云南省德宏州蚊虫分布特点及乙型脑炎病毒分离

１９８３年５月以及１９８４年和１９８９年７￣８月，在云南省德宠州路西，瑞丽和盈江三县，市捕获成年雌性蚊虫９属４４种１９０８３只。三带喙库蚊，霜背库蚊，棕头库蚊和中华按蚊是农村畜圈的主要蚊种。伪白纹伊蚊和白纹伊蚊是野外竹林区的优势蚊种。对所获蚊虫用Ｃ６／３６细胞和乳鼠方法分离病毒，结果从三带喙库蚊中分离到乙型脑炎病毒２株，从霜背库蚊，白纹伊蚊和窄翅伊蚊中各分离出１株乙型脑炎病毒。分析认为，三带喙库蚊     

云南省澜沧江下游地区蚊虫群落及地理生态位的研究

对云南省澜沧江下游地区7县（市）的14个乡镇蚊虫群落的优势种组成及分布、集中性指数、多样性指数、均 匀度指数和地理生态位宽度进行了分析。结果表明农村畜卷及人房周围夜间活动蚊虫优势种共7个,包括三带喙库蚊、棕头库蚊、迷走按蚊、伪杂鳞库蚊、霜背库蚊、中华按蚊和菲律按蚊;野外竹林树林白天活动蚊虫优势种6个,分别为白纹伊库蚊、圆斑伊蚊、多栉领方、骚扰阿蚊、刺扰伊蚊和伪白纹伊蚊;蚊虫多样性指数变化顺序：农村畜圈及人房周围生态为勐腊县关累镇（2.132)、景洪市大勐龙乡(2.018)、勐腊县象明乡（1.892）、景洪市城郊（1.856)、孟连县勐马5级（1.842)、景洪市勐罕乡（1.823)、思茅市城郊（1.688)、勐腊县城郊（1.659)、勐海县城郊（1.557)、思 茅市思茅港（1.527)、澜沧县雅口乡（1.841)、勐海县打洛镇（1.121)、澜沧县东郎乡（0.814）和普洱县同兴乡（0.553);野外竹林树林生态为景洪市城 郊（1.841)、勐腊县城郊（1.743)、景洪市大勐龙乡（1.278)、孟连县勐马乡（1.160)、澜沧县东朗乡（1.077)、勐海县打洛镇（1.031)和澜沧县雅口乡（0.741);各地蚊虫多样性指数较大,差异不显。夜间活动蚊虫中,三带喙库蚊、迷走按蚊、棕头库蚊和中华按蚊地理生态位宽度最大,分别为:0.786、0.773、0.755和0.738;白天活动蚊虫中,白纹伊蚊地理生态位宽度最大（0.826).     

老挝波乔会晒县和敦蓬县居民区蚊虫种类调查

目的调查老挝波乔省会晒县和敦蓬县居民区成蚊种类组成,为制定当地媒介控制措施提供依据。方法采用诱蚊灯通宵捕蚊法和电动捕蚊器法采集成蚊,采用形态学方法鉴定蚊虫种类。结果共捕获蚊虫3亚科7属38种13 537只,乙型脑炎媒介三带喙库蚊和棕头库蚊属于当地优势蚊种,分别占捕获总数的75.57%(10 230/13 537)和13.61%(1 843/13 537);疟疾媒介中华按蚊和登革热媒介白纹伊蚊分别占捕获总数的0.57%(77/13 537)和0.94%(127/13 537)。结论老挝波乔省会晒县和敦蓬县蚊虫种类丰富,乙型脑炎媒介三带喙库蚊、疟疾媒介中华按蚊和登革热媒介白纹伊蚊广泛存在,提示当地存在乙型脑炎、登革热、疟疾等重要虫媒传染病流行的风险,当地应加强对上述媒介蚊虫的监测。     

云南省思茅市倚象镇人房蚊类群落特征调查

目的对思茅市翠云区倚象镇纳吉村人房蚊类进行调查,了解蚊类群落学特征,为蚊媒疾病防制提供科学依据。方法采用CDC诱蚊灯在人房通宵捕蚊,对所获蚊虫进行群落学特征分析。结果捕获2亚科、6属、9亚属、26种696只蚊虫,数据分析发现人房蚊虫优势种为棕头库蚊和三带喙库蚊,优势度分别为62·06、27·23。结论当地人房群落蚊种较多,群落组成和结构复杂。     

