Bone impregnated hip screw in femoral neck fracture: Clinicoradiological results

Background:

Femoral neck fractures are treated either by internal fixation or arthroplasty. Usually, cannulated cancellous screws are used for osteosynthesis of fracture neck of femur. The bone impregnated hip screw (BIHS) is an alternative implant, where osteosyntehsis is required in femoral neck fracture.

Materials and Methods:

The BIHS is a hollow screw with thread diameter 8.3 mm, shank diameter 6.5 mm and wall thickness 2.2 mm and holes in the shaft of the screw with diameter 2 mm, placed in a staggered fashion. Biomechanical and animal experimental studies were done. Clinical study was done in two phases: Phase 1 in a group of volunteers, only with BIHS was used in a pilot study and phase 2 comparative study was done in a group with AO cannulated screws and the other group treated with BIHS.

Results:

In the phase 1 study, out of 15 patients, only one patient had delayed union. In phase 2, there were 78 patients, 44 patients in BIHS showed early union, compared to the rest 34 cases of AO cannulated screws Out of 44 patients with BIHS, 41 patients had an excellent outcome, 2 had nonunions and one implant breakage was noted.

Conclusions:

Bone impregnated hip screw has shown to provide early solid union since it incorporates the biomechanical principles and also increases the osteogenic potential and hence, found superior to conventional cannulated cancellous screw.     

Ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures: are cephalomedullary nails appropriate?

A retrospective review was conducted to examine rates of malreduction and nonunion in ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures using different fixation strategies. Twenty-two consecutive patients with 23 fractures were identified. Participants were treated with various fixation strategies for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Cephalomedullary devices were used in 13 cases, while cannulated screws and a retrograde femoral nail were used in nine cases. One patient was treated with cannulated screws and external fixation of the femoral shaft. Radiographic assessment of the quality of reduction and union of both fractures was evaluated. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was available in 20 fractures (87%) with a mean of 12 months (range 3-50). Two femoral neck nonunions occurred; both had fair reductions of the fractures obtained by closed maneuvers, and two-device fixation was used in each. One femoral shaft nonunion occurred in a fracture treated with a cephalomedullary nail. All three united after revision surgery. No cases of osteonecrosis or conversion to hip arthroplasty were noted. A combination of retrograde femoral nailing and screw fixation of the femoral neck or placement of a cephalomedullary nail can provide excellent reduction and rate of union in the treatment of this injury pattern. Excellent reduction of the femoral neck fracture is key to preventing femoral neck nonunion.     

Retrograde nailing with subsequent screw fixation for ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures

Introduction Although ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures are difficult to treat, there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment of this complex injury. We report the results of treating the 17 fractures with a standard protocol of retrograde nailing for diaphyseal fractures and subsequent screw fixation for the femoral neck fractures. Materials and methods Seventeen injuries (16 patients) sustained femoral shaft fractures, which were treated with retrograde intramedullary nails and subsequent screw fixation. Femoral neck fracture was noted before the operation in all patients except one. A femoral shaft fracture was always addressed first with unreamed retrograde nailing. Then, the femoral neck fracture was treated by cannulated screws or dynamic hip screw according to the level of fracture. Results The average time for union of femoral shaft fractures was 27.3 (14–60) weeks. Nonunion occurred in five patients, who required bone grafts or changes of fixation. The average time for union of femoral neck fractures was 11 (8–12) weeks. All united, except for one case of nonunion with avascuar necrosis, which was a Garden stage IV fracture. Functional results using Friedman–Wyman criteria were good in 16 cases, and fair in one. The only fair result was nonunion of the femoral neck, which had the joint arthroplasty. Conclusion Retrograde nailing of femoral shaft fractures can provide an easy fixation and a favorable result for ipsilateral femoral neck fractures.This study was conducted at Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea. The authors have and will not receive any financial benefit in association with the present paper.     

Post-traumatic coxa vara in children following screw fixation of the femoral neck

Background and purpose

The rare displaced fractures of the femoral neck in children need accurate reduction and rigid fixation. The implants commonly used for internal fixation in children are pins or screws. We evaluated the long-term outcome in children who sustained fractures of the proximal femur that were treated by screw fixation.

