活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整及重建

目的 总结活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整和重建经验。方法 回顾分析自2006年9月至2010年5月间73例成人活体肝移植的临床资料,术前对供肝进行了充分的影像学评估,其中涉及供肝动脉较复杂变异者13例(17.8％),包括9例异位或副肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉(SMA),2例副肝右动脉发自腹腔干及2例肝动脉存在交通支。术中对这13例变异供肝动脉采用显微外科技术进行了修整和重建。结果 9例异位或副肝右动脉起自SMA者中,3例采用副肝右动脉与胆囊动脉行端侧吻合的方式成形,然后与受者的肝固有动脉或肝右动脉行端端吻合,另6例异位肝右动脉与受者肝右动脉或肝固有动脉行端端吻合;2例副肝右动脉起自腹腔干者,将供肝右动脉和副肝右动脉分别与受者肝右动脉和肝左动脉吻合重建;2例供肝动脉存在交通支者及1例双供肝移植者均予以双支动脉重建。另外,供、受者肝动脉内径不匹配者,采用供肝副肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端侧吻合。所有血管均一次吻合成功,围手术期经密切监测动脉血流及给予相应抗凝治疗,术后长期随访中,所有受者均未发生肝动脉血栓形成及动脉狭窄等并发症。结论 根据动脉变异的不同,采用显微外科技术进行不同方式的修整,效果良好,其对预防活体肝移植后动脉血栓形成等并发症以及扩大活体供者范围具有重要意义。     

供肝局灶性结节增生伴肝右动脉变异肝移植经验总结(附1例报告)

目的探讨肝移植供肝合并局灶性结节增生(FNH)及肝右动脉变异的处理方法。方法 2013年11月实施1例供肝存在FNH合并肝右动脉变异的经典原位肝移植术。供肝修整过程中切除肝脏占位病变,快速冰冻病理检查证实为FNH,并将变异肝右动脉的肠系膜上动脉补片与脾动脉端端吻合。结果供肝变异动脉修整重建后成功完成供肝植入,术后无动脉血栓形成、胆漏、出血等相关并发症。结论当供肝肝右动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉时,首选变异肝右动脉的肠系膜上动脉补片与脾动脉端端吻合。供肝FNH并非肝移植的禁忌证,可在修肝过程中予以一期切除。     

肝移植供肝修整的经验

目的：探讨肝移植供肝修整的方法与技巧。方法：回顾性分析64例原位肝移植供肝修整以及血管变异时处理的方法和技巧。结果：修整的64例供肝全部用于肝移植。发现13例存在肝动脉解剖变异，其中5例行变异肝动脉重建，动脉重建方法包括将变异动脉与脾动脉(3/5)、胃十二指肠动脉(2/5)吻合。无因供肝修整而出现的手术并发症。结论：供肝血管及胆道的正确修整可减少肝移植后并发症，是供肝修整成败的关键。     

原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建

目的 探讨原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建的方法与技巧. 方法 回顾性分析91例原位肝移植供肝修整以及变异肝动脉重建时处理的方法和技巧.结果 修整的91例供肝全部用于肝移植.发现其中20例(21.9%)存在肝动脉解剖变异,20例中12例需行变异肝动脉重建,动脉重建方法包括将变异的肝右动脉与脾动脉(7/12)或胃十二指肠动脉(5/12)吻合.供肝应用后未出现与修整相关的手术并发症. 结论 供肝的正确修整及合适的供肝动脉重建可减少肝移植后并发症.     

肝移植受体肝动脉异常的诊断及处理

目的研究肝移植受体肝动脉解剖变异、病理异常与吻合部位选择的关系。方法回顾性分析2004年3月至2006年7月期间我院80例成人肝移植患者的临床资料。术前磁共振血管成像结合术中动脉解剖鉴别动脉变异、病理异常及其类型，记录动脉吻合部位和口径，对动脉解剖变异组与无变异组的吻合部位和吻合口直径进行比较。结果全组受体肝动脉解剖变异率为11．3％（9／80），肝右动脉变异8／9例，分别来自胃十二指肠动脉（GDA）、肝总动脉（CHA）、腹腔动脉或肠系膜上动脉。吻合部位为CHA（7／9例）或GDA（2／9例）分支袖片。病理异常为2例，其中肝动脉内、外膜分离1例，以CHA端吻合；肝动脉狭窄1例，选择肾上腹主动脉前壁吻合。解剖变异组与无变异组吻合部位差异有统计学意义（x^2=18．679，P〈0．01），解剖变异组CHA分支袖片吻合口径与无变异组肝固有动脉或CHA分支袖片比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论受体肝动脉解剖变异影响吻合部位选择，CHA分支袖片是首选部位；无变异组肝固有动脉分支袖片与变异组CHA分支袖片的吻合口径相似，前者可作为无动脉变异时的常用吻合部位。     

