IGF and IGF-binding protein system in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic patients

Various arthritic disorders result from a disruption of the equilibrium between the synthesis and degradation of tissue matrix macromolecules. Growth factors, particularly insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), are believed to play an important role in maintaining this equilibrium. In this study, we determined the levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and characterized and measured the amount of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the synovial fluid (SF) of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and normal individuals. Furthermore, we characterized the IGFBP found in these SFs. The levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 were determined by specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs). IGFBP identification and measurement were carried out using the Western ligand blot (WLB) technique, and characterization performed by Western immunoblot. IGFBP-3 proteolysis was analyzed by autoradiography after incubation of SF with radiolabeled IGFBP-3. Results showed a statistically significant increase (P < 0.001) in the IGF-I level in arthritic SF vs normal controls; 75 +/- 11 ng/ml and 82 +/- 11 ng/ml were recorded for RA (N = 8) and OA (N = 10), respectively, whilst normal controls (N = 9) were at 19 +/- 7 ng/ml. No difference in the level of IGF-II was recorded between the three groups studied. Human SF demonstrated the presence of IGFBP-1, -2, -3 and -4, but not that of IGFBP-5 and -6. The level of IGFBP-3 tested either by WLB or RIA was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in RA and OA patients. Moreover, a statistical and positive correlation between the levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 was noted. WLB analysis indicated that the amount of IGFBP-1 did not vary among the groups. The levels of IGFBP-2 and -4 were significantly increased (P < 0.02) solely in the RA SF. Further experiments demonstrated that a limited IGFBP-3 proteolysis occurred in human SF. Moreover, the ratio of total IGF over total bioactive IGFBPs was lower in RA (P < 0.05), and to a lesser extent in OA than normal specimens. This study showed the presence of four IGFBPs (1 4) in human SF for which the IGFBP-2, -3 and -4 were enhanced in arthritic fluid. Importantly, although proteolysis occurred in the SF, an increased amount of bioactive IGFBPs were present in arthritic SF, which may affect the bioavailability of IGF-I within the articular tissues.     

金属蛋白酶-1和组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1在膝关节病理性滑膜皱襞中的表达及意义

目的探讨病理性滑膜皱襞发病机制中对软骨破坏有基质金属蛋白酶的参与。方法关节镜检查确诊为病理性滑膜皱襞和正常滑膜皱襞，分别进行免疫组化染色，观察金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）和组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）的表达及分布。结果MMP-1、TIMP-1在病理性滑膜皱襞和正常皱襞内的阳性表达，差异具有显著性（χ^2=16．014，P=0．000；χ^2=4．059，P=0．044）。MMP-1在滑膜衬里层细胞、单核和淋巴细胞、血管内皮细胞和化生的软骨细胞呈阳性表达，而在正常滑膜皱襞组织中不表达。TIMP-1只在滑膜衬里层细胞和少量的成纤维细胞有表达，而MMP-1免疫组化显示阳性细胞数和着色强度强于TIMP-1。结论病理性滑膜皱襞可产生MMP-1、TIMP-1，而且两者分布不平衡，可能是导致软骨破坏的生物学因素。     

儿童髋关节滑膜嵌顿症的关节镜诊断与治疗

儿童髋关节滑膜嵌顿症是一种临床较常见的小儿骨科疾病，由滑膜皱襞嵌压在关节间隙而引起。有学者报道MRI和B型超声可以观察到嵌顿的滑膜。笔者尝试应用关节镜手术诊断和治疗这一疾病。     

关节镜治疗膝关节滑膜血管瘤1例

<正>患儿,6岁,女,因右膝关节间断肿胀、疼痛3年余入院。自诉3年前开始出现右膝关节肿胀并伴有内侧压痛。无明显外伤史。关节腔穿刺显示为血性液体。一直行保守治疗。同年在吉林大学中日联谊医院行同侧大腿中段内侧血管瘤切除术。入院查体:右膝关节明显肿胀,局部皮肤可见血管影(见图1a),皮温不高,局部压痛明显,右膝关节活动度为0°～120°,末稍血运及感觉正常。X线检查示右膝关节骨质及     

External synovial fistula of the knee joint and its treatment with free radial artery fasciocutaneous flap