Patients and methods

All 22 children (mean age 12 (5–16) years) with fractures of the femoral neck that were treated with screw fixation (mean 2.4 (1–3) screws) at our department between 1990 and 2006 were evaluated. For measurement of outcome, the Harris hip score (HHS) was used and the development of post-traumatic coxa vara was assessed from the difference in the neck-shaft angle postoperatively and at the latest follow-up examination, after mean 4 (2–15) years.

Results

A loss of reduction was observed in 12 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between the HHS and the changes in the neck-shaft angle.

Interpretation

Loss of reduction was found in more than half of the children. Screw fixation cannot be recommended for the treatment of femoral neck fractures in children due to a substantial number of post-traumatic coxa vara.     

Transfracture abduction osteotomy: A solution for nonunion of femoral neck fractures

Background:

Nonunion and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head remains one of the major complications following femoral neck fractures. Despite various surgical techniques and internal fixation devices, the incidence of nonunion and AVN has remained unsolved. Neglected nonunion of femoral neck fracture is common in the developing world. Treatment options include rigid internal fixation with or without bone grafting, muscle pedicle bone graft, valgus osteotomy of the proximal femur with or without bone graft, valgus osteotomy or hip arthroplasty. We conducted a retrospective analysis of cases of nonunion of femoral neck fracture treated by transfracture abduction osteotomy (TFAO).

Materials and Methods:

Over a period of 35 years (1974-2008), 30 patients with nonunion of femoral neck fractures were treated with TFAO over a period of 35 years (1974-2008), All patients were less than 50 years of age. Absence of clinical and radiological signs of union after four months was considered as nonunion. Patients more than 50 years of age were excluded from the study. Union was assessed at 6 months radiologically. Limb length was measured at six months. The mean duration of femoral neck fracture was 19 months (range 4 months 10 years). Results were analyzed in terms of radiological union at six months. Average followup was five years and six months.

Results:

Consistent union was noted at the followup after six months in 29 cases. One case was lost to followup after five and one-half months postoperatively. However, the fracture had united in this case at the last followup. Average shortening of the limb at six months was 1.9 cm. Average neck shaft angle was 127° (range 120-145°). Five cases went into AVN but were asymptomatic. Two cases required reoperation due to back out of Moore''s pins. These were reopened and cancellous screws were inserted in the same tracks.

Conclusions:

Consistent union of nonunion femoral neck fracture was noted at the followup after six months in 29 cases. The major drawback of the procedure is immobilization of the patient in the hip spica for eight weeks.     

Treatment for ipsilateral fractures of femoral neck and shaft

Background

Concomitant ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures present a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon, and no consensus has yet emerged on the optimal treatment method. We report the results of a retrospective study of 43 patients with these complex fractures who were treated at a single Level 1 trauma centre.

Patients and methods

The study participants consisted of 28 males and 15 females with a mean age of 43 years. The mean follow-up period was 48 months. Four different treatment methods were used: (1) antegrade reamed intramedullary nailing of the shaft with cancellous screw fixation of the neck, (2) dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation of the neck and low-contact dynamic compression plate (LCDCP) fixation of the shaft, (3) cancellous screw fixation of the neck and LCDCP fixation of the shaft, and (4) reconstruction nailing of both shaft and neck.

Results

No statistically significant differences in amount of blood loss, duration of surgery, total complication rate, nor clinical results were found among the four treatment methods. For femoral neck fracture, however, the complication rate of cannulated screw with antegrade intramedullary nailing fixation was 11 times that of DHS with LCDCP fixation.

Conclusions

Antegrade nail with screw fixation is not a recommended treatment method in patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures.     

Comparative study of fresh femoral neck fractures managed by multiple cancellous screws with and without fibular graft in young adults

Objectives

Aim of our study was to assess the role of addition of fibular strut graft to multiple cancellous screws in functional outcome, union and complications associated with those managed by only multiple cancellous screws in fresh femoral neck fractures.

Methods

A randomized control trial study was conducted on the patients of femoral neck fractures managed with multiple cancellous screws (group A) and multiple cancellous screws with fibular graft (group B). Patients aged between 20 and 50 years, having Gardens type III or IV fracture with duration of injury less than two weeks were included in the study.

Results

Eighty seven cases were analysed n = 45 were in group A and n = 42 in group B. Functional outcome (Harris hip score) was excellent in 30 patients in group A as compared to 12 in Group B which was statistically significant favouring group A. The time of full weight bearing, union and non union rates showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05). On statistical grounds none of the procedures proved to be better than other.

