Sarcopenia and Appendicular Muscle Mass as Predictors of Impaired Fasting Glucose/Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Women

Elderly women exhibit a high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but no definitive data exist about the possible role of postmenopausal increases in visceral adiposity, the loss of lean body mass, or decreases in the sum of the lean mass of arms and legs (appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)). This retrospective, longitudinal study investigated whether body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) predicted the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or T2D in a cohort of 159 elderly women (age: 71 ± 5 years, follow-up: 94 months) from southern Italy (Clinical Nutrition and Geriatric Units of the “Mater Domini” University Hospital in Catanzaro, Calabria region, and the “P. Giaccone ”University Hospital in Palermo, Sicily region). Sarcopenia was defined in a subgroup of 128 women according to the EWGSOP criteria as the presence of low muscle strength (handgrip strength <16 kg) plus low muscle mass (reported as appendicular skeletal muscle mass <15 kg). Participants with a low ASMM had a higher IFG/T2D incidence than those with a normal ASMM (17% vs. 6%, p-adjusted = 0.044); this finding was independent of BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and habitual fat intake (OR = 3.81, p = 0.034). A higher incidence of IFG/T2D was observed in the subgroup with sarcopenia than those without sarcopenia (33% vs. 7%, p-adjusted = 0.005) independent of BMI and fat mass (OR = 6.75, p = 0.007). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that elderly women with low ASMM had a higher probability of developing IFG/T2D. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in men and in other age groups.     

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Few studies have examined the association between Asian dietary pattern and prediabetes, in particular, the Chinese diet. We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify dietary patterns associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) which considered a state of prediabetes in Chinese men. The study included 1495 Chinese men aged 20 to 75 years. Information about diet was obtained using an 81-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 21 predefined food groups were considered in a factor analysis. Three dietary patterns were generated by factor analysis: (1) a vegetables-fruits pattern; (2) an animal offal-dessert pattern; and (3) a white rice-red meat pattern. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of IFG for the highest tertile of the animal offal-dessert pattern in comparison with the lowest tertile was 3.15 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87–5.30). The vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of IFG, but a significant association was observed only in the third tertile. There was no significant association between IFG and the white rice-red meat pattern. Our findings indicated that the vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was inversely associated with IFG, whereas the animal offal-dessert pattern was associated with an increased risk of IFG in Chinese men. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the diet-prediabetes relationships.     

格列齐特药物治疗下2型糖尿病患者血糖控制水平影响因素研究

目的探讨格列齐特药物治疗下2型糖尿病患者血糖控制水平的影响因素的相互关系和作用大小。方法该研究为多中心研究,选择北京、汕头两地符合纳入标准的糖尿病患者,调查基线资料。按照给药方案进行为期60d的格列齐特药物治疗,并每周进行随访,收集随访资料。基线调查包括人口学资料、生活习惯、身高、体重等。随访资料包括药物依从性,空腹血糖、餐后血糖等。采用SPSS16.0和AMOS7.0进行数据分析。结果最终进入多重线性模型的变量为:第1天空腹血糖水平、低血糖次数、体育锻炼情况、饮食控制情况。各变量标准化回归系数分别为:0.479,-0.093,-0.089,-0.086。通径分析显示,模型经检验拟合良好,第1天空腹血糖水平、饮食控制情况、体育锻炼情况、低血糖次数、药物依从性对于第57天空腹血糖水平的总效应分别为0.481,-0.084,-0.080,-0.093,-0.004。结论加强饮食控制和体育锻炼、减少低血糖发生次数、提高药物依从性有助于提高2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖控制水平。而提高药物依从性可减少低血糖发生次数。基线空腹血糖水平较低有利于提高后期血糖控制水平,减少低血糖发生次数。     

空腹血糖受损切点下调对糖调节受损患病率影响的调查

目的 探讨下调空腹血糖受损切点后,本地区糖调节受损(IGR)患病情况分布的变化.方法 选择2010年至2011年在我院进行健康体检者784例,按不同空腹血糖水平进行分组,分析患者IGR分布的变化情况.结果 空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调后,空腹血糖受损患病例数增加85例,空腹血糖受损患病率由14％增至25％,两者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=88.3,P＜0.05);正常糖耐量由57.9％降至46.9％,两者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=48.2,P＜0.05).空腹血糖5.6～6.0 mmol/L组与＜5.6mmol/L组及与6.1 ～ 6.9 mmol/L组比较,在超重或肥胖、高血压、高血脂、脂肪肝及心电图异常方面比较,P＜0.05.结论 本地区IGR患者分布显著受空腹血糖受损切点下调影响,对于新增单纯空腹血糖受损人群应及早进行干预或治疗.     

High Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose Among Chinese Immigrants in New York City

Asians have an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, despite relatively low prevalence of obesity in this population. Asian American is a diverse population and there are yet limited data on the prevalence of diabetes among different Asian subgroups and existing studies are limited by small sample size. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in this population among Chinese Americans, the largest Asian subgroup in the US. Our study population consisted 2,071 individuals (52.8% women; mean age: 52.7 ± 13.8 years and mean body mass index (BMI): 23.9 ± 3.2 kg/m²) living in New York City. Data on sociodemographic factors, anthropometric measurements and medical history is obtained during a 1 day clinic visit. In addition, a fasting blood sample was collected to perform measurements on plasma glucose and lipids. Diabetes was defined as self-reported treatment or a fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl) and IFG was defined as fasting glucose of 100–125 mg/dl. The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes in this population was 8.6% and that of IFG was 34.6%. The prevalence of IFG/diabetes was high (38.3%) even among those with low BMI by Asian standards (<23.0 kg/m²) and showed a linear increasing trend with increasing waist circumference. These data suggest a high prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in Chinese immigrants even among individuals with normal BMI. Future studies should focus on evaluating the mechanisms of increased susceptibility of IFG and diabetes in this population.     

克拉玛依人群糖耐量低减和2型糖尿病发病的危险因素

目的探讨与克拉玛依人群糖耐量低减 (IGT)和 2型糖尿病发病有关的危险因素。方法对克拉玛依市参加过1994～ 1995年全国糖尿病普查的 2 0 8例曾进行饮食问卷者进行饮食和临床分析 (其中正常糖耐量 87例 ,IGT5 4例 ,新诊断糖尿病 6 7例。)结果 IGT组和新诊断糖尿病组饮食总热量 ,蛋白质 ,脂肪 ,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸摄入 ;以及体质指数 (BMI)、血空腹胰岛素和甘油三酯水平均明显高于正常组 (P分别 <0 .0 5和 <0 .0 1)。 L ogistic逐步回归分析显示 BMI和脂肪摄入与 IGT、糖尿病发病显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。结论肥胖、高脂肪饮食是克拉玛依人群IGT和 2型糖尿病发病的危险因素。合理的膳食和运动、很好的控制体重对预防 IGT和 2型糖尿病发病十分重要     

Effect of Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance on Digestive Enzymes and Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine of Young Rats

The reactions of intestinal functional parameters to type 2 diabetes at a young age remain unclear. The study aimed to assess changes in the activity of intestinal enzymes, glucose absorption, transporter content (SGLT1, GLUT2) and intestinal structure in young Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). To induce these conditions in the T2D (n = 4) and IGT (n = 6) rats, we used a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin. Rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (n = 6) or a standard diet (SCD) (n = 6) were used as controls. The results showed that in T2D rats, the ability of the small intestine to absorb glucose was higher in comparison to HFD rats (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by a tendency towards an increase in the number of enterocytes on the villi of the small intestine in the absence of changes in the content of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the brush border membrane of the enterocytes. T2D rats also showed lower maltase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in the jejunal mucosa compared to the IGT rats (p < 0.05) and lower AP activity in the colon contents compared to the HFD (p < 0.05) and IGT (p < 0.05) rats. Thus, this study provides insights into the adaptation of the functional and structural parameters of the small intestine in the development of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in young representatives.     

Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose Prediction Using Anthropometric Indices in Adults from Maracaibo City,Venezuela

To determine the predictive power of various anthropometric indices for the identification of dysglycemic states in Maracaibo, Venezuela. A cross-sectional study with randomized, multi-staged sampling was realized in 2230 adult subjects of both genders who had their body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist–height ratio (WHR) determined. Diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were made following ADA 2015 criteria. ROC curves were used to evaluate the predictive power of each anthropometric parameter. Area under the curve (AUC) values were compared through Delong’s test. Of the total 2230 individuals (52.6 % females), 8.4 % were found to have DM2, and 19.5 % had IFG. Anthropometric parameters displayed greater predictive power regarding newly diagnosed diabetics, where WHR was the most important predictor in both females (AUC = 0.808; CI 95 % 0.715–0.900. Sensitivity: 82.8 %; specificity: 76.2 %) and males (AUC = 0.809; CI 95 % 0.736–0.882. Sensitivity: 78.6 %; specificity: 68.1 %), although all three parameters appeared to have comparable predictive power in this subset. In previously diagnosed diabetic subjects, WHR was superior to both WC and BMI in females, and WHR and WC were both superior to BMI in males. Lower predictive values were found for IFG in both genders. Accumulation of various altered anthropometric measurements was associated with increased odds ratios for both newly and previously diagnosed DM2. The predictive power of anthropometric measurements was greater for DM2 than IFG. We suggest assessment of as many available parameters as possible in the clinical setting.     

空腹血糖在2型糖尿病高危人群中的分布规律及其筛检糖尿病的价值

目的 :了解 2型糖尿病高危人群空腹血糖分布规律及其对糖尿病的筛检价值。方法 :对无糖尿病症状的6 80例 2型糖尿病高危人群行 75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验 ,对其空腹血糖水平分组分析 ,并评价不同水平空腹血糖对糖尿病的筛检价值。结果 :糖尿病、糖耐量低减和糖耐量正常的发生率分别为 19.85 %、2 0 .14%和 6 0 .0 0 % ;空腹血糖均值分别为 ( 6 .30± 0 .93) mm ol/ L、( 5 .2 5± 0 .83 ) mm ol/ L和 ( 4.5 6± 0 .74) mm ol/ L ( P值均 <0 .0 5 ) ;空腹血糖95 %的可信区间分别为 6 .10～ 6 .6 5 m mol/ L ,5 .2 0～ 5 .5 5 m mol/ L和 4.6 1～ 4.88m mol/ L。评价筛检试验显示在糖尿病高危人群中各指标在空腹血糖≥ 6 .0 m mol/ L或≥ 6 .5 mmol/ L时对糖尿病的综合预测价值略优于空腹血糖≥ 7.0 mmol/ L。结论 :在高危人群中筛检糖尿病效能较高 ,空腹血糖仍不失为发现糖尿病的早期简便方法 ,在糖尿病高危人群中空腹血糖仍可以反应糖代谢的变化趋势     

正常糖耐量、糖耐量减低和2型糖尿病人群中胰岛素分泌功能分析

目的通过对糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验的对比分析,探讨对2型糖尿病（T2DM）的诊断与治疗的临床意义。方法对内蒙古医学院附属人民医院新诊断T2DM服用药物治疗的患者123例和79例非糖尿病患者,服用100g馒头餐或75g葡萄糖粉,采用MAIA法（磁性分离酶联免疫法）测定胰岛素水平,氧化酶法测定糖耐量。按糖耐量测定结果分3组：糖耐量正常（NGT）组、糖耐量减低（IGT）组、T2DM组。结果T2TM空腹血糖、胰岛素明显高于NGT组,胰岛素在餐后2h达高峰,餐后3h不能恢复基础水平,二者曲线明显后移。结论IGT为胰岛素早期分泌受损,DM患者兼有严重的胰岛素抵抗（IR）和β细胞缺陷。     

某高校教工健康体检空腹血糖受损及其代谢情况分析

目的调查高校教工健康体检人群空腹血糖受损情况及其与血脂血尿酸水平的关系。方法对3104人的体检资料进行统计分析,比较空腹血糖受损组与正常血糖组之间的血脂血尿酸水平并进行相关性分析。结果空腹血糖受损（IFG）阳性率为9.4%,IFG组的血脂水平显著高于正常血糖组（P=0.000）;血脂等代谢紊乱是IFG的危险因素。结论 IFG是2型糖尿病及大血管病变的危险因素。     