不同切取方法对肝移植供肝动脉解剖变异的损伤分析

目的 探讨供肝切取修整的方法及肝动脉常见变异,预防供肝切取修整过程中肝动脉损伤.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2006年7月共计843例供肝切取修整及肝动脉变异资料,其中148例供肝采用肝肾分开切取方法,695例供肝采用腹部脏器联合切取方法.术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管.结果 在843例供肝中,肝动脉解剖变异者172例,总变异率20.4%(172/843),发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(57例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(54例),高变异率伴随着高损伤率.结论 腹部脏器联合切取方法可减少肝动脉意外损伤发生率,熟悉常见肝动脉变异类型和精细的解剖是减少肝动脉损伤的关键.     

肝移植供体切取中变异肝动脉的保护

目的 探讨在肝移植供体切取过程中如何避免损伤变异肝动脉。资料与方法 分析123例供肝切取资料，统计变异肝动脉发生率。结果 肝动脉解剖变异32例（26．02％），其中仅肝右动脉（RHA）变异11例（8．94％），仅肝左动脉（LHA）变异10例（8．13％），左右肝动脉均变异3例（2．44％），肝总动脉（CHA）起于肠系膜上动脉7例（5．69％），其它少见类型1例（0．81％），为肝固有动脉（PHA）来源于胃左动脉。结论 肝动脉解剖复杂，熟悉肝动脉解剖变异可减少供肝切取过程中的肝动脉损伤。     

活体肝移植中肝动脉的处理

目的 探讨活体肝移植中动脉重建技术及肝动脉变异的处理,减少肝动脉并发症.方法 行活体肝移植11例,其中右半肝5例、左半肝2例、左外叶1例、供体(右半肝+左半肝)3例,供受体术前均行肝动脉造影明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,肝动脉均采用显微外科技术重建.结果 肝动脉变异2例,1例右半肝供体副肝右动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉,1例左半肝供体副肝左动脉来源于胃左动脉.4例行双动脉重建,肝动脉吻合时间25～76 min,无肝动脉血栓形成、狭窄等并发症.受体并发症3例.结论 术前明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,选择合适的吻合部位,应用精细的显微外科技术重建肝动脉,能有效降低活体肝移植中动脉并发症的发生.     

供体动脉变异对肝移植的影响:附连续527例肝移植的处理和转归(英)

肝动脉变异的发生率为12％～49％.作者对连续527例肝移植手术中供肝动脉变异的情况进行回顾.其中366例解剖正常,161例(30.6%)有解剖变异.将其分为以下5种情况:肝总动脉均来自腹腔动脉,副肝左动脉起自胃左动脉75例(14.2%);副肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉44例(8.3%);以上两种情况同时存在9例(1.7%);肝总动脉发自肠系膜上动脉12例(2.3%);罕见肝动脉变异21例,如肝左、右动脉分别来自胃左、肠系膜上动脉而肝总动脉缺如,肝动脉直接发自腹主动脉等等.     

原位肝移植供肝动脉变异处理的效果分析

目的分析原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的处理方式和手术效果。方法回顾性分析2018年7月至2020年6月在清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院接受肝移植手术受者的临床病理资料。识别肝动脉变异情况和分布比例,记录变异供肝动脉的处理方式。需重建的变异肝动脉均在体外完成重建吻合。比较变异组和无变异组术后并发症情况及手术后6个月的随访情况。结果肝动脉变异率为16.4%(36/219),其中常见类型为变异的肝左动脉发自胃左动脉,变异的肝右动脉发自肠系膜上动脉。结扎及重建的变异的肝左动脉共20例,其中9例直接结扎,无需重建。结扎及重建的变异的肝右动脉共16例,其中13例与胃十二指肠动脉吻合重建。变异组与无变异组相比,移植术后动脉、胆道并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体外重建可以很好地重构具有肝动脉变异的供肝动脉血流路径。供肝肝动脉变异不增加移植术后动脉、胆道并发症的发生风险。     

