RP-HPLC法测定血竭骨刺康胶囊中血竭素的含量

目的建立测定血竭骨刺康胶囊中血竭素含量的方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法。色谱柱为kromasilCls（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相：乙腈（A）-0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾（B）,梯度洗脱（0-20min35％-60％A）,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长为440am,柱温：30％。结果血竭素高氯酸盐在0．408-2．040μg内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0．9998;平均回收率为96．5％,RSD=1．3（n=5）。结论本方法可用于血竭骨刺康胶囊的质量控制。     

骨折挫伤胶囊中血竭素的含量测定研究

目的：建立骨折挫伤胶囊中血竭素的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱：C18柱,乙腈-0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钠溶液（45：55）为流动相,流速1．0ml／min,检测波长为440hm,柱温40℃。结果：血竭素在0．01μg～0．06μg范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为97．82％,RSD为1．0％（n=6）。结论：本法专属性强,灵敏度高,重现性好,可用于骨折挫伤胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定跌打活血胶囊中血竭素含量

目的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定跌打活血胶囊的血竭素含量。方法采用Thermo Hypersil—Keystone C18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钠（50：50），检测波长为440nm，柱温为40℃，流速为1mL／min。结果血竭素进样量在0．01464-0．30744μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r=0．9999，平均加样回收率为98．66％，RSD=1．65％（n=6）。结论HPLC法准确、简便，可用于跌打活血胶囊的质量控制。     

国产血竭中龙血素A和龙血素B的含量测定及两者的相关性分析

目的：RP—HPLC法测定不同品牌国产龙血竭中龙血素A和龙血素B的含量，并对龙血素A和龙血素B含量进行相关性分析。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法，乙腈—冰醋酸(1—90)(40：60)为流动相，流速：1．0ml／min；UV检测波长：270nm；柱温：室温。结果：龙血素A浓度4～24μg／ml范围内和峰面积呈线性相关，回归方程Y=855．8 8037．1X(r=O．9999)；龙血素B在20～120μg／ml范围内和峰面积呈线性相关，回归方程为Y=219．3 8081．8X(r=O．9999)。结论：所洲6种国产血竭样品中龙血素B含量均未达到部颂标准的规定，龙血素A的含量明显高于龙血素B的含量，龙血素A和龙血素B的含量呈现明显的相关性。     

龙血竭的化学成分的鉴别

目的：依照龙血竭药材的国家标准规定的方法,对龙血竭原药材进行定性鉴别。方法：本文中实验方法主要采用硅胶柱色谱法,聚酰胺柱色谱法对龙血竭中的化学成分进行分离。TLC化学成分进行定性鉴别。结果：原药材在284nm±2nm处的吸收值在0．4以上,符合龙血竭药材国家标准中,在284±2nm处吸收值不低于0．4的规定。结论：依照龙血竭的国家标准对龙血竭药材作了定性鉴别。确定本次实验中所用原药材确定为龙血竭药材,并且质量合格。     

RP-HPLC测定龙血竭胶囊中龙血素A和B的含量

目的：建立RP-HPLC测定龙血竭胶囊中龙血素A和B的含量。方法：以C18反相键合硅胶为固定相，乙腈-1％冰醋酸（34.5：65.5）为流动相，检测波长为280nm，用外标法定量。结果：龙血素A在9.8-250ng范围有良好线性关系，r=0.9996，方法回收率为97.68％；龙血素B在10.8-216ng范围有良好线性关系，r=0.9993，方法回收率为96.77％。结论：本方法是测定龙血竭胶囊中龙血素A和B含量的简便、快速、可靠的定量方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定龙血竭胶囊中紫檀芯氐的含量

目的；建立反相高效液相色谱法（RP－HPLC）法测定龙血竭胶囊中紫檀芪的含量。方法：以C18反相键合硅胶为固定相，乙腈－1％冰醋酸（41：59）为流动相，检测波长为305nm，用外标法定量。结果：紫檀芪在5．2－62．4ng范围有良好线性关系，r=0.9993,方法回收率为97．49％，RSD为2．46％。结论：本方法是测定龙血竭胶囊中紫檀芪含量的可靠、简便的定量方法。     

HPLC法测定骨筋丸胶囊中血竭素高氯酸盐的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法对骨筋丸胶囊进行含量测定。方法：选用Hypersil ODS分析柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（45：55），流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长：440nm。结果：血竭素高氯酸盐在0．14～1．40μg内线性关系良好（r=0．9997），平均回收率为98．3％，RSD=0．7％n=6）。结论：方法简便、快速、准确，能有效控制骨筋丸胶囊质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定大七厘散中血竭素含量

目的建立血竭素的含量测定方法，控制大七厘散的质量。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Hyper Clone BDS C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钠溶液（35：65），检测波长440nm，柱温35℃，流速1mL／min。结果血竭素高氯酸盐质量浓度在2．96—14．80μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均加样回收率为98．54％。RSD=1．36％（n=6）。结论HPLC法方便、快速、准确，可用于大七厘散的质量控制。     

口腔溃疡膜中血竭的鉴别和含量测定

目的：建立口腔溃疡膜中血竭的鉴别和含量测定的方法。方法：用薄层色谱法鉴别口腔溃疡膜中的血竭;用高效液相色谱法测定血竭含量,色谱柱为Varian C18（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（50：50）,检测波长为440nm,流速为0．6ml·min^-1。结果：薄层斑点明显,血竭素进样量在0．09～1．08μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为99．22％（RSD=1．46％）。结论：本方法操作简便,结果可靠,重复性好,可用于口腔溃疡膜的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.