External synovial fistula of the knee joint is a rare entity. A case is reported in which the fistula presented 12 years after the original injury. The nature of injury and previous surgery precluded the use of a local flap. Treatment was successful using a free fasciocutaneous flap. Exposure of vital structures and metal work are the common indications for flap cover in the lower extremity. However synovial fistula is another instance where flap cover may be required. This case report emphasises the possibility of delayed presentation of a synovial fistula and the need for prompt closure, since it can be a path for retrograde infection Received: 18 July 1998 / Accepted: 18 February 1999     

膝关节滑膜脂肪瘤病的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨膝关节滑膜脂肪瘤病的命名、诊断及关节镜辅助治疗方法,提高对膝关节滑膜脂肪瘤病的认识.方法 回顾性分析2006年2月至2008年2月收治的9例滑膜脂肪瘤病病例资料,男4例,女5例;年龄32～71岁,平均51.1岁.9例均行病灶清理术,其中8例关节镜下手术,1例开放性手术.4例关节镜下表现为膝关节髌上囊滑膜大量、多发球形和绒毛状突起.绒毛饱满,呈浅黄色,严重时累及膝关节内侧室和外侧室;5例关节镜下表现为滑膜簇状增生,呈手指样.MRI显示关节腔积液,滑膜呈树枝状增生、肥厚.组织学检查显示绒毛最外层为两或三层滑膜细胞,绒毛间质由大量成熟的脂肪细胞构成.全部患者随访6～29个月,平均18.2个月.随访内容包括:病情主诉、膝关节活动度测量及膝关节功能Lysholm评分.结果 随访期间均未再发膝关节肿胀、积液.末次随访膝关节活动度111.67°±11.18°,Lysholm评分(72.44°13.93)分,二者与术前比较[101.11°±16.54°,(40.56±19.93)分]差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.447和6.728,P值分别为0.009和0.001).结论 临床上存在对滑膜脂肪瘤病的认识不足,常与膝关节滑膜脂肪瘤混淆.诊断主要依靠特异性的MRI表现、关节镜下特征及病理改变.对膝关节滑膜脂肪瘤病行关节镜下病灶清理术创伤小、恢复快.     

Primary synovial chondromatosis of the hip joint (PrSC of the hip): A retrospective cohort analysis and review of the literature

IntroductionPrimary synovial osteochondromatosis (SOCM) or Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the hip is a benign metaplastic condition of the synovium that is rare and may present with a spectrum of clinical features and radiological findings.Patients and methodsA retrospective search using the keyword ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ (SC) of the hip was performed at a tertiary care orthopaedic referral centre in the UK and a hospital in India. The radiology images were collected from our Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and Radiology Information System (RIS), over 15 years. The patient's data was collated with Electronic Patient Records (EPR), RIS, and correlated with histo-pathology laboratory records where available. The demographic details of the patients, their clinical symptoms, imaging details, and management outcomes were collected.ResultsWe found 15 cases, with a mean age of 36.53 years (range: 14–50 years). There were 9 male and 6 female patients. The follow-up ranged from 1 year to 6 years. Predominantly unilateral presentation with insidious onset of symptoms was found. A spectrum of radiological Imaging was undertaken. Management strategies included supervised observation, arthroscopic or open synovectomy, and hip arthroplasty. No malignant transformation was found in the analysed cohort.ConclusionPrimary ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ of the hip had a male preponderance in our cohort, presenting with a range of clinical features. Radiologically, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was the commonest modality of cross-sectional imaging utilised and crucial for the diagnosis, evaluating underlying articular involvement including guiding appropriate patient management presenting with Primary ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ of the hip.     

Ultrastructural changes of TMJ articular cartilage and synovial membrane following occlusal trauma in rabbit

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Synovial hemangioma of the knee joint with cystic invasion of the femur: a case report and review of the literature

Synovial hemangioma is a rare benign intra-articular tumor. It may be a cause of pain and recurrent joint swelling in children and young adults. This report presents a 29-year-old patient with a synovial hemangioma in the left knee joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the typical features of a soft tissue hemangioma and revealed a cystic invasion of the medial femur. The tumor was locally excised and a partial synovectomy was performed. The lesion of the femur was filled with autologous bone from the iliac crest. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a synovial hemangioma. In a review of the recent literature we report the common features of a synovial hemangioma, with emphasis on its diagnosis and therapy.     

