The undescended testis: management after puberty.

The patient seen after puberty with an intra-abdominal unilateral undescended testis should have orchiectomy. The patient seen after puberty and before the age of 50 years with unilateral undescended testis in the inguinal region should have orchiectomy because the risk of death from malignancy exceeds the risk of anesthesia and orchiectomy.     

Primary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis

We report a case of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis in a 44-year-old man, presented intially with a hydrocele and later with signs of infection in the affected hemiscrotum. Multiple focal lesions within the testis appeared 6 months later in ultrasounds. After high inguinal orchiectomy, histology revealed a primary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis. Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is a rare a highly malignant tumour originating in the mediastinum of the testis. Slightly over 40 cases have been reported in the literature. The treatment of choice is radical orchiectomy. Prognosis is poor; as mainly as 40% of patients die within the first year of diagnosis.     

Primary testicular plasmacytoma with hydrocele of the testis

A case of primary testicular plasmacytoma complicated with hydrocele of the testis is reported. An 86-year-old man presented with hydrocele of the right testis. High inguinal orchiectomy was performed as the preoperative aspiration cytology of the hydrocele fluid showed atypical cells. Immunohistochemical study of the right testis revealed testicular plasmacytoma positive for IgG. He remained well 9 months after the orchiectomy. This is the second reported case where the preoperative diagnosis of testicular plasmacytoma was made based on the hydrocele fluid cytology.     

Organ-sparing surgery for bilateral leydig cell tumor of the testis

Leydig cell tumors of the testis are uncommon, and bilateral lesions are extremely rare. We report a case of bilateral Leydig cell tumor of the testis treated with radical orchiectomy and contralateral subtotal orchiectomy with the intent of preservation of hormonal function and fertility.     

Testicular failure in an adolescent with mesoappendicular testis

A fifteen-year-old male presented with delayed puberty and cryptorchidism. Previous exploratory surgery for bilateral cryptorchidism resulted in left orchiectomy. The right testis was very high and intimately adherent to the mesentery of the appendix, and was left in situ. Subsequently progressive testicular failure was demonstrated by falling plasma testosterone and rising plasma gonadotropin levels. On elective surgical exploration, an atrophic testis with an independent blood supply was found adherent to the mesentery of the appendix. No spermatic duct was present, and orchiectomy was performed. The reasons for orchiectomy and the role of serial hormonal evaluations in the management of this unusual mesoappendicular testis case are reviewed.     

Malignant lymphoma of the testis: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases.

The clinicopathologic findings in 37 cases of malignant lymphoma with primary clinical manifestation in the testis were analyzed. Of these cases 34 were classified as histiocytic lymphoma and 3 as lymphocytic lymphoma. Patients usually presented with a painless small testicular mass of short duration. The peak incidence occurred in the fifth through eighth decades. Metachronous testicular involvement was noted in 35 per cent of the cases and simultaneous bilateral involvement in 3 per cent. In 25 per cent of the cases the first manifestation of lymphoma after orchiectomy was in the opposite testis. Regional and distant nodes were equally common sites of lymphoma after orchiectomy. The long-term survival of a few patients after orchiectomy may suggest that some malignant lymphomas are truly primary in the testis. However, the short interval free of disease and the rapid death of most patients imply that most testicular lymphomas are a manifestation of multicentric origin of systemic malignant lymphoma. The over-all 2 and 5-year survival rates were 30 and 20 per cent, respectively. Prospective studies are needed to define the optimal modality of treatment.     

Morphologic effects of orchiopexy or orchiectomy on the contralateral testis in experimental unilateral cryptorchidism

For evaluation of the effects of orchiopexy and orchiectomy on the contralateral descended testis, unilateral cryptorchidism was produced in 60 21-day-old mice by suturing of the left testis to the inner abdominal wall. A sham operation was performed on the left testis of 20 control mice (S). After creation of unilateral cryptorchidism, orchiopexy (P) or orchiectomy (O) was performed on the left testis at 2 (group I) and 10 (group II) weeks (ten mice each). All testes were removed for examination 2 weeks after orchiopexy or orchiectomy. In both groups the mean values of testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and tubular biopsy score of contralateral O testes were always statistically similar to the values of contralateral S testes (p greater than 0.01). The difference between TBS values of contralateral P and S testes was not significant in group I (p greater than 0.01), but it was significant in group II (p less than 0.01). The data from this murine experiment suggest that orchiectomy for unilateral cryptorchid testis is almost always helpful in improving contralateral morphology; however, orchiopexy can be helpful if it is not performed late in the period of maturation.     

Pyocele of scrotum: consequence of spontaneous rupture of testicular abscess

We report 2 cases of spontaneous rupture of the testis secondary to suppurative epididymo-orchitis. Both cases presented with pyoceles and were treated conservatively by scrotal incision and drainage of the pyoceles. This prolonged hospital stay and increased morbidity, since both patients ultimately required orchiectomy. We believe that a pyocele is an indication for prompt surgical exploration, and if the testis is ruptured, an orchiectomy should be done.     

