新生儿血清瘦素水平变化与IGF—I、生长激素等相关因素的分析

目的　探讨新生儿血清瘦素来源及其与胰岛素样生长因子 -I(IGF -I)和生长激素的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法检测 80例新生儿静脉血和脐血瘦素水平 ,根据不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值分为大于胎龄儿组 2 8例 ,适于胎龄儿组 36例 ,小于胎龄儿组 16例 ;采用Rohrer’s指数 =出生体重 (g)× 10 /身长 (cm) 3 估测新生儿营养状态。结果　早产儿血清瘦素水平明显低于足月儿 (0 .6 6± 1.0 3ng/mlvs 3.5 9± 2 .16ng/ml,P <0 .0 1=;适于胎龄儿血清瘦素水平 (3.0 6± 0 .96ng/ml明显低于大于胎龄儿 (4.0 3± 2 .2 2ng/ml) ,而高于小于胎龄儿 (1.13± 1.98ng/ml) ;足月新生儿血清瘦素水平与Rohrer’s指数、新生儿体重、胎龄、血清IGF -I、生长激素水平呈显著正相关。结论　新生儿体内瘦素主要来源于自身脂肪组织 ,它反映新生儿的生长营养状态 ,推测瘦素可能通过IGF -I、生长激素共同调节新生儿的生长发育 ,在胎儿和新生儿生长发育中起重要作用     

宫内生长迟缓新生儿脐血瘦素及甘油三酯变化的研究

目的观察宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)新生儿脐血中的瘦素(leptin)、甘油三酯(TG)水平,分析这些指标变化程度与胎儿生长的关系,探讨IUGR新生儿血脂代谢的特点.方法 77例新生儿脐血标本分为3组:(1)小于胎龄儿组( SGA):17例;(2)适于胎龄儿( AGA)组:41例;(3)大于胎龄儿( LGA)组:19例.采用高敏酶免疫分析法测定新生儿脐血中瘦素水平,全自动生化分析仪测定TG水平.各组间均数比较选用单因素方差分析,各指标与出生体重及胎龄的关系采用等级相关分析.结果 (1)脐血瘦素水平AGA、SGA、LGA 3组差异有统计学意义(F=17.75,P<0.01);SGA组(0.7147±0.5761)ng/ml显著低于AGA组(2.710±0.4329)ng/ml(P<0.01),而AGA组低于LGA组(5.687±0.3916)ng/ml(P<0.05).脐血瘦素水平随胎龄及出生体重增加而增加(r分别=0.332和0.654,P均<0.01).(2)脐血TG水平AGA、SGA、LGA 3组差异有统计学意义(F=8.85,P＜0.05);SGA组(0.7141±0.1576)mmol/l显著高于AGA组(0.5027±0.1330)mmol/l(P<0.01), 而AGA组与LGA组(0.4907±0.1397)mmol/L之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).TG与出生体重呈负相关(r=-0.320,P=0.050),与胎龄无相关性(r=0.129,P>0.05). (3)脐血瘦素与TG呈负相关关系(r=-0.280,P<0.05).结论 IUGR新生儿脐血瘦素明显降低,瘦素与胎龄及出生体重呈正相关.IUGR新生儿脐血TG偏高,TG与出生体重负相关,与胎龄无相关性.脐血瘦素与TG呈负相关.     

脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生体重的关系.方法应用特异放射免疫分析法测定91例正常分娩或剖宫产的新生儿脐血清瘦素水平.根据新生儿出生体重与胎龄的关系将研究对象分成对照组44例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)组28例和小于胎龄儿(SGA)组19例.结果91例新生儿脐血清瘦素范围为1.8-40.5ng/ml,平均为9.9±7.4.男性为1.8-35.5ng/ml,平均为5.3±5.6.女性为2-42.5ng/ml,平均为15.0±8.0.两性新生儿出生体重、体重指数比较无显著差异.脐血清瘦素男性显著低于女性(P=0.011).LGA组、SGA组脐血清瘦素水平、出生体重、体重指数分别与对照组比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).新生儿脐血清瘦素水平与出生体重、体重指数均呈正相关.相关系数分别为r=0.59、r=0.37.结论瘦素是胎儿生长调节系统的重要因子,与胎儿出生大小有密切相关性.     

