铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制的研究

目的研究30株铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法用PCR及测序法研究拓扑异构酶Ⅱ和Ⅳ的gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因;同时用琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的MIC和加入羰基氢氯苯腙(CCCP)后的MIC,以确定存在外排机制。结果菌株中23株(76.7%)有gyrA突变,主要为Thr-83→Ile,第87位突变3株;10株(33.3%)parC基因突变,其中5株为Ser-87→Leu,3株第91位突变;gyrB和parE突变较少见。CCCP能显著降低环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的MIC。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性日趋严重,两类拓扑异构酶基因突变和外排泵机制是铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序，分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示，9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA83位发生有意义突变TCG（Ser）→TTG（Leu），宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变，5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC80位发生有意义突变AGC（Ser）→ATc（Ile）。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重，福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物，靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一，gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生，parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星不敏感。     

粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

大肠埃希菌临床菌株对氟喹诺酮类的耐药机制

DNA旋转酶编码基因（gyrA和gyrB）和拓扑异构酶编码基因（parC和parE）的染色体突变、多重药物外排泵AcrAB表达水平升高以及存在质粒介导aCC（6’）-Ib-cr和各种qnr基因等耐药机制均可导致氟喹诺酮类药物对大肠埃希菌的MIC升高。已有报道环丙沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药大肠埃希菌临床菌株的MIC高,并有很大差异。作者等对153株流行病学信息已知的菌株中选择78株代表不同氟喹诺酮类药物MIC范围的菌株,进行上述各种喹诺酮类药物耐药基因测序,发现：①所有氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株（58株）均存在gyrA突变;     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序,分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示,9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA 83位发生有意义突变TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu),宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变,5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC 80位发生有意义突变AGC(Ser)→ATC(Ile)。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重,福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物,靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一,gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生,parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星不敏感。     

耐喹诺酮铜绿假单胞菌药物作用靶位改变的研究

目的：探讨铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法30株对环丙沙星耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,采用 PCR方法扩增DNA解旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的基因 gyrA,gyrB,parC和 parE,再测序查找是否存在位点突变,同时用脉冲场电泳（pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）对菌株进行同源性分析。结果30株菌中,28株菌出现 gyrA基因扩增片段的137位点均有C→T突变,导致T83I改变;17株菌gyrB基因扩增片段的351位出现G→C突变,导致G466A改变;21株菌的 parC基因扩增片段的277位点有 C→U 突变导致 S87L 改变;2株菌 parE 基因在不同位点出现 C→U 突变,导致A425V和 A473V改变。30株菌可分为6个克隆,其中 A克隆4株,仅有 gyrA突变;B克隆7株,有 gyrA和 parC两种基因发生突变;C克隆3株,有gyrA和gyrB两种基因发生突变;D克隆14株,同时有 gyrA,gyrB和 parC三种基因发生突变;其他克隆2株,仅在 parE位点发生突变。结论该组菌株的靶位突变型与流行克隆型密切相关,同一流行型的菌株药物作用靶位的改变相同,并与环丙沙星的 MICs值的高低呈正比,突变基因数越多,MICs 值越高。4种基因中 gyrA基因突变频率最高,且该突变比其他靶位的突变对药物与靶位结合的影响更大,是需要关注的重点。     

淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性研究

目的研究淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性。方法采用E试验测定30株临床分离的淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的MIC。PCR法检测30株淋病奈瑟球菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率达到100％，所有耐氟喹诺酮菌均存在gyrA基因双位点突变，20株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌（MIC≥mg／L）均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单（或双）位点突变。结论gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起着重要作用，gyrA和parC基因同时突变会导致耐药性增强。     

宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的 检测宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药情况,探讨染色体介导DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变或(和)质粒介导qnrA基因存在与宋内志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性.方法 用K-B纸片扩散法对58株宋内志贺菌进行耐药性检测;PCR法检测宋内志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA、parC基因,并根据药敏结果 挑选5株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序;PCR法扩增qnrA基因片段.分析宋内志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变或(和)qnrA基因存在与喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关系.结果 宋内志贺菌对萘啶酸的耐药率高达94.8%.58株宋内志贺菌中,8株检出qnrA基因,5株测序gyrA、parC基因的菌株中,4株萘啶酸耐药菌株均在gyrA 83位发生有义突变TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu),但未发生parC基因突变,gyrA基因突变菌株对萘啶酸全耐药.qnrA基因阳性菌株对5种喹诺酮类药物抑菌圈中位数比较都缩小;对NAL、氧氟沙星的耐药率高于qnrA基因阴性菌株(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 gyrA Ser83分→Leu突变是导致宋内志贺菌临床分离株对喹诺酮类药物耐药的关键突变,宋内志贺菌若携带质粒介导qnrA基因则会导致对喹诺酮类药物的敏感性下降,若两者同存也可引起喹诺酮类药物耐药增强,除萘啶酸耐药外对其他喹诺酮类药物也可呈中介.     

宋内志贺菌的基因突变与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关系

目的探讨染色体介导DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变与宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药的相关性。方法用微量肉汤稀释法对36株宋内志贺菌进行耐药表型检测;PCR法检测喹诺酮耐药决定区相关基因gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE,并对产物进行基因序列分析。结果 36株志贺菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为75.0%、30.5%、36.1%、16.7%;测序结果显示gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE的突变率为90.9%、45.5%、66.7%和24.2%。结论宋内志贺菌的gyrA基因突变是喹诺酮类药物耐药的重要机制,gyrA和parC的基因突变有协同作用,是引起细菌对氟喹诺酮类药物高水平耐药的重要因素。     

gyrA和parC介导的铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药机制研究

目的了解十堰地区耐氟喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌(PA)的药敏情况及gyrA和parC基因突变情况。方法用Vitek32对110株PA进行鉴定和药敏检测,对临床常用抗生素的药敏情况进行分析,琼脂稀释法测定60株耐环丙沙星(CIP)的PA对CIP的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),限制性长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)检测耐CIP的PAgyrA和parC基因突变情况。结果耐药菌株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率最高(68.3%)。在60株耐CIP的PA中有42株(70.0%)耐药菌株发生gyrA基因的83位点突变,密码子发生ACC→ATC改变,编码83位氨基酸的碱基发生突变Thr→Ile(ACC→ATC),有38株(63.3%)耐药菌株发生parC基因87位点突变Ser→Leu(TCG→TTG),同时发生两种突变的共36株(60.0%)。结论耐氟喹诺酮类PA对临床常用抗生素的敏感性降低,并呈多重耐药,药物作用靶位gyrA和parC的基因突变为其耐氟喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

上海地区肺炎链球菌对氟喹诺酮类的敏感性及其喹诺酮耐药决定区突变研究

目的了解上海地区临床分离肺炎链球菌对氟喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的敏感性，并对氟喹诺酮类敏感菌株的喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）突变进行初步研究。方法收集上海地区部分医院2004-2005年共176株肺炎链球菌临床分离株，用琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星和莫西沙星等15种抗菌药物的抗菌活性，并选取部分左氧氟沙星敏感肺炎链球菌菌株进行QRDRPCR扩增、测序。结果176株受试菌株中．PSSP、PISP和PRSP各占48．9％、47．1％和4．0％，受试菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星和莫西沙星敏感率均为100％。QRDR的扩增测序结果发现，20株左氧氟沙星MIC1～2mg／L的敏感菌株中，19株的parC、parE基因上已存在不同程度的氨基酸突变．包括ParC：Phe 105→Leu／Asp136→Tyr，Pare：Asp435→AsnjIle460→ValjAsn477→Lys．而在gyrA、gyrB基因上仅发现点突变，未导致相关氨基酸突变。结论上海地区未发现氟喹诺酮类耐药肺炎链球菌临床分离株，但左氧氟沙星MIC1～2mg／L的敏感株中已发现QRDR一级突变现象，突变的基因位点均见于parC、pare基因。     