The impact of simple orchiectomy on semen quality and endocrine parameters in postpubertal cryptorchid men

Purpose

The main objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to evaluate reproductive endocrine and semen profiles before and after simple orchiectomy in patients with unilateral postpubertal cryptorchidism and to investigate the relationship between hormone levels and histopathology of the removed testis.

Methods

We evaluated 40 adult males who were admitted to our clinic, between 2001 and 2007, with unilateral undescended testis. Right orchiectomy was performed in 27 patients and left orchiectomy in 13. Semen analysis, serum inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were examined in before and 3?months after orchiectomy. Orchiectomy materials were evaluated histopathologically.

Results

Semen parameters, as well as testosterone and LH levels, did not change in any histopathological subgroups in the postoperative follow-up. In patients with maturation arrest, mean serum inhibin B level statistically significantly decreased from 160.9 to 83.5?pg/ml, and mean FSH level significantly increased from 4.8 to 7.6?mIU/ml after orchiectomy (p value, 0.008 and 0.008, respectively). Though, the levels were still within the normal range of the two hormones.

Conclusions

Simple orchiectomy does not have any effect on semen parameters and testosterone level in patients with postpubertal cryptorchidism. The change in inhibin B and FSH levels after orchiectomy in patients with maturation arrest is not clinically significant.     

A case of bilateral testicular cancer treated with organ-sparing surgery

A 25-year-old single man presented with a mass in the right testis. He had a history of left radical orchiectomy for testicular cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography demonstrated a tumor (2 cm in diameter) within the right tests. The patient underwent right partial orchiectomy. Histological examination revealed typical seminoma of the right testis. He is alive with no evidence of disease recurrence at 18 months after surgery, and did not need androgen substitution.     

Effect of testicular torsion on contralateral testis and fertility in mature rats

The effect of unilateral testicular torsion on the contralateral testis and the fertility rate was studied in Charles River adult rats. Animals were divided into groups that underwent a sham operation or torsion and ligation of the left testicular vessels followed by orchiectomy after 24 h, orchiectomy after 48 h, release of the ligature after 24 h, release of the ligature after 48 h, and no further treatment following ligation. Another group of animals underwent unilateral orchiectomy. After 8 weeks animals were allowed to mate and were sacrificed 2 weeks later. The results did not point to either histological alterations in the contralateral testis or impairment of fertility in any group of treatment compared with the control.     

睾丸网腺癌1例报告并文献复习

目的：认识睾丸网腺癌的发病和临床特点，提高早期诊断和治疗水平。方法：分析1例睾丸网腺癌患者的临床资料，并结合文献复习就睾丸网腺癌的早期诊断和治疗进行讨论。结果：术前诊断为左侧附睾丸睾丸炎，并继发性睾丸鞘膜积液，拟行左附睾切除加鞘膜翻转术，术中发现左睾丸质硬并有肿物，遂行睾丸、附睾切除术，术后病理检查诊断为睾丸网腺癌侵及睾丸和附睾。结论：睾丸网腺癌临床表现独特，其基本治疗是根治性睾丸切除术辅以根治性腹膜后淋巴结清扫术，放疗和化疗效果欠佳。     

Laparoscopy in the Management of Impalpable Testicle

Purpose : In paediatric urology, one of the main applications of laparoscopy is the evaluation and treatment of impalpable testis. Herein we present our initial experience with laparoscopy in patients with impalpable testis. Material and Methods : Laparoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia on 13 patients. If the internal spermatic vessels and vas deferens made their way into the internal inguinal ring, the inguinal canal was dissected. Laparoscopic orchiopexy or orchiectomy was performed in cases with intra-abdominal testis. If the internal spermatic vessels found terminated intraperitoneally with a blind-end, the case was considered as a vanishing testis.

Results : Thirteen boys, aged from 18 months to 25 years (median 9.8 years) were identified with 21 impalpable testes. 14 of the 21 impalpable testes, the vas and the vessels were through the internal ring, and the inguinal region needed dissection. Orchiopexy was performed on 12 testes and orchiectomy was performed on two atrophic testes. Four of 21 testes were intra-abdominally localized. Laparoscopic orchiopexy was performed in two testes and laparoscopic orchiectomy was performed in two testes. Two boys were diagnosed as vanishing testes; the absence was unilateral on the left side in one case and bilateral in the other.

Conclusion : Diagnostic laparoscopy is a very helpful, minimally invasive technique in the diagnosis of impalpable testes especially when ultrasonography and/or computed tomography are not informative enough. In addition, orchiectomy and orchiopexy can be done as laparoscopically in the patients with intra-abdominal testes. Therefore, the laparoscopy has an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of impalpable testes.     

