5-氮-2''-脱氧胞苷和曲古抑菌素A对子宫内膜腺癌细胞的抑制作用

目的:研究去甲基化制剂5-氮-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-CdR)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A(trichostatin A,TSA)在体内外对子宫内膜腺癌Ishikawa细胞的抑制作用.方法:以5-Aza-CdR和TSA单独或联合作用Ishikawa细胞,锥虫蓝拒染法观察药物对肿瘤细胞生长的影响,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和分析细胞周期,Western blotting检测肿瘤细胞凋亡信号通路中caspase- 8活化及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)裂解情况.建立裸鼠Ishikawa细胞移植瘤模型,观察两抑制剂作用下的移植成瘤率、肿瘤的体积和重量.结果:5-Aza-CdR和 TSA对Ishikawa细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,呈剂量、时间依赖性;两制剂联合作用时抑制作用更强(P<0.05).5-Aza-CdR或TSA均可诱导细胞凋亡,联合作用后细胞的凋亡率更高(P<0.05); 5-Aza-CdR和TSA联合应用使细胞发生明显的G1期阻滞;5-Aza-CdR和 TSA诱导了caspase-8活化及PARP裂解.荷瘤小鼠予5-Aza-CdR和 TSA治疗后移植瘤生长速度减慢,移植瘤体积和重量明显减少.结论:5-Aza-CdR与TSA能抑制Ishikawa肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡,两者联合作用时强度明显增加;其机制与两制剂诱导caspase-8活化及PARP裂解有关.     

5-氮-2′-脱氧胞苷和曲古抑菌素A对子宫内膜腺癌细胞的抑制作用

摘 要 目的: 研究去甲基化制剂5-氮-2′-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-CdR）和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A（trichostatin A,TSA）在体内外对子宫内膜腺癌Ishikawa细胞的抑制作用。方法:以5-Aza-CdR和TSA单独或联合作用Ishikawa细胞，锥虫蓝拒染法观察药物对肿瘤细胞生长的影响，流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和分析细胞周期，Western blotting检测肿瘤细胞凋亡信号通路中caspase- 8活化及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶（PARP）裂解情况。建立裸鼠Ishikawa细胞移植瘤模型，观察两抑制剂作用下的移植成瘤率、肿瘤的体积和重量。结果: 5-Aza-CdR和 TSA对Ishikawa细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用，呈剂量、时间依赖性；两制剂联合作用时抑制作用更强（P<0.05）。5-Aza-CdR或TSA均可诱导细胞凋亡，联合作用后细胞的凋亡率更高（P<0.05）; 5-Aza-CdR和TSA联合应用使细胞发生明显的G1期阻滞；5-Aza-CdR和 TSA诱导了caspase-8活化及PARP裂解。荷瘤小鼠予5-Aza-CdR和 TSA治疗后移植瘤生长速度减慢，移植瘤体积和重量明显减少。结论: 5-Aza-CdR与TSA能抑制Ishikawa肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡，两者联合作用时强度明显增加；其机制与两制剂诱导caspase-8活化及PARP裂解有关。     

TSA对肺腺癌细胞株A549细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨组蛋白脱乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A（trichostatin A，TSA）对A549肺腺癌细胞凋亡的影响。方法：Annexin V和Hoechst染色法检测细胞凋亡；流式细胞仪分析细胞周期；Western blot检测凋亡信号通路中caspas-8、caspase-9活化及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶（PARP）裂解情况。结果：TSA可诱导细胞凋亡，主要使细胞积聚在G2／M期，且呈浓度依赖性。Western blot检测表明TSA诱导了A549肺腺癌细胞caspase-8、caspase-9裂解活化及PARP裂解，且随TSA作用时间延长而逐步升高。结论：TSA诱导A549细胞凋亡中caspase-8、caspase-9介导caspas-3的活化，TSA通过caspase级联反应诱导A549细胞凋亡。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂MS-275诱导骨髓瘤细胞株U266凋亡过程中Survivin的表达

背景与目的：组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂（histone deacetylase inhibitors,HDACi）是-类具有抗肿瘤活性的新型药物,主要通过诱导细胞凋亡发挥作用。本实验研究HDACi（MS-275）对人骨髓瘤细胞系U266细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及其与Survivin表达的关系。方法：将不同浓度的MS-275作用于U266细胞不同时间后,用台盼蓝拒染法观察药物对细胞活力的影响：通过瑞氏-姬姆萨染色观察药物作用后细胞形态学的变化;用流式细胞仪分析细胞周期;用Westernblot检测Survivin、P21和Cdk4等的蛋白表达,以及凋亡信号通路中Caspase-3活化及蛋白聚ADP核糖聚合酶[poly（ADP—ribose）polymerase,PARP]的裂解情况。结果：MS-275呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制U266细胞增殖,阻断细胞周期于G0／G1期。MS-275作用U266细胞48h时的Ic50为1．39μmol／L：2μmol／L的MS-275作用U266细胞24h后,G／G,期细胞占66．39％．36h后G0／G1期细胞占89．80％。瑞氏-姬姆萨染色显示细胞形态发生明显变化。Western blot检测结果显示。MS-275作用U266细胞后,Survivin和Cdk4表达下降,P21表达增加,Caspase3被裂解活化,其底物蛋白PARP发生剪切。结论：MS-275抑制人多发性骨髓瘤细胞系U266增殖并诱导细胞凋亡,可能与下调Survivin蛋白的表达有关。     