Conclusions

Fresh femoral neck fracture in young adults managed with multiple cancellous screws fixation with fibular graft has no added advantage over multiple cancellous screws fixation alone.     

Evaluation of proximal femoral locking plate in unstable extracapsular proximal femoral fractures: Surgical technique & mid term follow up results

Background

Stable trochanteric femur fractures can be treated successfully with conventional implants such as sliding hip screw, cephalomedullary nails, angular blade plates. However comminuted and unstable inter or subtrochanteric fractures with or without osteoporosis are challenging & prone to complications. The PF-LCP is a new implant that allows angular stability by creating fixed angle block for treatment of complex, comminuted proximal femoral fractures.

Method

We reviewed 30 patients with unstable inter or subtrochanteric fractures, which were stabilized with PF-LCP. Mean age of patient was 65 years, and average operative time was 80 min. Patients were followed up for a period of 3 years (June 2010–June 2013). Patients were examined regularly at 3 weekly interval for signs of union (radiological & clinical), varus collapse (neck-shaft angle), limb shortening, and hardware failure.

Result

All patients showed signs of union at an average of 9 weeks (8–10 weeks), with minimum varus collapse (<10°), & no limb shortening and hardware failure. Results were analysed using IOWA (Larson) hip scoring. Average IOWA hip score was 77.5.

Conclusion

PF-LCP represents a feasible alternative for treatment of unstable inter- or subtrochanteric fractures.     

Three-dimensional computer-assisted navigation for the placement of cannulated hip screws. A pilot study

Purpose

Medial femoral neck fractures are common, and closed reduction and internal fixation by three cannulated screws is an accepted method for the surgical treatment. Computer navigation for screw placement may reduce fluoroscopy time, the number of guidewire passes and optimise screw placement.

Methods

In the context of a sawbone study, a computer-assisted planning and navigation system based on 3D-imaging for guidewire placement in the femoral neck was tested to improve screw placement. Three screws were inserted into 12, intact, femoral sawbones using the conventional technique and into 12, intact, femoral sawbones guided by the computer-based navigation system. Guidewire and subsequent screw placement in the femoral neck were evaluated.

Results

Use of the navigation system resulted in a significant reduction of the number of drilling attempts (p ≤ 0.05) and achieved optimised accuracy of implant placement by attaining significantly better screw parallelism (p ≤ 0.05) and significantly enlarged neck-width coverage by the three screws (p ≤ 0.0001). Computer assistance significantly increased the number of fluoroscopic images (p ≤ 0.001) and the operation time (p ≤ 0.0001).

Conclusions

Three-dimensional computer-assisted navigation improves accuracy of cannulated screw placement in femoral neck while increasing the number of fluoroscopic images and operation time. Additional studies including fractured sawbones and cadaver models with the goal of reducing operation time are indispensable before introduction of this navigation system into clinical practice.     

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze prognostic factors by investigation of the diagnostic process and clinical outcomes in patients with surgical management of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures.

Methods

Between August 1995 and January 2012, 26 cases who underwent fixation of ipsilateral fractures of hip and femoral shaft were reviewed. We evaluated patients' age, sex, location and type of the fracture, timing of diagnosis and surgery, method of fixation, combined injuries, time of bone union, and complications. Postoperative functions were assessed by Friedman and Wyman's criteria.

Results

Femoral shaft fractures healed in 23 cases of 26 cases and in 3 cases of nonunion. Hip fractures healed in 25 cases of 26 cases, and in 1 case, there was nonunion. According to the outcome score followed by Friedman and Wyman's criteria, 13 cases had good results, 9 cases had fair results, and 4 cases had poor results. Timing of bone union and union rate were significantly different according to the degree of femoral shaft fracture comminution. Postoperative function was significantly different according to the degree of femoral shaft fracture comminution and the presence of ipsilateral fractures around the knee.

Conclusions

In cases of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures, more comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft and ipsilateral fractures around the knee, which resulted in delayed rehabilitation, caused poor postoperative functional outcomes. Because avascular necrosis and the presence of nonunion of femoral head are important in prognosis, delicate physical examination and radiologic evaluation of hip fractures are needed primarily before emphasizing anatomical reduction of hip fractures followed by rigid internal fixation.     

