组织追踪法评价急性心肌梗死患者自体骨髓干细胞移植后左心室节段功能

目的应用组织追踪法评价急性心肌梗死患者自体骨髓干细胞移植后受损心肌的功能恢复情况,探讨该技术对评价左心室节段收缩功能的应用价值。方法入选的16例急性心肌梗死患者均经冠状动脉造影证实为前降支病变,通过随机双盲法分为干细胞移植组(A组,8例)和常规治疗组(B组,8例),治疗后随访1周和3个月的组织多普勒超声心动图,用组织追踪法测量心尖四腔、二腔及心尖长轴观基底段、中间段与心尖段共18个节段的位移,并根据位移曲线计算长轴方向延迟收缩节段数占总节段数比例,与左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心肌核素显像随访结果相对照。结果①A组移植后3个月缺血心肌节段位移较移植1周后明显增大(P<0.05),而B组3个月和1周节段位移差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②A组移植后3个月延迟收缩节段比例较移植1周后明显减少(25%对9%,P<0.05),B组3个月延迟收缩节段比例亦减少,但差别无显著性意义(29%对14%,P>0.05);③A组移植后3个月LVEF值与移植后1周比较呈升高趋势[(53±9)%对(57±12)%,P>0.05],B组移植后3个月LVEF值与1周比较呈下降趋势[(54±5)%对(52±7)%,P>0.05];④A组移植后3个月梗死区即刻和延迟相心肌核素摄取均较1周增强,SPECT心肌灌注图像评分较1周时显著下降(21.75±9.60对18.75±11.80,P<0.05)。B组移植后3个月梗死区     

左心室壁收缩后收缩在正常、缺血和梗死心肌中的分布及特征

目的运用组织速度显像(TVI)评价左室收缩后收缩(PSS)在正常人和心肌梗死患者中的分布及意义。方法入选45例心肌梗死患者,包括急性下壁心肌梗死(B组)、急性前壁心肌梗死(C组)、陈旧性前壁心肌梗死(D组)各15例,正常对照组(A组)15例。在组织多普勒显像模式下测量左室长轴16节段的收缩、舒张及PSS峰值速度、收缩达峰时间、收缩期位移和应变,在二维超声下测量左室射血分数、舒张末及收缩末容积。结果①正常人PSS约占19%,心肌梗死后其比例升高2～4倍,升高幅度从高到低依次为C组>D组>B组(P<0.01),且梗死和缺血区>正常区(P<0.01);②正常人PSS与收缩期期峰值速度的比值为0.66±0.65,心肌梗死后其比值升高且以C、D组升高最明显(P<0.01);③B组除PSS、舒张早期和晚期峰值速度外(P<0.05),其余节段功能指标在梗死、缺血和正常区之间差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);④各组左室射血分数值与PSS峰值速度的相关性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);⑤D组PSS比例与其舒张末及收缩末容积呈正比(P<0.05)。结论用TVI技术评价左室壁的PSS可以敏感识别心肌节段功能的细微变化,是具有临床应用潜力的新指标。     

组织追踪法定量评价急性心肌梗死左心室局部收缩功能的实验研究

目的　探讨组织追踪(tissue tracking ,TT)法定量评价犬急性心肌梗死(AMI)左心室局部收缩功能变化的可行性,为TT法应用于临床诊断急性心肌缺血提供实验依据。方法　选用9条健康杂种犬,于左侧第5肋间开胸,在第一对角支起点以下套扎冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)主干,建立AMI模型。分别于LAD结扎前和结扎后 15、30、60和 120 min,用 TT法在心尖四腔观、心尖二腔观和心尖左室长轴观测量左室收缩期 6 个壁 18个节段心肌的纵向最大位移,心肌缺血区通过心肌染色病理切片确定。结果　9条犬中8条犬成功建立 AMI模型。LAD结扎前,左室收缩期基底至心尖不同节段心肌位移曲线呈波形同步向上梯度样减低的正向波群,基底段与中段和中段与心尖段之间比较心肌位移差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。LAD结扎即刻至 120 min,左室前壁和前间隔缺血节段失去结扎前心肌位移变化的规律性。结扎 LAD 15 min,左室前壁、前间隔最大位移明显减低,30 min后略有恢复趋势,但仍处于低水平。不同时间缺血区节段心肌位移测值与结扎前比较差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论　TT能够直观定量评价左室收缩期所有心肌从心底至心尖方向的纵向位移,客观追踪观察AMI左室局部收缩功能的变化,方法简便可靠,可作为一种临床诊断急性心肌缺血的超声定量方法     