脱乙酰化酶抑制剂与去甲基化制剂联合诱导U266细胞凋亡和p16基因重新表达

背景与目的：DNA甲基化调节基因表达与组蛋白脱乙酰化的作用密切相关,针对这两大途径用药,观察对肿瘤细胞的影响是有意义的,本文探讨脱乙酰化酶抑制剂苯丁酸钠（sodium phenylbutyrate,SPB)联合去甲基化制剂5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-CdR)处理人骨髓瘤细胞系U266诱导高甲基化失活的p16基因重新表达的可能性及其对细胞生长的影响。方法：通过透射电镜,DNA梯形条带及流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡及细胞周期的变化;RT-PCR和Western blot检测p16表达水平。结果：单用5-Aza-CdR(1μmol/L）或SPB（1mmol/L)及两药联合诱导的细胞凋亡率分别是15.09%,89.19%和85.18%。单用5-Aza-CdR或SPB对细胞G1期无影响,单用SPB使G2/M期细胞比例增高,联合用药发生明显的G1期阻滞,且出现亚G1期峰达50%。单用PB不能诱导U266细胞p16的表达,单用5-Aza-CdR可诱导p16重新表达,两药联合明显增强p16表达水平。结论：PB与5-Aza-CdR协同可显著诱导U266细胞p16重新表达,细胞阻滞在G1期,并使细胞凋亡发生的时相不同于单独用药组。     

曲古抑菌素A和紫杉醇对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的: 研究曲古抑菌素A（trichostatin A,TSA）和紫杉醇（paclitaxel, PTX）对人子宫内膜癌细胞株KLE增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：TSA和PTX、卡铂（carboplatin，Carbo） 、多柔比星（doxorubicin，Dox）单独或联合作用于KLE细胞，锥虫蓝法观察药物对肿瘤细胞生长的影响；Annexin V、Hoechst染色和线粒体膜电位检测细胞凋亡；Western blotting检测肿瘤细胞凋亡信号通路中多聚ADP核糖聚合酶（PARP）、半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶9（caspase9）和乙酰化微管蛋白的表达。结果：PTX、Carbo、Dox和TSA对KLE细胞增殖均有抑制作用，TSA和PTX联用后抑制作用最强。Annexin V染色、Hoechst染色、线粒体膜电位法和PARP、Caspase9的检测显示，单用PTX或TSA均可诱导细胞凋亡, 联合应用产生最强的协同作用。Western blotting和免疫组化分析显示，PTX和TSA均可诱导微管蛋白乙酰化，联合用药后微管蛋白乙酰化明显增加。结论: TSA和PTX联合使用有明显的协同作用，能显著抑制子宫内膜癌KLE细胞生长和诱导细胞凋亡，其机制与激活线粒体凋亡信号通路和增强微管蛋白乙酰化有关。     

曲古抑菌素A和紫杉醇对子宫内膜癌Ark2细胞凋亡和线粒体膜电位的影响

背景与目的:晚期子宫内膜癌患者应用现有的抗癌药物治疗预后较差,5年生存率仅为25%,为降低这类患者死亡率,需研发新的抗癌药物。组蛋白去乙酰基酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin,TSA)有望应用于临床各种恶性肿瘤的治疗,与传统的抗肿瘤药物联用可以提高肿瘤患者的生存率。本实验探讨TSA和紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)对人子宫内膜癌Ark2细胞凋亡的影响及其机制。方法:Ark2细胞培养于RPMI-1640培养液中,应用TSA、PTX单独或者联合干预,Annexin V法结合Hoechst33258染色法检测Ark2细胞凋亡;Western blot检测其凋亡信号通路中Caspase-9活化及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(Poly ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)裂解情况,以及微管乙酰化的表达及微管稳定性。MitoTracker red法检测其线粒体膜电位。结果:流式细胞仪检测显示,1.5nmol/L PTX联合25nmol/L TSA处理Ark2细胞3d后,可见45.2%的细胞凋亡,明显高于单用1.5nmol/L PTX或25nmol/L TSA组的细胞凋亡率(分别为14.1%、11.2%)。Hoechst33258染色法检测结果与流式细胞仪检测结果一致。TSA和PTX联用组PARP、Caspase-9裂解较单用PTX或TSA明显增加(P<0.05)。Western blot和免疫荧光分析证明PTX和TSA可诱导微管蛋白乙酰化,联合用药后微管蛋白乙酰化明显增加,微管稳定性增强。PTX和TXA联合组细胞线粒体膜电消失较单独用药组明显,两药合用具有协同作用(q=2.54)。结论:TSA和PTX有促进Ark2细胞凋亡的作用,去乙酰化酶抑制剂导致的非组蛋白乙酰化和线粒体膜电位的消失是其可能的抗肿瘤机制。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂MS-275对人骨髓瘤U266细胞生长的影响及其可能机制