Anatomical alteration of the vascular tree observed during living related liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: The number of available cadaveric donor organs has reached a plateau. One current solution has been to increase number of living related liver transplantations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since October 1999 in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 40 living related liver transplantation have been carried out. RESULTS: In 31 (77.5%) cases, a normal arterial supply was observed: the common hepatic artery arose from a celiac trunk. In two cases (5.0%), there was a partial arterial blood supply by the right accessory hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), a right hepatic artery arose completely from the superior mesenteric artery (replaced artery). In one case (2.5%), a common hepatic artery originated from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), an accessory left segmental artery originated from the left gastric artery. In two cases (5.0%), the function of an absent left hepatic artery was assumed by a replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery. In two (5.0%) cases, there were two separate ducts draining the right hemiliver. There were two (5.0%) cases of an accessory duct draining segment IV, originating within the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. In one (2.5%) case, the common hepatic duct showed a trifurcation. CONCLUSION: During harvesting from a living donor knowledge of anatomical variants must be used to optomize the liver graft.     

供肝动脉变异和植入前动脉重建

目的探讨供肝动脉变异类型,术中损伤原因及植入前重建的方法。方法1993年10月至2004年12月,中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心共行供肝切取和修整术600例,术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管。结果在600例供肝中,19·2%(115/600)供肝动脉变异。53例(53/600)变异动脉须血管重建,其中39例(39/53)代替性或副肝右动脉来自肠系膜上动脉,1例(1/53)代替性肝右动脉来自腹腔干,5例(5/53)代替性或副肝左动脉来自胃左动脉,2例(2/53)变异肝左动脉和3例(3/53)变异肝右动脉离断后来源不清,3例(3/53)变异肝左和肝右动脉双重替代。6例(6/485)供肝切取术中意外损伤正常肝动脉,需要动脉重建。变异肝动脉损伤19例(19/115),均行动脉重建。动脉重建方法包括变异动脉与脾动脉(36/53)、胃十二指肠动脉(12/53)以及复杂的吻合方法(5/53)。结论供肝快速切取过程中,肝动脉变异增加肝动脉意外损伤发生率,损伤变异动脉均须在植入前重建。变异动脉重建方法的选择取决于肝动脉解剖学特点。     

Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1000 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variations in the hepatic arteries were studied in donor livers that were used for orthotopic transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Variations have occurred in 25% to 75% of cases. Donor livers represent an appropriate model for study because extrahepatic arterial anatomy must be defined precisely to ensure complete arterialization of the graft at time of transplantation. METHODS: Records of 1000 patients who underwent liver harvesting for orthotopic transplantation between 1984 and 1993 were reviewed. RESULTS: Arterial patterns in order of frequency included the normal Type 1 anatomy (n = 757), with the common hepatic artery arising from the celiac axis to form the gastroduodenal and proper hepatic arteries and the proper hepatic dividing distally into right and left branches; Type 3 (n = 106), with a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery; Type 2 (n = 97), with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery; Type 4 (n = 23), with both right and left hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric and left gastric arteries, respectively; Type 5 (n = 15), with the entire common hepatic artery arising as a branch of the superior mesenteric; and Type 6 (n = 2), with the common hepatic artery originating directly from the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: These data are useful for the planning and conduct of surgical and radiological procedures of the upper abdomen, including laparoscopic operations of the biliary tract.     

Anatomic variation of the right hepatic artery and its reconstruction for living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft

We analyzed the anatomy and reconstruction of the right hepatic artery (RHA) in 96 cases of adult-to-adult living donor right liver transplantations, during 2002. Most right livers had a single orifice (n = 185, 96%). Seven right livers (4%) showed multiple arteries, namely a replaced artery in five cases and accessory arteries in two cases. Three liver grafts had two separate orifices: both arterial stumps were reconstructed in one case, and accessory arteries were ligated in two cases because of sufficient back bleeding. The mean diameter of the graft RHA was 2.4 mm (1-4). More than 60% (59 of 96) of graft arteries were anastomosed with distal branches of recipient RHA for size matching. Eleven graft arteries were anastomosed to vessels other than the RHA, namely the left hepatic artery [LHA] in eight right gastroepiploic artery in three: for size matching in five and due to previous injury of RHA in six. Five cases showed significant size-mismatches of more than twofold. The median follow-up period was 270 days. In one patient, an intramural thrombus developed on postoperative day 3 requiring a revision of the anastomosis. In another patient, arterial stenosis occurred on postoperative day 16 a time when collateral arteries had developed. The overall complication rate related to arterial reconstruction was 2%. In conclusion, with precise knowledge of the anatomy, an adequate selection of recipient arterial stump, and an experienced technique, a desirable result may be achieved in right lobe transplantation.     

Double Arterial Anastomosis in Liver Transplantation: Is Two Better than One?