The Locking Compression Paediatric Hip Plate?: technical guide and critical analysis

Purpose

Osteotomies of the proximal femur and stable fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures are demanding operations. An LCP Paediatric Hip Plate™ was developed to make these operations safer and less demanding. The article focuses on the surgical technique and critically analyses the device.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2008, 30 hips in 22 patients underwent surgery. Patients’ demographics, perioperative details, postoperative outcome and complications were retrospectively collected and analysed.

Results

Patients’ diagnoses included persistent congenital hip dysplasia (n = 4), neuropathic hip dysplasia (n = 9), idiopathic ante/retroversion (n = 8), femoral neck fracture (n = 3), Perthes’ disease (n = 2), deformity after slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), congenital femoral neck pseudarthrosis, deformity after pelvic tumour resection and malunion following proximal femoral fracture (one each). In 21 of 22 patients, the postoperative radiographs showed corrections as planned. Two cases had to be revised for screw loosening. Intraoperative handling using the plate was excellent in all cases.

Conclusions

In our case series of 30 hip operations, the LCP Paediatric Hip Plate™ was shown to be safe and applicable in the clinical setting with excellent results and a low complication rate. We consider that the LCP Paediatric Hip Plate™ is a valuable device for correction of pathological conditions of the proximal femur and for fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures in children. Larger studies should be carried out to better quantify the risk of clinically relevant complications.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折诊治体会

目的 探讨股骨骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的诊断及治疗方法。方法 对10例股骨干骨折采用加压钢板固定，9例股骨颈骨折分别采用加压螺纹钉，三刃钉，骨圆针和松质骨螺钉固定。结果 随访10个月-5年。结论 全面体检，影像学检查可作出正确诊断，早期宜给予牢靠有效的内固定治疗。     

Use of tricortical iliac crest strut autograft in comminuted posterior wall acetabular fractures: A case series

Purpose

The results for fixation of comminuted posterior wall acetabular fractures are not very promising with reported complications in terms of osteoarthritis, nonunion and malunion which subsequently require conversion to total hip arthroplasty. The conversion to total hip arthroplasty is possible in patients over 50 years of age but not in younger patients. So this requires new methods for salvage of the native hip in young patients.

Long proximal femoral nail in ipsilateral fractures proximal femur and shaft of femur

Background:

Ipsilateral fractures of the proximal femur and femoral shaft are extremely uncommon injuries which occur in young adults who sustain a high energy trauma. A variety of management modalities have been tried to treat this complex fracture pattern ranging from conservative approach to recently introduced reconstruction nails. All these approaches have their own difficulties. We studied the outcome of long proximal femoral nail (LPFN) in the management of concomitant ipsilateral fracture of the proximal femur and femoral shaft.

Materials and Methods:

We analysed the prospective data of 36 consecutive patients who had sustained a high energy trauma (30 closed fractures and 6 open shaft fractures) who had concomitant ipsilateral fractures of the femoral shaft associated with proximal femur fractures treated with LPFN between December 2005 and December 2011. The mean age was 39 years (range 28-64 years). Twenty nine males and seven females were enrolled for this study.

Results:

The patients were followed up at three, six, twelve, and eighteen months. The mean healing time for the neck fractures was 4.8 months and for the shaft fractures was 6.2 months. The greater trochanter was splintered and widened in two cases which eventually consolidated. Two patients had superficial infection, two patients had lateral migration of the screws with coxa vara which was due to severe osteoporosis detected during the followup. We had two cases of nonunion of shaft fracture and one case of nonunion of neck fracture. Two cases of avascular necrosis of femoral head were detected after 2 years of followup. No cases of implant failure were noted. Limb shortening of less than 2 cms was noted in four of our patients. The functional assessment system of Friedman and Wyman was used for evaluating the results. In our series 59.9% (n = 23) were rated as good, 30.6% (n = 11) as fair, and 5.5% (n = 2) as poor.

Conclusion:

Long PFN is a reliable option for concomitant ipsilateral diaphyseal and proximal femur fractures.     