壳聚糖/Ⅰ型胶原复合支架与滑膜成纤维样细胞构建颞下颌关节盘的研究

目的 探讨利用滑膜成纤维样细胞(SFBs)及壳聚糖/Ⅰ型胶原(CS/COL-Ⅰ)复合支架构建颞下颌关节盘软骨的可行性.方法 获取兔颞下颌关节滑膜组织进行SFBs培养,第3～5代SFBs三维培养于通过冷冻干燥法制备的CS/COL-Ⅰ支架材料中7 d,用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法分别在1、3、5、7 d检测支架材料对细胞增殖的影响.细胞支架复合物在体外经过人重组转化生长因子β1(rhTGF,10μg/L)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF,50 μg/L)诱导后,植入裸鼠体内4、8周后获取标本,进行组织学检测细胞在支架材料上的生长状态及黏多糖(GAGs)形成,免疫组织化学和逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量分析Ⅱ型胶原的表达.结果 支架材料表面及内部均呈多孔隙蜂窝状结构.SFBs在CS/COL-Ⅰ中的增殖要明显高于平板培养(P＜0.05).细胞支架复合物植入裸鼠体内4、8周后,组织学及免疫组织化学半定量分析显示在8周时GAGs(6.900±0.316)和Ⅱ型胶原(0.0952±0.0248)IA/μm2与4周时GAGs(3.600±0.699)和Ⅱ型胶原(0.0411±0.0127)IA/μm2差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 体外诱导后的SFBs/CS-COL-Ⅰ复合物具有应用于组织工程化颞下颌关节盘构建的可能.     

不同来源间充质干细胞在膝关节软骨修复中的临床研究进展

近年来由于器官修复干细胞治疗技术的提出,使得不能自身修复的关节软骨成为研究热点之一,间充质干细胞对膝关节软骨修复已表现出明显的治疗优势。学者们临床上初步研究了不同来源的间充质干细胞膝关节软骨修复作用,并通过结合移植、软骨组织工程等技术提高了骨髓、脂肪、滑膜、脐带血等来源干细胞修复人类软骨效果,均取得了较好的临床疗效。不同干细胞来源不同各自会有一定的优缺点。目前临床研究仍处于试验阶段,尚无确切定论何种干细胞及何种技术处理最适合于人类软骨的修复。大规模和或结合新处理技术的临床试验以及远期疗效的验证,需要进一步临床深入研究。     

局部松解对膝关节退行性变模型滑液中IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α变化的影响

膝关节退行性变引起的老年性膝痛是临床上常见的病症。为寻求更好的治疗方法,本文通过膝周软组织松解疗法,观察实验性膝关节退变动物模型治疗前、后关节液中IL1β、IL6及TNFα水平变化,探讨松解膝周软组织对膝关节退行性变的影响。1材料与方法1.1实验动物采用10～14个月龄,体质     

膝外摆步态对膝内翻患者股骨-胫骨角及胫股关节外侧间隙的影响

目的探讨膝外摆(lateralthrust)步态对膝内翻患者股骨-胫骨角及胫股关节外侧间隙的影响及其临床意义。方法膝内翻伴膝外摆步态患者44例,男10例,女34例;年龄31～60岁,平均41岁。分别在静态单足和双足站立位膝关节正位X线片上测量股骨-胫骨角度数和胫股关节外侧间隙宽度。双足站立位模拟步态周期中双支撑相,即膝外摆早期;单足站立位模拟步态周期中单支撑相,即膝外摆后期,两种体位X线片上的股骨-胫骨角及胫股关节外侧间隙的改变反映了膝外摆过程中胫骨和股骨对应关系的改变。结果单足较双足支撑相的股骨-胫骨角增大(角度分别为188.50°±4.48°和185.50°±4.46°),胫股关节外侧间隙增宽[距离分别为(9.92±0.86)mm和(7.70±0.78)mm]。结论膝外摆步态中股骨-胫骨角增大、胫股关节外侧间隙增宽,使膝内翻患者的膝内侧间室承重增加,膝外侧稳定结构不稳,最终可能导致膝内翻加重及发生内侧间室骨关节炎。     