Orchiectomy in advanced germ cell cancer following intensive chemotherapy: a comparison of systemic to testicular response

A total of 16 patients with advanced germ cell cancer underwent initial chemotherapy that was followed by a delayed orchiectomy for an unrecognized primary in 3 and for life-threatening distant metastatic cancer in 13. Of these patients 13 had a complete and 3 had a partial remission at the time of the delayed orchiectomy. Of the former 13 patients 3 (23 per cent) had persistent viable tumor in the testis. To date all 3 patients have remained free of disease for more than 12, 20 and 30 months, respectively, without further therapy. One early relapse (1 month) was found in the remaining 10 patients with a complete remission and without viable disease in the testis. Of the 3 patients with a partial remission 1 had residual tumor in the testis and disease progressed despite further therapy. There was no evidence of tumor in the testis in the other 2 patients. These data document the presence of a differential response of germ cell tumors in the primary and metastatic sites. Post-chemotherapy orchiectomy for a suspicious primary tumor of the testis is necessary because of the risk of persistent primary disease. The post-chemotherapy pathological findings in the resected primary tumor do not reflect the systemic response.     

睾丸网腺癌6例报告

目的:探讨睾丸网腺癌的发病和临床特点,以做到早诊断、早治疗.方法:报告6例睾丸网腺癌患者的临床资料.6例均为左侧发病,术前均诊断为左侧附睾和睾丸炎,并继发性睾丸鞘膜积液;拟行患侧附睾切除加鞘膜翻转术.术中发现左睾丸质硬有肿物并侵及附睾,遂行睾丸、附睾切除术.结果:术后病理检查诊断为睾丸网腺癌侵及睾丸和附睾;6例术后均获随访.结论:睾丸网腺癌在临床表现独特,根治性睾丸切除辅以根治性腹膜后淋巴结清扫术效果满意,放疗和化疗效果欠佳.     

睾丸扭转的诊断和治疗(附23例报告)

目的总结睾丸扭转的诊治经验。方法23例患者平均年龄24.8岁,发病至确诊时间平均2.4 d(5 h~40 d),10 h以上者占87.0%(20/23)。隐睾扭转4例,行睾丸切除术;阴囊内睾丸扭转19例,其中16例因睾丸坏死予以切除,3例睾丸复位后血供恢复而予保留。结果保存睾丸的3例分别随访18、21和29个月,睾丸萎缩1例,正常2例。20例切除睾丸者随访6个月~5年,彩色多普勒检查示健侧睾丸大小、血供正常。结论睾丸扭转应与睾丸炎及附睾炎鉴别,隐睾扭转应与腹股沟嵌顿疝和急腹症鉴别。彩色多普勒对鉴别诊断有帮助。早期手术探查对降低睾丸切除率有重要意义。     

成人Ⅰ期原发睾丸畸胎瘤的治疗方法选择及复发因素

目的:回顾Ⅰ期睾丸畸胎瘤(包括纯畸胎瘤)的预后,并对其治疗提供建议。方法:回顾分析1993～2009年天津医科大学第二医院和唐山工人医院收治的27例Ⅰ期畸胎瘤患者(不包括表皮样囊肿),统计与治疗方法和临床病理相关的复发结果。结果:27例患者共4例复发,复发均发生在腹膜后,无死亡病例。手术组复发4例,3例伴复发危险因素,1例不伴危险因素;手术联合BEP化疗组未见复发病例。纯畸胎瘤睾丸根治性切除术后不予辅助化疗的复发率为11.1%。行辅助化疗的9例患者均能耐受,未见严重不良反应。结论:复发危险因素可以增加I期睾丸畸胎瘤的复发概率。尽管现在行根治性睾丸切除术后单纯监测的观念占据上峰,但术后予辅助化疗确实可以降低复发率,即使是单纯的畸胎瘤,也应行辅助化疗。     

A case of recurrent yolk sac tumor of the testis in childhood: bulky retroperitoneal metastatic tumors cured by tumor resection and chemotherapy

We carried out only high orchiectomy for a 1-year and 7-month-old boy with stage 1 yolk sac tumor of the testis, after 13-months a bulky retroperitoneal metastatic tumor was found. Following chemotherapy with CDDP, ACD, VBL, PLM and CTX two times after tumor resection, elevated serum AFP was normalized. He has been in continuous complete remission with no evidence of disease for 3 years and 2 months. Combination chemotherapy with CDDP has a dramatic effect on the yolk sac tumor of infantile testis. We believe that "watchful waiting" after high orchiectomy alone is the best modality for all cases of stage 1 yolk sac tumor of the infantile testis.     

Epidermoid cyst of the testis: a report of two cases

We report two cases of epidermoid cyst of the testis. Case 1: A 57-year-old man was admitted to Osaka University Hospital with the chief complaint of a small nodule in the left scrotal content. Physical examination revealed that a little-finger tip sized hard mass was palpable at the upper part of the left testis. Left orchiectomy was performed under the diagnosis of testicular tumor. Histological diagnosis was epidermoid cyst of the testis. Case 2: A 25-year-old man was admitted to Osaka Kosei-Nenkin Hospital with the chief complaint of a nodule in the left scrotal content. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hypoechoic lesion with echogenic rim in the left testis. Left orchiectomy was performed under the diagnosis of testicular tumor. Histological diagnosis was epidermoid cyst of the testis. In both cases, no evidence of recurrence has been noticed.