严重创伤患者白细胞介素—2及其受体变化与多器官功能障碍综合 …

目的 探讨血清白介素－２（ＩＬ－２）与可溶性白介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）在创伤后多器官功能障碍综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）发生、发展中的作用机制。方法 应用ＥＬＩＳＡ法动态监测５９例严重创伤患者血清ＩＬ－２与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平变化,比较ＭＯＤＳ与非ＭＯＤＳ组间ＩＬ－２、ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ变化之差异。结果 ５９例患者血甭ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平显著升颃是ＩＬ－２明显下降,且升 峰值与降低之谷值在ＭＯＤＳ组更为明显,与非ＭＯ     

外源性甲状腺素对心内直视术围术期心肌能量代谢酶的影响

目的 研究外源性甲状腺素（ＴＨ）对心内直视术围术期心肌能量代谢的影响。方法 将二尖瓣置换术（ＭＶＲ）患者随机分为用药组和对照组，术前４～７ｄ用药组服甲状腺片，对照组服安慰剂。检测术前、中、后心民酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＣＯ）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）、钙ＡＴＰ酶（Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）活性的变化。结果 用药组ＳＤＨ、ＣＣＯ、Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活化比对照组增高（Ｐ〈０．００１     

肝癌肝切除术后的腹腔严重感染

外科严重感染常表现为全身炎症反应综合征（ｓｖｓｔｅｍｉｃｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙ　ｒｅ－７０％ｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ,　ＳＩＲＳ）,可伴有菌血症或脓毒症,治疗不当或不及时可发展为多器官功能障碍综合征（ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｏｒｇａｎｄｙｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ　ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ,ＭＯＤＳ）,最终发生多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）而死亡。作者就７例肝癌肝切除术后发生腹腔严重感染的病例进行分析,现报道如下。１９９０～１９９７年因原发性肝癌实施各类肝切除手术１２８例１３３次,术后发生腹腔积液或脓肿１１例（５．２６％）…     

血透前后甲状腺素、胰岛素、钙调蛋白对红细胞膜钙泵的影响

血透前后甲状腺素、胰岛素、钙调蛋白对红细胞膜钙泵的影响林新伟，刘钟明ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＨＹＲＯＸＩＮＥ，ＣＡＭ－ＯＤＵＬＩＮ．ＡＮＤＩＮＳＵＬＩＮＯＮＣａ（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅＡＣＴＩＶＩＴＹＯＦＲＥＤＢＬＯＯＤＣＥＬＬＭＥＭ－ＢＲＡＮＥＤＵＲ...     

钳夹损伤对周围神经脂质过氧化影响的实验研究

周围神经损伤后的自由基变化研究极少，为了探索自由基在神经损伤及其再生过程中的变化规律，设计了本研究。用钳夹法制作大鼠坐骨神经损伤模型，测定对照组及实验组５个时间点（２，４，６，１１及２１天）坐骨神经脂质过氧化物丙二醛（ｍａｌｏｎｄｉａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ，ＭＤＡ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，ＳＯＤ）的含量，结果显示实验组５个时间点ＭＤＡ含量均极显著高于对照组，随时间延长呈渐升趋势；ＳＯＤ含量亦均极显著高于对照组，且随时间延长呈渐降趋势。研究提示，钳夹及线扎坐骨神经可引发产生大量的自由基，这对周围神经再生的影响尚不清楚，有待进一步研究。     

磷脂酶A2在MODS发病过程中的作用及下法对其影响

磷脂酶Ａ２在ＭＯＤＳ发病过程中的作用及下法对其影响赵琪崔乃强李继坤天津市中西医结合急腹症研究所（天津３００１００）磷脂酶Ａ２（ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ２，ＰＬＡ２）是重要的溶酶体酶之一。在致病因子刺激下，ＰＬＡ２活化及释放入血后，可直接参与组织细...     

肝癌病人树突状细胞诱导高效而特异的抗肝癌免疫

目的 以肝癌病人树突状细胞（ＤＣ）体外诱导抗肝癌免疫。方法 自肝癌病人外周血中分离出单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ０;以人肝癌细胞系ＨｅｐＧ２肿瘤细胞的肿瘤相关抗原（ＴＡＡ）激活ＤＣ;以粒／巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）及白介素４（ＩＬ－４）联合刺激ＰＢＭＣ中ＤＣ;ＤＣ诱导自体Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖,分化为细胞毒性Ｔ细胞（ＣＴＬ）;检测ＣＴＬ及其上清液对ＨｅｐＧ２,ＢＥＬ－７４０２,ＬＯＶＯｅｙ ＨＯＳ－８６     

DEXA、QUS在绝经后骨质疏松脊柱骨折诊断中的应用与探讨

目的 探讨对比绝经后骨质疏松患ＤＥＸＡ与ＱＵＳ测量对骨质疏松脊椎骨折的预测能力。方法：应用双能Ｘ线骨密度仪（ＤＥＸＡ,Ｌｕｎａｒ,ＤＰＸ－ＩＱ）和超声骨强度仪（ＱＵＳ,Ｓｕｍｌｉｇｈｔ Ｏｍ－ｎｉｓｅｎｓｅ,Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ）对４９例绝经后骨质疏松脊柱骨折患脊柱、股骨近端和桡骨、戏骨进行测定、比较。结果 ４９例患ＤＥＸＡ腰椎ＢＭＤ－Ｔ值为－２．９９±１．４３,股骨近端ＢＭＤ－Ｔ值为－１．９５     

1,25（OH）2D3口服冲击治疗透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

１，２５（ＯＨ）＿２Ｄ＿３口服冲击治疗透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进陶立坚，池田，孙明ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＳＨＯＲＴ－ＴＩＭＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＯＲＡＩ．１，２５（ＯＨ）＿２，Ｄ＿３ＰＵＬＳＥＴＨＥＲＡＰＹＩＮＨＥＭＯＤＩＡＬＹＳＩＳＰＡＴＩＥＮ...     

骨肉瘤特异性细胞毒T淋巴细胞的诱导及其抗肿瘤特性的研究

目的 诱导崩肉瘤特异性细胞毒Ｔ淋巴细胞（ｏｓｔｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｃｙｔｏｔｏｘｉｃ Ｔｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｅ,ＯＳＳ－ＣＴＬ）观察其体内外的抗肿瘤特性。方法 通过生化方法从ＨＯＳ－８６０３细胞系中提取纯化骨肉瘤相关抗原（ｏｓｔｅｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ａｎｔｉｇｅｎ,ＯＳＡＡ）,并与低剂量ＩＬ－２,ＣＤ３单体协同刺激骨肉瘤致敏的淋巴细胞诱导产生ＯＳＳ－ＣＴＬ。结果     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.