Augmented osteosynthesis with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting in neglected femoral neck fracture

Background:

Neglected intracapsular femoral neck fracture in young patients may fail to unite because of the excessive shearing strain at the fracture site and it is a surgical challenge to any orthopedic surgeon. The problem is compounded by resorption of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. There is no satisfactory solution available in the management of femoral neck fracture as far as the union of the fracture and AVN of femoral head are concerned. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been advocated to provide additional blood supply to the femoral head. We report a retrospective analysis of 48 cases of neglected femoral neck fracture treated by internal fixation and tensor fascia latae based muscle pedicle bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

48 patients with femoral neck fractures with age varied from 20 to 53 years (average age 32.9 years) with male to female ratio of 2:1 were enrolled. All fractures were more than 3 weeks old with mean delay being 86 days (22–150 days). Open reduction and internal fixation along with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting was done in all cases. It was supplemented by multiple drilling and cortico-cancellous bone grafting. Fracture fixation was done with three parallel 6.5-mm AO cannulated cancellous lag screws and the graft fixed with a 4-mm cancellous screw to provide a secure fixation. During the followup period of 2-6.8 years (average 4.4 years) the results were assessed clinically by modified Harris hip scoring system and radiologically by the evidence of signs of fracture union.

Results:

Union was achieved in 41/48 (85.41%) cases which were followed for an average period of 4.4 years (2–6.8 years) with good functional results and ability to squat and sit cross-legged. Results were assessed according to modified Harris Hip Scoring system and found to be excellent in 19, good in 22, fair in 5, and poor in 2 patients. Complications were nonunion, (n=3) avascular necrosis (n=2), and coxa vara deformity (n=2).

Conclusion:

Internal fixation with muscle pedicle bone grafting is a suitable option to secure union in neglected femoral neck fractures in physiologically active patients with late presentation.     

Fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur: surgical management options and outcomes

Purpose

The management of proximal femoral deformity in fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to analyze the various presentations of FD of proximal femur and the results of the various treatment modalities for the same.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of 23 patients (24 femora) with FD who underwent surgery for the proximal femur. The study sample included 14 males, nine females. Ten patients had a monostotic disease, eight patients had polyostotic disease, and five patients had McCune-Albright syndrome.

Results

Group 1: shepherd crook deformity—included five patients who underwent femoral neck osteotomy. Four patients had intramedullary (IM) nailing with neck cross-pinning and all patients showed union. One patient was stabilized with external fixation, which failed. Group 2: nine patients (ten femora) presented with frank pathological fracture. Nine underwent fixation with IM nailing, one with locking plate and screws. Three patients had to undergo more than one procedure and all fractures showed good union. Group 3: nine patients who presented with bone cyst and pain. All patients underwent biopsy; four of them had curettage with bone graft.

Conclusion

Shepherd crook deformity can be treated by a well-planned osteotomy and fixation with intramedullary implants with neck cross-pinning. Frank pathological fractures fixation with an intramedullary nail has excellent results even if not accompanied by resolution of the fibrodysplastic lesion. More than one procedure may be required. External fixation is not an optimal choice for fixation of femoral osteotomies in FD.     

Percutaneous fixation with Schanz screws for displaced two- and three- part fractures of the proximal humerus in patients above fifty years of age

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether two 3.0 mm Schanz screws in two-part proximal humeral fractures (plus one additional Schanz screw or K wire in three-part fractures) can provide enough stability to allow early mobilization until healing occurs in elderly patients.

Settings and Design:

This prospective study was performed in the Orthopaedic Department of our University Hospital.

Patients and Methods:

We performed closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for thirty-three patients with proximal humerus fractures. Twenty-seven patients were available for the final follow-up. Of those 27 patients, 17 had two-part surgical neck fractures; while 10 had three-part fractures. For fixation, we used two 3.0 mm Schanz screws in patients with two-part fractures plus one additional Schanz screw or K wire in the 10 patients with three-part fractures.

Results:

The mean Constant score modified according to the age and sex was 89.8% (range: 77.3-97.2%). Fifteen patients had excellent results, 11 patients had good results, and one patient had a fair result.

Conclusion:

Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with two Schanz screws for two-part surgical neck humeral fractures, plus an additional Schanz screw or K wire for three-part proximal humeral fractures is a useful and effective technique that provides enough stability to allow an early rehabilitation program till union occurs in elderly patients.

Level of Evidence:

IV; therapeutic study, case series.     