二维斑点追踪技术评价急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入术后左室功能

目的:探讨二维斑点追踪成像(STI)技术的等容收缩期加速度指标在评价急性前壁心肌梗死(AMI)患者左室收缩功能方面的应用.方法:43例患者分别于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术前和术后72 h内行超声检查,进行常规超声参数LVEDd、LVESd、LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF及左室心肌16节段圆周与径向STI参数等容收缩期加速度的测定.结果:左室射血分数术后明显提高((49±19)％ vs (52±18)％,P＜0.O5),左室前壁基底段、中间段、心尖段及左室前间隔基底段、中间段、心尖段等心肌梗死节段术后圆周等容收缩期加速度较术前明显提高(P＜0.05),左室前壁基底段、中间段、心尖段及左室前间隔基底段、中间段、心尖段等心肌梗死节段术后径向等容收缩期加速度较术前明显提高(P＜0.05).结论:PCI术后患者左室收缩功能恢复,表现在圆周、径向的缺血节段等容收缩期加速度增加.二维STI技术定量评价心肌节段性室壁运动异常为评价左室收缩功能提供有价值信息.     

斑点追踪技术对陈旧性心肌梗死患者室壁运动的应变价值

目的:应用超声斑点追踪技术测量陈旧性心肌梗死患者梗死节段心肌的二维应变并探讨其临床应用价值。方法:42例陈旧性心肌梗死患者及41例正常人,分别记录二尖瓣、乳头肌及心尖水平的左室短轴图像和心尖四腔心、二腔心及左室长轴切面的二维灰阶图像。应用GEPAC软件测量左室各室壁节段收缩期峰值径向应变、圆周应变及纵向应变。结果:心肌梗死患者梗死节段峰值径向应变、圆周应变及纵向应变均较对照组明显减低(P<0.05)。结论:超声斑点追踪技术能较好评价心肌梗死患者室壁运动异常,为临床评价心肌梗死患者左心功能提供无创性新方法。     

组织速度显像定量评价干细胞移植对大鼠心肌梗死后左心室功能的改善

目的应用组织速度显像技术定量评价骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）移植对大鼠急性心肌梗死后左心室功能的改善作用。方法结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支造成急性心肌梗死模型，体外培养纯化的大鼠BM-MSCs，在心肌梗死后1周时移植入大鼠心肌梗死的边缘区，在对照组仅植入等量的生理盐水，在移植后2周进行心脏超声检查，观察室间隔各节段收缩期的运动速度和位移。结果移植组室间隔基底段、中间段和近心尖段的收缩期峰值速度、收缩期峰值位移在移植组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论BM-MSCs移植能够提高心肌收缩运动速度，改善心脏功能。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷超声和实时声学造影评价介入治疗术后心肌灌注