目的 探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACi)MS-275对人骨髓瘤细胞U266的凋亡抑制基因生存素(survivin)和核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达的影响.方法 台盼蓝拒染法观察MS-275对细胞活力的影响;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色观察细胞形态学变化;流式细胞仪分析细胞周期;Western blot检测survivin、p21、细胞周期依赖激酶4(CDK4)和NF-κB的抑制蛋白(IKB-α)等的表达,以及凋亡信号通路中caspase-3活化及蛋白聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)裂解情况.结果 MS-275抑制U266细胞增殖,阻断细胞周期于G0/G1期,呈时间-剂量依赖性.MS-275作用U266细胞48 h的IC50为1.39μmol/L.2 μmol/L MS-275作用U266细胞24 h后,G0/G1期细胞所占比例为(64.57±4.09)%;作用36 h后,G0/G1期细胞所占比例为(87.20±2.83)%;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色显示,U266细胞形态发生明显变化.Western blot检测表明,MS-275作用U266细胞后,survivin和CDK4表达下降,p21表达增加,IκB-α磷酸化水平受到明显抑制,caspase-3被裂解活化,其底物蛋白PARP发生剪切,细胞发生凋亡.结论 MS-275可诱导人骨髓瘤细胞系U266凋亡,NF-κB信号通路阻断是凋亡发生的机制之一.     

盐酸埃克替尼对人肺癌HCC827细胞Akt通路活化和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨酪氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂盐酸埃克替尼(Icotinib)对人非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)HCC827细胞Akt通路的活化和凋亡相关蛋白PARP、Caspase-3和Caspase-8表达的影响。方法:将体外培养的人肺癌HCC827细胞分为Icotinib处理组和未处理的对照组,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT)检测Icotinib对细胞增殖的抑制作用,采用Western blot检测蛋白表达,应用SPSS 13.0进行统计学分析。结果:Icotinib处理HCC827细胞48h的IC50为0.65μmol/L;选用0.001、0.01μmol/L和0.1μmol/L的Icotinib分别作用HCC827细胞48h,细胞凋亡率分别为(3.35±1.77)%、(8.95±3.18)%和(20.4±3.12)%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,Icotinib明显抑制Akt的磷酸化水平,诱导PARP、Caspase-3和Caspase-8活化裂解。结论:Icotinib通过抑制Akt信号通路的活化、进一步诱导PARP、Caspase-3和Caspase-8裂解,进而抑制人NSCLC细胞增殖及诱导细胞凋亡。     

亚砷酸钠联合粉防己碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖抑制作用及机制研究

目的:探讨亚砷酸钠联合粉防己碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖抑制作用。方法:MTT法检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,Hoechst33258染色观察细胞染色质固缩情况,碘化丙啶PI单染法检测细胞周期,Western blot检测p-GSK3β、GSK3β及凋亡相关蛋白 PARP、bcl-2的表达。结果:不同浓度的亚砷酸钠或粉防己碱单用均可抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖（P＜0.01）;与单独用药相比,两药联合使用可显著增强细胞增殖抑制效果（P＜0.000 1）。两药联用可显著诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡（P＜0.01）,细胞凋亡率呈现浓度依赖性递增,并出现细胞核染色质固缩。联合用药浓度为亚砷酸钠10 μmol/L+粉防己碱4 μg/ml时,S期细胞所占百分比显著增高（P＜0.05）;联合用药浓度为亚砷酸钠15 μmol/L+粉防己碱4.5 μg/ml时,G2/M期细胞所占百分比显著增高（P＜0.001）。联合用药后,凋亡相关蛋白PARP的表达显著上调（P＜0.000 1）;bcl-2的表达显著下调（P＜0.05）;p-GSK3β、GSK3β蛋白表达均显著上调（P＜0.000 1）。 结论:亚砷酸钠联合粉防己碱对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞具有增殖抑制作用,其机制与诱导细胞周期 S期、G2/M期阻滞、GSK3β蛋白水平上调及促进细胞凋亡有关,促凋亡作用与bcl-2蛋白水平下调、PARP蛋白水平上调有关。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.