膝关节滑膜间质干细胞分离、培养及其多向分化潜能特性的研究

目的 探讨晚期骨关节炎患者膝关节滑膜间质干细胞(synovium-derived mesenchymalstem cells,SMSCs)体外分离、培养的可行性及其在体外向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞定向分化的特性.方法 取膝关节滑膜组织,胶原酶消化获得有核细胞.挑选单细胞克隆,筛选获得SMSCs.流式细胞技术检测细胞表面特异性抗原标志.培养至第三代,分别向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞诱导分化.油红O染色鉴定向脂肪细胞分化;碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色鉴定向成骨细胞分化;甲苯胺蓝染色鉴定向软骨细胞分化.RT-PCR检测脂肪细胞、成骨细胞标志基因.Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色检测软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原的表达.结果 原代SMSCs体外培养呈葵花样细胞集落,传代后可见圆形巨噬样细胞和纺锤形成纤维样细胞,融合后呈成纤维细胞样生长.CD44、CD90呈阳性,CD34、CD71和CD45呈阴性.向脂肪细胞诱导21d,油红O染色阳性;RT-PCR检测有脂蛋白酶、乙二腈及PPARγ2表达;向成骨细胞诱导7、28 d,ALP,茜素红染色阳性,有ALP、Osteopontin及Osteocalcin表达;向软骨细胞诱导21d,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性.结论 晚期骨关节炎患者膝关节滑膜组织可以分离、培养获得SMSCs. SMSCs具有向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞发生定向分化的潜能.     

关节镜技术对膝关节结核的诊疗分析

目的 探讨运用关节镜技术对膝关节结核进行诊疗的价值与疗效。方法 对2012年1月至2017年5月我科收治的13例膝关节结核病人进行回顾性分析,其中男4例,女9例,年龄为25~64岁,平均年龄为（44.3±12.1）岁;术前均行抗结核药物治疗3~4周;行关节镜检查、清理术,术中取病变组织送病理检查;术后续行抗结核药物治疗。收集并比较13例病人术前及随访时的美国特种外科医院（the American hospital for special surgery, HSS）膝关节评分以及红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR）。结果 经术中所见及术后病理结果,本组确诊为膝关节滑膜结核7例,骨结核4例,全膝关节结核2例。13例病人随访6~36个月,平均（19.5±4.7）个月。1例骨结核病人因未遵医嘱,未进行规范抗结核治疗及规律复查,术后病情迁延并沿原手术切口形成窦道,经二次手术和术后抗结核治疗后窦道愈合;其他病人病情均无复发,疗效良好。末次随访时,13例病人的HSS膝关节评分值及ESR值均显著优于术前,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论 关节镜技术对于膝关节结核的诊断与治疗均具有重要意义,合理的围术期处理以及术后规范抗结核治疗可以获得良好的治疗效果。     

CD44H and the isoforms CD44v5 and CD44v6 in the synovial fluid of the osteoarthritic human knee joint

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the concentrations of CD44H and v5 and v6 in the synovial fluid are correlated with the presence of accompanying synovitis in the osteoarthritic joint and with the grade of osteoarthritis. DESIGN: Using antero-posterior and lateral X-rays of the knee joint and patellar view of 46 patients were graded with the Kellgren & Lawrence scale. Synovial fluid from these patients with different grades of primary osteoarthritis of the knee joint with and without synovial inflammation (synovitis) was collected during surgical procedures. A horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-CD44H-, anti-sCD44v5- or anti-sCD44v6-antibody was added and labeled with tetramethylbenzidine. The absorbance was measured at wavelengths of 450/620 nm. Regression analysis was performed and the statistical significance was assessed, using the Student t-test for unequal variance. RESULTS: CD44H and v5 and v6 were detected in the synovial fluid of all 46 patients. Osteoarthritic patients with synovial inflammation showed significantly higher levels of CD44H and v6, but not v5, than osteoarthritic patients without synovial inflammation. With progression of osteoarthritis from Kellgren grade II to III, CD44v5 decreased significantly. All other isoform concentrations remained statistically unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: CD44H and the isoforms v5 and v6 were present in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritic patients. Their concentrations do not reflect the osteoarthritic stage in the Kellgren grading scale. CD44H and CD44v6, but not CD44v5, are significantly up-regulated in osteoarthritic synovial inflammation.     