克拉玛依市农业综合开发区的蚊虫种类调查

目的调查克拉玛依市农业综合开发区内的蚊虫。方法用人帐诱法、扫网法进行调查。结果克拉玛依市农业综合开发区采集制作蚊虫标本6 381份,采获蚊虫3属6种,按蚊属1种,伊蚊属3种,库蚊属2种;季节消长呈坡型,蚊虫于4月下旬开始出现,10月以后逐渐消失,以7月为活动高峰。淡色库蚊为优势种占49.97%,米塞按蚊（15.04%）、刺扰伊蚊（12.85%）、里海伊蚊（10.95%）所占比例相当,为该地区侵扰人类的重要蚊种。结论淡色库蚊、米塞按蚊、刺扰伊蚊、里海伊蚊是该地区危害人类的主要蚊种,本调查为蚊虫防制提供了生态学依据。     

基于核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔区基因的 9 种蚊虫分子鉴定

目的 分析常见 9 种蚊虫核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔区( rDNA-ITS2 )基因序列特征,为蚊虫种类分 子鉴定方法探讨提供依据。 方法 在山东省济宁市采集淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、二带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊、中 华按蚊、骚扰阿蚊、常型曼蚊和黄色柯蚊成蚊,形态学种类鉴定后,提取上述 9 种蚊虫 DNA,PCR 扩增 rDNA-ITS2 基 因并测序;在 GenBank 中进行同源性比对,采用 Bioedit 7. 0 软件及 DNAMAN 软件对测序结果进行比对分析,通过 DNASTAR、ClustalX 1. 81 和 Mega6 软件分析列特征并构建系统进化树探讨系统发生关系。 结果 9 种蚊虫的 rDNA- ITS2 长度在 343 bp 与 577 bp 之间,共有 59 个保守位点、449 个变异位点、235 个简约信息位点和 191 个单态位点,9 种蚊虫种间序列同源性为 28. 21% ~ 53. 76%;所有蚊虫的 rDNA-ITS2 基因分子鉴定与形态学鉴定吻合率 100%,库 蚊属的淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊和二带喙库蚊聚成一类,伊纹属的白纹伊蚊和刺扰伊蚊聚成一类,不同种蚊虫为独立 分支。 结论 核糖体 DNA 第二内转录间隔( rDNA-ITS2 )基因可用于蚊虫属和种的鉴定。     

甘肃省庆阳市媒介蚊虫类携带病毒调查

目的了解甘肃省庆阳市区域媒介蚊虫类分布特点及携带病毒情况,为防控虫媒病毒相关疾病提供科学依据。方法采用电子诱蚊灯、捕虫网诱捕,并进行分类;用细胞培养法分离病毒,用血清学分子生物学方法进行病毒鉴定。结果2012年捕获蚊虫5种,4238只,其中淡色库蚊2459只,占58．0％;中华按蚊794只,占18．73％;三带喙库蚊652只,占15．38％;刺扰伊蚊215只,占5．08％;济南按蚊118只,占2．8％;捕获的三带喙库蚊中分离出1株盖塔病毒,淡色库蚊检出6株库蚊黄病毒。结论淡色库蚊是庆阳市区域的优势蚊种,蚊虫携带黄病毒和盖塔病毒等虫媒病毒,应加大对该地区蚊虫及虫媒病毒的监测、调查、研究及防治工作。     

南京市2013年蚊虫密度、种群及季节消长情况分析

目的了解南京市2013年蚊虫密度、种群及季节消长情况。方法按照《全国病媒生物监测方案（试行）》要求,采用诱蚊灯法在南京市开展蚊虫监测。结果 2013年南京市共捕蚊3 268只,蚊密度为0.57只/（h·灯）,捕获的蚊虫隶属2亚科4属5种,优势蚊种为淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊,分别约占58.05%和17.59%,季节消长呈7月和10月双高峰曲线。结论南京市蚊虫具有种群多样性,淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,每年7月和10月为密度高峰季节,可供当地蚊虫防制措施的指定提供参考。同时要关注蚊虫孳生地情况及气象因素对蚊虫密度的影响。     

云南省洱源县乙型脑炎流行病学监测

本文作者于１９８６年５月－１９８８年２月对云南省乙脑高发行区洱源县右所镇的蚊类种群组成，季节消长，成蚊自然毒率；媒蚊密度与乙脑流行关系，猪群感染乙脑动态与人群发病的关系；乙脑流行前后人群免疫水平；乙脑病毒的分离与鉴定等项目进行了系统监测研究。结果表明：中华按蚊，纹库蚊是该地区优势蚊种，１－１１月可见蚊虫活动。从人房及畜厩捕获的中华按蚊，三带喙库蚊及麻翅库蚊中分离到乙脑病毒８株。证明中华按蚊及三带喙     

蚊虫的色素对环境颜色的反应

作者选用实验室培育的6种蚊虫即:致倦库蚊、咸水库蚊、埃及伊蚊、带喙伊蚊、四斑按蚊及它的一种变异株、白端按蚊和它的3个地理株及变异株(这些变异都能用肉眼鉴别)。将上述蚊虫分别置于透明、无色的塑料盒内(12×17×6cm~3),容器的表面漆成白色、黑色或绿色。每盒内放幼虫60条,用日光灯照明,光周期控制在12:12(L:D)。取白端按蚊的变异株进行色素变化的可逆性试验。选另一白端按蚊变异株、咸水库蚊和埃及伊蚊的正常株,进行蚊幼虫的颜色选择性试验。6种蚊幼虫以日光灯或自然光光照,放在背景为黑色、白色、绿色容器内或黑暗中。     