Prosthetic replacement in femoral neck fracture in the elderly: Results and review of the literature

Background:

Intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur account for a major share of fractures in the elderly. The primary goal of treatment is to return the patient to his or her pre-fracture functional status. There are multiple internal fixation options (screws, dynamic hip screw plate or blade plates) and hemi and total hip arthroplasty. Open reduction and internal fixation has been shown to have a high rate of revision surgery due to nonunion and avascular necrosis. Hip replacement arthroplasty (hemi or total) is a viable treatment option.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty-four elderly patients (age >70 years) with a femoral neck fracture were treated over a five-year period (January 2001 to December 2006). Eighty of the 84 patients underwent some form of hip replacement after appropriate medical and anesthetic fitness.

Results:

We had good results in all the patients in terms of return to pre-fracture level of activity, independent ambulation and satisfaction with the procedure. Patients over the age of 80 years who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty all progressed well without any complication. Patients in their seventies underwent some form of total hip replacement and barring one case of deep infection, two cases of deep vein thrombosis and three cases of dislocation (which were managed conservatively), there were no real complications.

Conclusion:

Hip replacement (hemi or total) is a successful procedure for the elderly population over 70 years with femoral neck fractures. Return to pre-morbid level of activity and independent functions occur very swiftly, avoiding the hazards of prolonged incumbency. We have proposed a treatment algorithm following the results of treatment of this fracture in our series. We have also reviewed the different contemporary treatment options used (conservative treatment, cancellous screw fixation, Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) fixation, hemi and total hip replacement) used for treatment of an elderly patient with of femoral neck fracture.     

Bilateral intertrochanteric and femoral diaphyseal fractures with unilateral proximal tibial fracture: A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Bilateral intertrochanteric femur fractures are relatively rare injuries. This study aims to present a case of a patient with simultaneous bilateral intertrochanteric femur fractures and femoral diaphyseal fractures and proximal tibial fracture with his twelve years follow-up.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 44-year-old man presented to emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. Bilateral intertrochanteric femur fractures (OTA classification – 31A.1.2) and bilateral femoral diaphyseal fractures (OTA classification – 32A.2) and nondisplaced right proximal tibial fracture (OTA classification – 41B.1) were determined in radiographs. Following closed reduction, fractures were fixed with intramedullary nails bilaterally. Proximal tibial fracture was fixed with cannulated screws following open reduction. At twelfth year follow-up he was able to do his daily activities with minimal limitation.

DISCUSSION

High energy traumas, stress fractures, systemic disorders (osteomalacia, chronic renal failure), steroid treatments, seizures and electric injuries are possible causes for bilateral hip factures. However bilateral femoral diaphyseal fractures are mostly due to high energy traumas. Long-term biphosphonate use may also cause bilateral fractures. Single-stage surgery should be performed in order to avoid secondary damages of surgical interventions. All fractures of our patient were fixed in a single session. This prevented further deterioration of patient''s status and made rehabilitation easy.

CONCLUSION

Careful evaluation of all systems should be performed in multi-trauma patients to find out concomitant injuries. Single staged surgical treatment may decrease morbidities.     

Incidence of Radiographic Cam-Type Impingement in Young Patients (<50) After Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Reduction and Internal Fixation

Background:

Cam-type femoral impingement is caused by structural abnormalities of the hip and is recognized as a cause of degenerative hip arthritis. Identifiable etiologies of this structural abnormality include congenital malformation, pediatric hip disease, and malunion of femoral neck fractures after internal fixation.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiographic impingement in healed Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) type 31B fractures treated with reduction and internal fixation.

Methods:

Seventy OTA 31B hip fractures treated with internal fixation were identified from our institutional trauma database and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed for signs of impingement. Mean follow-up was 53 months after fracture. Alpha angle, Mose templates, and femoral head retroversion were the measurements used to determine impingement.

Results:

The overall prevalence of any sign of radiographic impingement was 75%. Alpha angle was elevated in 32 hips (46%), asphericity was present in 46 femoral heads (65%), and femoral head retroversion was present in 26 hips (37%). The rates were highest in displaced subcapital fractures (OTA 31B-3) with a 63% (13/19) prevalence of elevated alpha angle, 68% (14/19) prevalence of asphericity, and 47% (10/19) prevalence of retroversion.

Conclusions:

Prevalence of radiographic signs of impingement in this population is higher than expected based on population-based controls. Surgeons must be vigilant about reduction and fixation of femoral neck fractures. Malunion should be recognized as early intervention may be beneficial in improving long-term outcomes.