新生儿血清瘦素水平变化与IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素等相关因素的分析

目的探讨新生儿血清瘦素来源及其与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-I)和生长激素的关系.方法采用放射免疫法检测80例新生儿静脉血和脐血瘦素水平,根据不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值分为大于胎龄儿组28例,适于胎龄儿组36例,小于胎龄儿组16例;采用Rohrer's指数=出生体重(g)×10/身长(cm)3估测新生儿营养状态.结果早产儿血清瘦素水平明显低于足月儿(0.66±1.03ng/ml vs 3.59±2.16ng/ml,P＜0.01=;适于胎龄儿血清瘦素水平(3.06±0.96ng/ml明显低于大于胎龄儿(4.03±2.22ng/ml),而高于小于胎龄儿(1.13±1.98ng/ml);足月新生儿血清瘦素水平与Rohrer's指数、新生儿体重、胎龄、血清IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素水平呈显著正相关.结论新生儿体内瘦素主要来源于自身脂肪组织,它反映新生儿的生长营养状态,推测瘦素可能通过IGF-Ⅰ、生长激素共同调节新生儿的生长发育,在胎儿和新生儿生长发育中起重要作用.     

围产期脐血瘦素水平与胎儿体格发育的关系

目的　了解脐血瘦素的来源及其对胎儿发育的影响。方法　采用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT -PCR)检测 6 7例胎盘组织瘦素的相对水平 ,采用DSLELISA法检测血清瘦素水平 ,采用体脂含量 [F % =0 .884 8×SFT4+0 .0 2 2 ]估测新生儿营养状态 ,并根据出生体重分为小于胎龄儿 (SGA)组 2 3例 ,适于胎龄儿 (AGA)组 4 4例。结果　 (1)脐血瘦素水平与新生儿体重、身长、头围、上臂围及体脂含量成极显著正相关 (r =.4 95、.4 0 9、.36 1、.4 4 2、.4 4 7,P均≤ 0 .0 1) ,与母血、胎盘瘦素水平无明显相关性。 (2 )SGA组的脐血瘦素水平显著低于AGA组 (t=3.5 2 4 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。 (3)脐血瘦素水平具有性别差异 ,男婴明显低于女婴 (t =2 .0 2 6 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　胎儿脂肪组织的发育和脂肪量的累积是胎儿血清瘦素水平的主要决定因素 ;胎儿体重与瘦素之间可能存在一个负反馈自控环路直接调控胎儿体重。     

足月新生儿脐静脉血瘦素和神经肽Y水平的研究

目的 :探讨足月新生儿脐静脉血瘦素和神经肽Y水平及其临床意义。方法 :采用放射免疫分析测定 1 0 0例足月新生儿脐静脉血瘦素和神经肽Y(NPY)浓度。结果 :足月新生儿脐静脉血瘦素水平 7 1 5±3 72 μg/L ,NPY水平为 1 1 2± 4 2 36ng/L ;女婴组瘦素水平为 9 35± 3 5 1 μg/L ,NPY为 1 38 2 9± 4 2 6 7ng/L ,均明显高于男婴组瘦素水平 (4 95± 2 1 8μg/L)和NPY水平 (85 85± 4 0 39ng/L) ,差异有显著性 (p<0 0 1 )。足月新生儿脐静脉血瘦素与新生儿出生体重、孕妇分娩前身高体重指数 (BMI)呈显著正相关关系 (r分别为 0 6 4 7、0 5 4 7,p<0 0 5 ) ;NPY水平与新生儿体重、孕妇分娩前BMI亦呈正相关 (r分别为 0 5 84 ,0 70 5 ,p <0 0 5 )。结论 :胎儿组织及胎盘产生的瘦素和NPY可能参与了妊娠期胎儿体重增长的调节     