云南省景洪市虫媒病毒调查分析

近１０多年来，先后从云南省景洪市各乡镇的当地病人、猪、蝙蝠和蚊虫体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒２２株，从白纹伊蚊中分离到登革４型病毒１株，从蝙蝠和蚊体内分离到基孔肯雅病毒５株，从患急性期血液中分离到辛德毕斯病毒１株，从发热病人血液、脑炎病人脑脊液、猪血清和牛血清中分离到新环状病毒４７株，从黄胸鼠肺脏中检查出流行性出血热病毒抗原阳性６份；人群、猪恒河猴或鼠类血清中亦检出上述６种病毒的抗体，表明景洪市存在乙     

Growth characteristics of the chimeric Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine candidate, ChimeriVax-JE (YF/JE SA14--14--2), in Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

The Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus vaccine candidate, ChimeriVax-JE, which consists of a yellow fever (YF) 17D virus backbone containing the prM and E genes from the JE vaccine strain JE SA14--14--2, exhibits restricted replication in non-human primates, producing only a low-level viremia following peripheral inoculation. Although this reduces the likelihood that hematophagous insects could become infected by feeding on a vaccinated host, it is prudent to investigate the replication kinetics of the vaccine virus in mosquito species that are known to vector the viruses from which the chimera is derived. In this study ChimeriVax-JE virus was compared to its parent viruses, as well as to wild-type JE virus, for its ability to replicate in Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Individual mosquitoes were exposed to the viruses by oral ingestion of a virus-laden blood meal or by intrathoracic (IT) virus inoculation. ChimeriVax-JE virus did not replicate following ingestion by any of the three mosquito species. Additionally, replication was not detected after IT inoculation of ChimeriVax-JE in the primary JE virus vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. ChimeriVax-JE exhibited moderate growth following IT inoculation into Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, reaching titers of 3.6-5.0 log(10) PFU/mosquito. There was no change in the virus genotype associated with replication in mosquitoes. Similar results were observed in mosquitoes of all three species that were IT inoculated or had orally ingested the YF 17D vaccine virus. In contrast, all mosquitoes either IT inoculated with or orally fed wild-type and vaccine JE viruses became infected, reaching maximum titers of 5.4-7.3 log(10) PFU/mosquito. These results indicate that ChimeriVax-JE virus is restricted in its ability to infect and replicate in these mosquito vectors. The low viremia caused by ChimeriVax-JE in primates and poor infectivity for mosquitoes are safeguards against secondary spread of the vaccine virus.     

First isolation of Japanese encephalitis from Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand

Isolation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus using C6/36 cell and immunofluorescence virus antigen detection techniques was attempted from female mosquitoes collected with CDC gravid traps in Samut Songkhram Province in the central region and in Phuket Province in southern Thailand, in 2003. One thousand and eighty female mosquitoes including 6 species of the Culicidae family (Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. whitmorei, Cx. vishnui complex, Cx. s.g. culiciomyia) (pooled by specific specimen), were processed for virus isolation. Two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus yielded a JE virus isolation. This represents the first report of JE virus isolation from Cx. quinquefasciatus in Thailand.     

三带喙库蚊胸腔接种乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒的感染动态及致病力观察

目的通过蚊虫胸腔接种乙脑病毒减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2株,了解该疫苗病毒在蚊虫体内的繁殖情况及其毒力稳定性,进一步评价该疫苗的安全性。方法建立三带喙库蚊的实验室种群,用SA14-14-2、SA14和中山株胸腔接种三带喙库蚊,感染后不同时间取一定数量的蚊虫,研磨制成悬液,用空斑试验检测蚊虫体内的病毒滴度。用感染蚊悬液接种乳鼠和感染蚊虫直接叮咬乳鼠的方法,观察对乳鼠的致病性。结果SA14-14-2、SA14和中山株病毒感染蚊虫后,第2~20d蚊虫体内均能检测到病毒,其中SA14-14-2株的滴度为2~3.72 logPFU/ml,SA14株为3~4.85 logPFU/ml,中山株为3~5.40 log-PFU/ml。中山株的感染滴度最高,其次是SA14株,SA14-14-2株的感染滴度最低,表明蚊虫对野毒株(中山株和SA14株)更为敏感。感染SA14-14-2病毒的三带喙库蚊悬液接种乳鼠,未能引起乳鼠发病或死亡。感染SA14-14-2病毒的三带喙库蚊叮咬乳鼠,未见乳鼠发病或死亡,也未从小白鼠血清中检测到乙脑病毒抗体。结论经胸腔接种,SA14-14-2病毒能在三带喙库蚊体内稳定繁殖。动物接种和蚊虫叮咬试验表明,经蚊体内繁殖的SA14-14-2病毒毒力仍保持原有的弱毒特性,表明该减毒活疫苗通过蚊虫体内繁殖后不会造成传播。     

Population genetic structure and competence as a vector for dengue type 2 virus of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Madagascar.

