 32vs 0 5 6± 0 17)亦有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而真胰岛素水平 (8.4± 4.0vs 7.4± 2 .4μU/ml)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 ) 2 1例高血压病患者用雷米普利治疗后免疫反应性胰岛素 (2 1.9± 5 .1vs 14.9± 4.1μU/ml )和胰岛素原水平 (19.3± 8.0vs 12 .5± 8.2 pmol/L)有显著性下降(P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ;胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (0 78± 0 31vs 0 5 4± 0 16 )显著性下降 (P <0 0 1) ,胰岛素敏感性指数 (- 4.4± 0 6vs - 3.5± 0 2 )显著性提高 (P <0     

老年代谢综合征患者血胰岛素样生长因子1与代谢综合征的关系

目的了解代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)患者血胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)水平及其与MS的关系。方法按2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)颁布的MS定义,将老年患者465例分为MS组255例和对照组210例。查空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽、餐后2 h血糖、血脂全套、血IGF1并计算体质指数(BMI)。两组按是否并存糖尿病再分为糖尿病和非糖尿病两个亚组。结果(1) MS组除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低于对照组外,其他血液指标均高于对照组(P<0．01);两组IGF1水平与年龄、BMI均呈负相关(P<0．05)。(2)MS糖尿病组IGF1(163．5±128．1)μg／L、胰岛素(14．3±10．5)mU／L高于MS非糖尿病组(114．0±52．6)μg／L、(8．46±4．4)mU／L,C肽(1．1±0．4)μg／L低于MS非糖尿病组(2．5±0．4)μg／L,均为P<0．01;IGF1水平与胰岛素、C肽无相关性,与冠心病呈负相关(P<0．05)。(3)对照糖尿病组IGF1(129．2±49．1)μg／L低于对照非糖尿病组(136．6±80．5)μg／L,胰岛素(14．1±11．7)mU／L、C肽(3．28±2．23)μg／L高于对照非糖尿病组(10．3±6．1)mU／L、(2．9±1．7)μg／L,P<0．01或0．05。对照组IGF1与C肽负相关,与甘油三酯正相关;对照糖尿病组IGF1与胰岛素、C肽负相关(均为P<0．01或0．05)。结论MS患者存在高血IGF1现象,这与单纯糖尿病患者低IGF1不同;MS患者IGF1水平较低时发生冠心病的机率较高。     

1型糖尿病患者淋巴细胞对胰岛β细胞的毒性作用探讨

为探讨 1型糖尿病患者外周血淋巴细胞是否对胰岛 β细胞起破坏作用 ,随机选择新发 1型糖尿病患者 16例 ,分离其外周血淋巴细胞 ,与胎儿胰岛β细胞于体外混合培养 ,同时设单纯淋巴细胞及β细胞培养组、正常对照组。培养过程中观察细胞形态及其生长情况 ,培养后第 2 4、72小时分别留取培养液测胰岛素、IL- 2含量 ,电镜下观察培养细胞形态。结果显示 ,1型糖尿病患者血淋巴细胞与胰岛β细胞混合培养组胰岛细胞生长不良 ,IL- 2产生增多 ,胰岛素分泌减少。第 2 4小时 IL- 2为 12 72 .4± 95 9.7pg/ ml,显著高于单纯淋巴细胞组及正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 72小时为 892 .9± 917.2 pg/ ml,高于单纯淋巴细胞组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;第 2 4小时胰岛素为 5 0 8.4±185 .0μU/ m l,低于单纯胰岛β细胞组及正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 72小时为 483.2± 199.1μU / ml,低于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 )。电镜观察见混合培养组 β细胞有变性和破坏。表明 1型糖尿病患者外周血致敏淋巴细胞对胰岛β细胞有破坏作用 ,可使β细胞形态及功能发生改变     

甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲及阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病患者24小时动态血糖变化

26例继发性磺脲类失效(SFS)的2型糖尿病患者,改用甘精胰岛素加格列美脲及阿卡波糖治疗3个月后与联合治疗前比较,24．h总体血糖达标时段[(19．1±3．6)h vs(2．3±2．1)h]显著延长,24 h平均血糖[(6．8±1．4)mmoL／Lvs(15．2±3．2)mmol／L]、空腹血糖[(5．4±1．3)mmol／Lvs(11．6±5．2) mmol／L]、24h内最高血糖[(10．8±4．2)mmol／Lvs(20．3±5．6)mmoL／L]及HbAIC[(7．7±1．3)％vs(10．8±1．6％)]均有显著下降(均P<0．01)。提示甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲及阿卡波糖能有效改善SFS的2型糖尿病24h血糖控制。     