关节镜下清理联合术后持续灌洗治疗膝关节痛风性关节炎

目的 探讨关节镜下清理联合术后置管持续灌洗治疗在膝关节痛风性关节炎的临床应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2013年9月于我院接受关节镜下关节清理和滑膜切除术治疗膝关节痛风性关节炎的24例病例资料,病人均为单膝关节发病,左膝14例,右膝10例;男22例,女2例.所有病人术后均行置管持续灌洗治疗约1周,常规抗感染、镇痛,并服用降血尿酸药物,于拔除引流管后早期行常规功能锻炼.比较病人术前、术后及不同随访时间疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分和Lysholm膝关节评分.结果 所有病人均获得3~18个月的随访.病人术后各时间点VAS评分较术前的(6.8±3.1)分均显著下降(均P<0.05).病人术后各时间点随访Lysholm膝关节评分与术前的(42.7±26.3)分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).至末次随访,共有3例病人出现症状复发,均与饮食控制不良相关,给予相应口服药物治疗及饮食控制后,症状明显好转.所有病人均未发生严重并发症,恢复良好.结论 关节镜对膝关节痛风性关节炎诊断准确率高.关节镜下关节清理加滑膜切除术治疗膝关节痛风性关节炎有显著效果,配合术后置管持续灌洗治疗对加强治疗效果和降低复发概率有一定帮助.     

Expression of the CD44 variant isoform 5 in the human osteoarthritic knee joint: correlation with radiological, histomorphological, and biochemical parameters.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to correlate expression of CD44v5 in osteoarthritic synovium, cartilage, and synovial fluid with radiographical, histomorphological, and biochemical data. METHODS: Cartilage and synovia specimens of 27 patients with osteoarthritis were histomorphologically assessed according to Mankin and Pelletier, respectively. Extended weight-bearing antero-posterior radiographs were evaluated according to Kellgren and Ahlback. Expression of membrane-bound CD44v5 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and levels of soluble CD44v5 were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Expression of CD44v5 in cartilage and synovia was detected in 67% and 59% of the patients, respectively. Immunohistochemical findings in cartilage correlated significantly with structural cartilage changes (p < 0.001), whereas no correlation was found between expression in synovia and inflammatory synovial changes. Additionally, no relationship was evident between CD44v5 expression and radiographical data, but expression in cartilage and synovium was significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.04). Surprisingly, expression of CD44v5 in both cartilage and synovia was negatively correlated with synovial fluid levels of TNFalpha (p < 0.03 and p < 0.02, respectively), and no association was evident with levels of IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate expression of CD44v5 in osteoarthritic cartilage and synovia, probably independent of joint inflammation. But more importantly, expression of this receptor variant in cartilage seems to be strongly related to the degree of cartilage destruction.     

骨软骨镶嵌移植术与微骨折术治疗膝关节软骨损伤的疗效比较

目的:对比评估微骨折术与自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗膝关节软骨损伤的临床疗效差异。方法 :回顾性分析2011年2月至2016年2月采用微骨折术或自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗且随访时间≥2年的71例膝关节股骨远端关节面软骨损伤患者资料,按手术方式不同分为两组:微骨折组33例,男20例,女13例,年龄(28.1±4.2)岁;移植组38例,男26例,女12例,年龄(27.8±3.5)岁。采用Lysholm评分,美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score,HSS),Ahlb覿ck骨关节炎分级系统进行评估,并记录术后并发症。结果 :微骨折组与移植组的Lysholm评分,分别由术前62.9±6.8、60.3±7.5提高到术后的77.0±5.4、85.8±5.6 (P0.05);HSS评分分别由术前81.5±7.6、79.6±8.6改善为88.0±4.7、91.9±4.7(P0.05)。移植组术后Lysholm评分与HSS评分,均高于微骨折组(P0.05)。移植组发生切口浅表感染1例。随访未发现患者出现膝关节骨关节炎。结论:自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术与微骨折术治疗膝关节软骨损伤均安全、有效,但自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术比微骨折术临床疗效更佳。