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess the polymorphism of 7 isoenzymes in single mosquitoes (field-collected F0 or F1 generation) for Aedes albopictus (8 strains) from northern Madagascar. Mosquitoes of the F2 generation (3 strains of Aedes aegypti and 10 strains of Ae. albopictus) were tested for oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus. Aedes aegypti was less susceptible to viral infection than Ae. albopictus. The genetic differentiation was less high between Ae. albopictus populations collected in agglomerations connected by highly frequented roads, indicating that human ground transportation favors mosquito dispersal. These results have implications for the ecology, pattern of migration, and relative importance in epidemic transmission of dengue viruses between the 2 Aedes species.     

免疫荧光技术检测室内感染蚊虫体内登革病毒的研究

目的　探讨检测媒介蚊虫体内登革病毒的方法。　方法　以埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊两种有效媒介为研究对象 ,在人工经口感染大剂量登革 2型病毒 (DEN- 2 )的基础上 ,通过蚊细胞培养病毒分离和蚊头部压片免疫荧光技术进行病毒抗原检测。　结果　埃及伊蚊感染 DEN- 2病毒 1d后 ,接种 C6 / 36细胞 ,盲传一代后第 5 d出现空斑现象 ,确证细胞发病。白纹伊蚊经口感染登革病毒后 ,取吸血雌蚊每日进行头部压片免疫荧光检测 ,结果显示 ,从蚊虫感染后第 1d～第 2 0d内均能检测到病毒抗原。　结论　用免疫荧光技术 ,可直接检测出感染蚊体内是否携带登革病毒 ,是较为简便、省时、敏感的方法     

Growth characteristics of ChimeriVax-DEN2 vaccine virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

The chimeric yellow fever (YF) 17D-dengue type 2 (ChimeriVax-DEN2) vaccine virus developed by Acambis, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) contains the prM and E genes of wild-type (wt) dengue 2 (DEN-2) (strain PUO-218) virus in the YF vaccine virus (strain 17D) backbone. The potential of ChimeriVax-DEN2 virus to infect and be transmitted by Aedes aegypti, the principal DEN and YF virus mosquito vector, and Aedes albopictus, a species that occurs in areas of active transmission of YF and DEN viruses, was evaluated. Mosquitoes were intrathoracically (IT) inoculated with virus or were fed a virus-laden blood meal, and the replication kinetics of ChimeriVax-DEN2 were compared with the wt DEN-2 and YF 17D vaccine viruses. Replication of YF 17D virus is attenuated in cultured Ae. albopictus C6/36 mosquito cells and in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Growth of ChimeriVax-DEN2 virus similarly was restricted in C6/36 cells and in mosquitoes. ChimeriVax-DEN2 replicated in 56% of IT inoculated Ae. aegypti, and virus disseminated to head tissue in 36%, with a mean viral titer of 1.8 log10 PFU/mosquito. Of mosquitoes, 16% of Ae. aegypti and 24% of Ae. albopictus were infected 14 days after a blood meal containing ChimeriVax-DEN2, but virus did not disseminate to head tissue. In contrast, DEN-2 replicated in all IT inoculated and orally infected Ae. aegypti (mean titer 5.5 log10 PFU/mosquito), and virus disseminated to head tissue in 95%. Of Ae. albopictus, 84% were infected after a blood meal containing DEN-2 virus; dissemination occurred in 36%. Replication of ChimeriVax-DEN2 virus in mosquitoes corresponded to that of YF 17D vaccine virus, which is restricted in its ability to infect and replicate in mosquitoes. Therefore, transmission of ChimeriVax-DEN2 virus by vector mosquitoes is unlikely.     

Transovarial transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti

Transovarial transmission of all four dengue serotypes was demonstrated in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The rates of such transmission varied with the serotype and strain of virus. In general, the highest rates were observed with strains of dengue type 1 and the lowest with dengue type 3. Surprisingly, despite the use of viral strains of the four dengue serotypes which gave the highest rates with Ae. albopictus, transovarial transmission was observed in Aedes aegypti only with dengue type 1, and then only at a relatively low rate. Five different strains of Ae. aegypti were employed, including one that was known to be relatively susceptible to oral infection with dengue viruses. The findings support the view that Ae. aegypti, while of major importance from the point of view of transmission of dengue to man, may be relatively unimportant in the overall natural history of dengue viruses.