Prevalence of mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and association with antibiotic resistance in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica

Salmonella enterica isolates (n = 182) were examined for mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. The frequency, location, and type of GyrA substitution varied with the serovar. Mutations were found in parC that encoded Thr57-Ser, Thr66-Ile, and Ser80-Arg substitutions. Mutations in the gyrB quinolone resistance-determining region were located at codon Tyr420-Cys or Arg437-Leu. Novel mutations were also found in parE encoding Glu453-Gly, His461-Tyr, Ala498-Thr, Val512-Gly, and Ser518-Cys. Although it is counterintuitive, isolates with a mutation in both gyrA and parC were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin than were isolates with a mutation in gyrA alone.     

DNA sequence analysis of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV quinolone resistance-determining regions of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A

The mutations that are responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A were investigated. The sequences of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA gene in clinical isolates which showed decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones had a single mutation at either the Ser-83 or the Asp-87 codon, and no mutations were found in the gyrB, parC, and parE genes.     

Mutation rate and evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infections

Escherichia coli strains from patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections were examined by DNA sequencing for fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in six genes: gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE, marOR, and acrR. The 54 strains analyzed had a susceptibility range distributed across 15 dilutions of the fluoroquinolone MICs. There was a correlation between the fluoroquinolone MIC and the number of resistance mutations that a strain carried, with resistant strains having mutations in two to five of these genes. Most resistant strains carried two mutations in gyrA and one mutation in parC. In addition, many resistant strains had mutations in parE, marOR, and/or acrR. No (resistance) mutation was found in gyrB. Thus, the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance involves the accumulation of multiple mutations in several genes. The spontaneous mutation rate in these clinical strains varied by 2 orders of magnitude. A high mutation rate correlated strongly with a clinical resistance phenotype. This correlation suggests that an increased general mutation rate may play a significant role in the development of high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones by increasing the rate of accumulation of rare new mutations.     

Detection of mutations in Salmonella enterica gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) using standard HPLC instrumentation

AIMS: Quinolone antibiotics are the agents of choice for treating systemic Salmonella infections. Resistance to quinolones is usually mediated by mutations in the DNA gyrase gene gyrA. Here we report the evaluation of standard HPLC equipment for the detection of mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). METHODS: A panel of Salmonella strains was assembled which comprised those with known different mutations in gyrA (n = 8) and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant strains (n = 50) that had not been tested for mutations in gyrA. Additionally, antibiotic-susceptible strains of serotypes other than Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains were examined for serotype-specific mutations in gyrB (n = 4), parC (n = 6) and parE (n = 1). Wild-type (WT) control DNA was prepared from Salmonella Typhimurium NCTC 74. The DNA of respective strains was amplified by PCR using Optimase proofreading DNA polymerase. Duplex DNA samples were analysed using an Agilent A1100 HPLC system with a Varian Helix DNA column. Sequencing was used to validate mutations detected by DHPLC in the strains with unknown mutations. RESULTS: Using this HPLC system, mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE were readily detected by comparison with control chromatograms. Sequencing confirmed the gyrA predicted mutations as detected by DHPLC in the unknown strains and also confirmed serotype-associated sequence changes in non-Typhimurium serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that a non-specialist standard HPLC machine fitted with a generally available column can be used to detect SNPs in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes by DHPLC. Wider applications should be possible.     

Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones

To compare mutations in the DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) genes of Clostridium perfringens, which are associated with in vitro exposure to fluoroquinolones, resistant mutants were selected from eight strains by serial passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or trovafloxacin. The nucleotide sequences of the entire gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes of 42 mutants were determined. DNA gyrase was the primary target for each fluoroquinolone, and topoisomerase IV was the secondary target. Most mutations appeared in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (resulting in changes of Asp-87 to Tyr or Gly-81 to Cys) and parC (resulting in changes of Asp-93 or Asp-88 to Tyr or Ser-89 to Ile); only two mutations were found in gyrB, and only two mutations were found in parE. More mutants with multiple gyrA and parC mutations were produced with gatifloxacin than with the other fluoroquinolones tested. Allelic diversity was observed among the resistant mutants, for which the drug MICs increased 2- to 256-fold. Both the structures of the drugs and their concentrations influenced the selection of mutants.     