目的应用实时心肌声学造影和多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图,定量评价冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗术后心肌血流量和血流储备。方法12例前壁和前间隔心肌梗死患者,在心肌梗死后3周至1年择期行冠脉造影和支架介入术,在介入术后1周,在基础状态下和多巴酚丁胺负荷试验时进行实时声学造影。应用Qlab软件定量分析实时声学造影再灌注曲线,得到曲线平台值(A)、曲线上升速度(β)和A·β(心肌血流量,MBF),以及各参数的储备值。结果负荷试验时的室壁运动指数明显下降(1.45±0.24对1.25±0.18,P<0.05),左室射血分数显著增加[(45.74±8.45)%对(59.80±11.92)%,P<0.05]。静息状态和负荷时,正常冠脉供血节段的A、β和MBF均显著高于病变冠脉供血区(均P<0.05)。与静息时相比,负荷时正常冠脉供血节段的A、β和MBF显著增加(均P<0.001),病变冠脉供血区的A、β和MBF也明显上升(均P<0.01),但增加幅度不及正常冠脉供血区(P<0.05)。除A值储备外(P=0.17),病变冠脉供血区的β和MBF的储备均明显低于正常冠脉供血区(P分别为1.06×10-7,7.66×10-5)。存活心肌节段β及MBF储备明显高于梗死心肌节段(均P<0.05)。结论心肌梗死患者在择期介入治疗术后仍存在心肌灌注异常和室壁运动障碍,多巴酚丁胺负荷实时声学造影能够有效地定量心肌血流量和检测存活心肌,有助于判断心肌的血流储备能力,为临床评价冠心病提供了简便、可靠、无创伤性的新方法。     

超声二维斑点追踪技术定量评价急性心肌梗死患者的心肌运动

目的 应用超声二维斑点追踪技术测量急性心肌梗死患者梗死节段室壁的二维应变,探讨其诊断局部及整体室壁运动异常的临床应用价值.方法 采集经冠脉造影及临床确诊的30例急性心肌梗死患者和30例正常人作为对照组,取心尖位左室长轴三腔切面、心尖位四腔切面、心尖位二腔切面的高帧频二维动态图像,应用二维应变软件测量左室壁各节段收缩期峰值应变及左室长轴总应变,比较急性心肌梗死组与正常对照组各参数值.结果 正常对照组各室壁自基底段至心尖段纵向应变逐渐增加,急性心肌梗死组梗死节段均一分布的规律消失,梗死节段收缩期峰值应变均显著低于对照组,P＜0.01.急性心肌梗死组左室长轴总应变均明显低于正常对照组,与左室射血分数(LVEF)呈良好的一致性,是评价左室功能的又一新方法.结论 超声二维斑点追踪技术可更准确评价急性梗死心肌的范围、程度,以及对评价心功能、判断预后均具有重要的临床应用价值.     

彩色室壁运动技术评价正常中老年人左室壁收缩功能

目的本文旨在应用CK技术评价正常中老年人左室局部收缩功能.方法本研究对30例正常中老年人进行CK技术检查.结果不同切面相同节段的心内膜位移无显著差异(P＞0.05),测量重复性较好,收缩期心内膜位移(SEM)为8.91±1.3mm.结论CK技术图像直观,测量简单,具有临床应用价值.     

位移曲线对犬正常及心肌梗死模型左室心肌局域功能的评价

目的通过研究犬心肌梗死模型左室局域心肌的位移曲线特征,寻求在生理和病理情况下评价心肌功能的合理量化指标.方法 27只犬采用开胸结扎冠状动脉左前降支复制心肌梗死模型;分别采集结扎前后心尖长轴不同切面(二腔、四腔、五腔)的各三个完整心动周期动态多普勒组织速度图;应用EchoPAC PC外置数字超声工作站同步获取左室心肌不同节段心肌组织位移曲线,记录每一位移曲线上长轴方向收缩期位移峰值及达峰值时间,计算等容舒张期开始时间、等容收缩期时间、等容舒张期时间.结果正常心肌位移曲线呈现规律性变化;梗死后前间隔、前壁各节段、后间隔近心尖部运动位移峰值与结扎前相比明显减低(P≤0.001);心梗后等容舒张期时相较结扎前明显延长(P＜0.05).结论位移曲线可以定量评价心肌梗死后局域心肌运动异常;位移峰值降低、等容舒张期时相延长可能是评价局部心肌梗死后局域心肌运动异常的早期敏感指标.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.