Arterial revascularization during liver transplantation is normally achieved by anastomosing the graft hepatic artery to the largest artery available at the recipient pedicle—either the common hepatic artery (CHA) or an accessory right hepatic artery (RHA) originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). When a small caliber RHA is present, the artery is ligated and a single anastomosis with the CHA is performed. In the absence of a vascular reconstruction of the graft, the gastroduodenal artery is usually ligated as well. In this article, we describe a new type of arterial anastomosis in the case of a small accessory RHA and/or severe graft hepatic artery atherosclerosis that is commonly seen in elderly donors. To our knowledge, these are the first cases reported in the literature. This technique can be easily performed without increasing the arterial revascularization time or increasing the risk of complications associated with arteriosclerotic arteries. A 12-month follow-up revealed excellent function of the liver grafts.     

The use of left grafts with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: analyses of donor and recipient outcomes

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), a left hepatic graft occasionally includes a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery (LHA). The procuring of such grafts requires extensive dissection along the lesser curvature of the stomach to elongate the replaced or accessory LHA on the donor side. On the recipient side, complicated arterial reconstruction is often necessary to use such grafts. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 206 adult recipients who underwent LDLT and their respective donors. The recipients and donors were divided into two groups according to the presence of the replaced or accessory LHA. Twenty‐five grafts included a replaced or accessory LHA. Only one hepatic artery‐related complication was observed in the current series, in which a pseudoaneurysm arose at the site of anastomosis between the donor accessory LHA and the recipient LHA. There was no increase in the incidence of postoperative complications in the donors with a replaced or accessory LHA in comparison with the donors without these arteries. The use of left hepatic grafts that included a replaced LHA or accessory LHA did not have any negative impact on the outcomes on either the donor or the recipient side.     

Branch patch reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation: arterialization of grafts with replaced type arteries

We developed a hepatic arterialization technique in living donor liver transplantation. The technique was indicated in patients with a left graft from donors with a right hepatic artery originated from superior mesenteric artery or a right graft from donors with a left hepatic artery from left gastric artery. The donor common hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries were split. On the recipient side, left and right hepatic arteries or branches of the right hepatic artery were split, received patch plasty, and anastomosed with the graft arteries under loupe observation. Livers from 25 donors were procured (16 right livers and 9 left livers) using this technique. There were no vascular complications in the donors. Three recipients died due to infectious disease with arterial patency. The remaining 22 recipients survived without hepatic arterial thrombosis. In limited situations, this technique can be adapted for living donor liver transplantation without increasing donor complications.     

胰十二指肠切除中合并肝动脉变异患者的诊治

目的 探讨肝动脉解剖变异在胰十二指肠切除术中的临床特点及处理原则.方法 回顾性研究2000年1月至2007年7月收治的176例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床及影像学资料,探讨相关肝动脉变异的类型、影像学检查及术中处理原则.结果 经术中证实,176例患者中20例存在与胰十二指肠切除术相关的肝动脉变异,其中副肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉9例(5.1%),替代肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉5例(2.8%),肝总动脉起自肠系膜上动脉4例(2.3%),替代肝右动脉起自胃十二指肠动脉2例(1.1%).术前增强螺旋CT资料可明确诊断起源于肠系膜上动脉的变异肝动脉.20例患者中18例完整保留变异肝动脉,其中包含1例贯穿胰腺实质的变异肝总动脉;2例变异肝右动脉损伤患者积极处理后无严重不良后果.结论 术前增强螺旋CT多能准确显示肝动脉变异情况,合理的手术操作可妥善处理各种肝动脉变异.     

肝中动脉的影像学解剖特点与活体供肝移植的相关性

目的 探讨在活体供肝移植中逐步受到重视的肝中动脉的解剖特点,以指导临床活体供肝移植的成功开展.方法 分析70例研究对象的64排螺旋CT资料,重点观察肝中动脉的解剖特点及变异情况.结果 肝中动脉在肝门部从其起源动脉发出后,走行于肝外,然后逐渐转至脐裂内门脉矢状部内侧,发出分支,主要供应肝4段.70例研究对象中,有49例(70%)存在肝中动脉.其中肝中动脉发自肝右动脉29例,占所有肝中动脉(n=49)的59.2%;发自肝左动脉17例,占34.7%;发自其它动脉3例(肝右前动脉、胃十二指肠动脉、肝固有动脉各1例),占6.1%.结论 肝中动脉的存在率高达70%,术前了解其解剖变异情况对于活体供肝移植手术方案的制定有重要指导作用.