Mutations in topoisomerase genes of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonellae in Hong Kong

A total of 88 salmonella isolates (72 clinical isolates for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was >0.06 microg/ml, 15 isolates for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was < or =0.06 microg/ml, and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 13311) were studied for the presence of genetic alterations in four quinolone resistance genes, gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, by multiplex PCR amplimer conformation analysis. The genetic alterations were confirmed by direct nucleotide sequencing. A considerable number of strains had a mutation in parC, the first to be reported in salmonellae. Seven of the isolates sensitive to 0.06 micro g of ciprofloxacin per ml had a novel mutation at codon 57 of parC (Tyr57-->Ser) which was also found in 29 isolates for which ciprofloxacin MICs were >0.06 micro g/ml. Thirty-two isolates had a single gyrA mutation (Ser83-->Phe, Ser83-->Tyr, Asp87-->Asn, Asp87-->Tyr, or Asp87-->Gly), 34 had both a gyrA mutation and a parC mutation (29 isolates with a parC mutation of Tyr57-->Ser and 5 isolates with a parC mutation of Ser80-->Arg). Six isolates which were isolated recently (from 1998 to 2001) were resistant to 4 micro g of ciprofloxacin per ml. Two of these isolates had double gyrA mutations (Ser83-->Phe and Asp87-->Asn) and a parC mutation (Ser80-->Arg) (MICs, 8 to 32 microg/ml), and four of these isolates had double gyrA mutations (Ser83-->Phe and Asp87-->Gly), one parC mutation (Ser80-->Arg), and one parE mutation (Ser458-->Pro) (MICs, 16 to 64 micro g/ml). All six of these isolates and those with a Ser80-->Arg parC mutation were S. enterica serotype Typhimurium. One S. enterica serotype Typhi isolate harbored a single gyrA mutation (Ser83-->Phe), and an S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A isolate harbored a gyrA mutation (Ser83-->Tyr) and a parC mutation (Tyr57-->Ser); both of these isolates had decreased susceptibilities to the fluoroquinolones. The MICs of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin were in general the lowest of those of the six fluoroquinolones tested. Isolates with a single gyrA mutation were less resistant to fluoroquinolones than those with an additional parC mutation (Tyr57-->Ser or Ser80-->Arg), while those with double gyrA mutations were more resistant.     

鲍氏不动杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制及菌株同源性分析

目的探讨鲍氏不动杆菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制及菌株同源性分析。方法收集临床分离的喹诺酮类耐药鲍氏不动杆菌25株,采用纸片扩散法（K-B）检测其对常规药物的敏感性;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测喹诺酮类耐药相关基因gyrA和parC基因,并经限制性内切酶酶切及测序方法验证;基因外重复回文序列（REP）-PCR分析菌株同源性。结果 25株鲍氏不动杆菌对12种抗菌药物呈现出多重耐药,仅对米诺环素和阿米卡星敏感,敏感率分别为48.0%和32.0%,对多黏菌素B全部敏感[最低抑菌浓度（MIC）≤2μg/mL];所有菌株检出gyrA和parC基因,25株菌株均存在gyrA基因第83位密码子TCA→TTA突变（Ser→Leu）,23株菌株存在parC基因第80位密码子TCG→TTG突变（Ser→Leu）,2株菌株存在parC基因第84位GAA→GGA突变（Glu→Gly）;REP-PCR显示,所测菌株具有很高的同源性。结论耐喹诺酮类鲍氏不动杆菌具有很高的同源性,存在gyrA和parC基因突变位点。