巨大儿孕母血清、羊水、脐血瘦素水平测定及意义

目的探讨瘦素(1eptin)与巨大儿发病的关系.方法应用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测20例巨大儿(巨大儿组)及20例正常体重儿(对照组)孕母血清.羊水及脐血瘦素水平.结果(1)巨大儿组孕母血清瘦素平均(25.6±8.2ng/rml),羊水瘦素平均(5.9±1.7ng/m1)与对照组(18.8±7.8ng/ml)及(3.9±1.7ng/ml)比较相差显著.分别为(P＜0.05)(P＜0.01).(2)巨大儿组脐血瘦素水平平均(16.8±7.0ng/m1)明显高于对照组(7.7±4.6rg/ml)(P＜0.001).(3)两组孕母血清瘦素与胎儿出生重量无相关性,而脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生重量呈正相关.(r=0.65,P＜0.01)结论脐血瘦素来源于胎盘及胎儿组织.巨大儿的发病与脐血瘦素水平相关.     

促酰化蛋白水平与胎儿生长发育的关系研究

目的探讨脐血促酰化蛋白（ASP）水平与胎儿生长发育的关系。方法研究对象为大于胎龄儿（LGA）、适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）各30例。应用ELISA法测定血清和羊水ASP浓度、血清脂联素浓度,RIA法测定血清胰岛素和瘦素水平,用免疫比浊法测定血脂水平;并分析脐血ASP水平与母血和羊水ASP水平、胎盘重量、新生儿身长、性别、体质量、BMI、腰围、腰臀比、血脂、胰岛素、瘦素和脂联素水平,孕妇的体质量和BMI、血脂水平的相关性。结果①LGA的脐血ASP水平高于AGA,AGA的脐血ASP水平高于SGA,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）;三组新生儿血脂水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②脐血ASP水平与新生儿出生体质量、身长、BMI、腰围、腰臀比、胰岛素、瘦素、脐血甘油三酯水平呈显著正相关（P〈0.001）,与血脂联素水平呈显著负相关（P〈0.001）,与母血和羊水ASP水平、胎盘重量无相关性（P〉0.05）。③男、女婴脐血ASP、血脂各成分水平比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论促酰化蛋白参与胎儿生长发育调节,脐血ASP水平可反映胎儿的生长发育状况。     

小于胎龄儿追赶生长特点及影响因素分析

目的探讨中国北方地区小于胎龄儿(SGA)出生后追赶生长特点以及相关影响因素。方法以2012年1月至2013年1月在河北省廊坊市妇幼保健中心出生的新生儿为研究对象,根据出生体质量分为SGA组、适于胎龄儿组(AGA)和大于胎龄儿组(LGA),收集出生时至2岁资料。统计分析SGA出生后追赶生长特点以及相关影响因素。结果研究共纳入SGA、AGA和LGA分别661例(8.3%)、6571例(82.5%)和729例(9.2%)。SGA组2岁时矮小的比例为0.9%,高于AGA组(0.6%)和LGA组(0.3%)(P0.05)。SGA组出生后2年内追赶生长主要出现在1岁以内。相关性分析显示,SGA 1岁内身长增长速度与出生体质量、身长、Apgar评分呈负相关;与胎盘质量呈正相关,而与F/P呈负相关;与喂养方式相关。结论大部分SGA儿童在2岁时完成追赶生长,追赶生长主要出现在出生后1年内,胎盘不适当过重、喂养方式等因素均与SGA追赶生长相关。     

新生儿营养指标评价的临床意义

目的：寻找新生儿营养评价的生化指标。方法：以放射免疫分析法测定血清胰岛素样生长因子I（IGF－1），以酶联免疫吸附法测定视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）和前白蛋白（PA），分别按新生儿出生体重标准，把研究对象分成小于胎龄儿（SGA）和适于胎龄儿（AGA）进行分析比较。结果：营养不良的32例SGA的IGF－1、RBP和PA的水平明显低于35例非营养不良的SGA；营养不良的33例AGA相应的值也显著低于35例非营养不良的AGA。结论：IGF－1、RBP和PA可作为营养评价的生化指标，其敏感性高，不受胎龄的日龄、体重的影响，便于临床诊断、疗效评价，是诊断新生儿营养不良时形态指标无法代替的。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.