成人糖尿病患者血清GADA和ICA检测的临床意义

目的　研究血清胰岛细胞抗体 (ICA)、谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体 (GADA)检测对 1型糖尿病 (DM)早期诊断的意义 ,以及抗体阳性患者胰岛 β细胞功能。方法　采用 EL ISA法检测 ICA、GADA;放射免疫法检测血清空腹和餐后 C肽。结果　 16 3例 2型 DM患者中 ,ICA及 GADA阳性共 32例为 1型 DM,其中 ICA阳性 18例 ,GADA阳性 2 5例 ,GADA阳性率 (15 .3% )高于 ICA(11.0 % )。抗体阳性患者的空腹和餐后 C肽 [(0 .6 3± 0 .31)和 (1.76± 0 .82 ) pmol/ L]明显低于抗体阴性患者 [(0 .91± 0 .81)和 (3.18± 1.92 ) pm ol/ L]。GADA阳性患者的空腹和餐后 C肽 [(0 .2 9± 0 .18)和 (0 .74± 0 .4 3) pm ol/ L ]明显低于 ICA阴性患者 [(0 .4 8± 0 .32 )和 (1.11± 0 .4 5 )pmol/ L ]。结论　 ICA、GADA检测对 1型 DM的早期诊断有重要意义。     

不同胰岛自身抗体阳性1型糖尿病临床特征分析

目的探讨单独或合并锌转运体8自身抗体(ZnT8A)、谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)及蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体(IA-2A)阳性患者的1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者临床特征。方法采用放射配体检测法检测中南大学湘雅二医院1999—2009年收治的539例T1DM患者的ZnT8A、GADA及IA-2A,并将其分成三个亚组进行比较。结果(1)单一ZnT8A阳性组较抗体阴性组病程更长,胰岛素用量更大,收缩压更低,合并代谢综合征比例更少。单一ZnT8A阳性组较单一GADA阳性组BMI、WHR及空腹C肽值更高(P<0.05),而糖化血红蛋白水平更低(P<0.05);(2)多个抗体阳性组起病年龄显著低于抗体阴性组(P<0.05);1个抗体阳性患者的空腹C肽及餐后2 h C肽显著低于抗体阴性组(P<0.05);3个抗体阳性患者较1个抗体阳性患者的起病年龄更小(P<0.01),BMI更低(P<0.05),病程更短(P<0.05)。(3)合并任意两种抗体阳性中"GADA阳性与IA-2A阳性"组餐后C肽最低(P<0.01),空腹C肽也较低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单独或合并ZnT8A,GADA及IA-2A的T1DM临床特征分析对临床具有重要的指导意义。     

甘舒霖强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病37例研究

75例初诊T2DM患者，按单、双日随机分为两组，对照组瑞格列奈1～3mg及二甲双胍0．25～0．5，每日各三次口服；强化组给予甘舒霖R（三餐前30分钟），甘舒霖N（睡前）皮下注射。4周后观察治疗前后空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2小时血糖（2HBG）、糖化血红蛋白A1c（HbA1c）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA—β）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）、血糖达标时间等。结果：两组病人治疗后，上述指标均有明显下降，强化组下降更明显分别为（15．8±3．2）mmol／Lvs（5．9±0．5）mmol／L，（20．2±3．8）mmol／L（7．5±0．5）mmool／L，（10．4±1．36）％vs（6．96±0．74）％。均P〈0．01，（3．49±0．82）vs（5．32±2．20），（2．20±0．81）vs（1．02±0．41），均P〈0．05。结论：甘舒霖强化治疗初诊T2DM，能明显增强胰岛β细胞的功能，减轻胰岛素抵抗，使患者血糖良好控制。     

胰岛素治疗对高脂喂养的糖尿病大鼠胰岛B细胞分泌变化的影响

目的观察胰岛素治疗对长期高脂喂养的糖尿病(DM)大鼠B细胞分泌功能的影响。方法2003-08~2004-11对华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院内分泌实验室的DM大鼠随机分为糖尿病正常饮食组(DN,n=10)、糖尿病高脂饮食组(DH,n=10)、糖尿病高脂饮食胰岛素治疗组(DHI,n=10)及正常Wistar大鼠正常饮食对照组(NC,n=10)。于胰岛素治疗后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放试验(IRT),并根据血糖和血胰岛素值计算糖负荷后胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值(ΔI30/ΔG30)和修正的B细胞胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI)。留取空腹血浆测定游离脂肪酸(FFA)和甘油三酯(TG)。留取尾部胰腺组织测定胰腺内TG和FFA。结果与DN组和NC组相比,DH组血和胰腺内TG及FFA计量明显增多(分别为对DN组,P<0·01、P<0·01;对NC组,P<0·01、P<0·01;对DN组,P<0·01、P<0·05;对NC组,P<0·01、P<0·01),此外,ΔI30/ΔG30和MBCI显著降低(分别为对DN组,P<0·01、P<0·05,对NC组,P<0·01、P<0·01)。胰岛素治疗后,与DH组相比,胰腺内TG和FFA计量明显下降(分别为P<0·01、P<0·01),同时ΔI30/ΔG30、MCBI均得到明显改善(P<0·01、P<0·05)结论长期高脂饮食喂养可导致T2DM大鼠胰腺内FFA和TG沉积,并进一步损伤胰岛B细胞胰岛素的分泌;胰岛素治疗对高脂饮食所致的上述影响有一定的改善作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.