我国成人糖尿病患病率和空腹血糖受损率估计

目的估计我国18岁以上居民的糖尿病和空腹血糖受损患病率及其95%CI,并探讨加权调整对点估计值的影响。方法对2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查得到的复杂样本加权调整,分别利用SAS9.2软件和SUDAAN10.0.1软件,计算我国18岁以上居民的糖尿病患病率和空腹血糖受损患病率,并使用泰勒级数法估计其方差和95%CI。结果我国18岁以上居民的糖尿病患病率及其95%CI为2.49%(2.23%～2.75%),空腹血糖受损患病率及其95%CI为1.51%(1.33%～1.69%)。结论糖尿病患病率和空腹血糖受损患病率均低于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告中的结果(2.60%和1.90%)。对于复杂样本,患病率的非加权和加权估计的结果不一致;加权方法的不同,患病率的点估计值亦不同。     

Smoking Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity,Not Overall Obesity,in Men With Type 2 Diabetes

Objectives

Abdominal obesity increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and there is a possibility that smoking effects obesity. However, previous studies concerning the effects of smoking on obesity are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine whether smoking is positively related to abdominal obesity in men with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Subjects consisted of 2197 type 2 diabetic patients who visited Huh''s Diabetes Center from 2003 to 2009. Indices of abdominal obesity were defined as visceral fat thickness (VFT) measured by ultrasonography and waist circumference (WC). Overall obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI).

Results

Statistically significant differences in WC and VFT by smoking status were identified. However, there was no statistical difference in BMI according to smoking status. Means of WC and VFT were not significantly higher in heavy smokers and lower in mild smokers. Compared to nonsmokers, the BMI confounder adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for VFT in ex-smokers and current-smokers were 1.70 (1.21 to 2.39) and 1.86 (1.27 to 2.73), respectively.

Conclusions

Smoking status was positively associated with abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Determinants of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Among Low Income Latinos with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes

The objective of this study was to identify demographic, socio-economic, acculturation, lifestyle, sleeping pattern, and biomedical determinants of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), among Latinos with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Latino adults (N = 211) with T2D enrolled in the DIALBEST trial were interviewed in their homes. Fasting blood samples were also collected in the participants’ homes. Because all participants had poor glucose control, above-median values for FPG (173 mg/dl) and HbA1c (9.2%) were considered to be indicative of poorer glycemic control. Multivariate analyses showed that receiving heating assistance (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 0.96–4.96), and having a radio (3.11, 1.16–8.35), were risk factors for higher FPG levels, and lower income (10.4, 1.54–69.30) was a risk factor for higher HbA1c levels. Lower carbohydrate intake during the previous day (0.04; 0.005–0.37), as well as regular physical activity (0.30; 0.13–0.69), breakfast (2.78; 1.10–6.99) and dinner skipping (3.9; 1.03–14.9) during previous week were significantly associated with FPG concentrations. Being middle aged (2.24, 1.12–4.47), 30–60 min of sleep during the day time (0.07, 0.01–0.74) and having medical insurance (0.31, 0.10–0.96) were predictors of HbA1c. Results suggest that contemporaneous lifestyle behaviors were associated with FPG and contextual biomedical factors such as health care access with HbA1c. Lower socio-economic status indicators were associated with poorer FPG and HbA1c glycemic control.     

空腹血糖水平影响2型糖尿病患者心肌梗死的发生及其严重程度

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖水平与心肌梗死发生及严重程度的关系。方法经冠状动脉造影证实有冠心病的161例2型糖尿病患者（合并心肌梗死61例），根据其空腹血糖水平分为4组：≤6．1、6.2～7．6、7.7～10．0和〉10.0mmol／L，观察心梗死的患病率和心肌酶谱的水平。结果随着空腹血糖水平升高，心肌梗死患病率增加（P〈0.05），心肌酶水平明显升高，空腹血糖水平与心肌酶水平呈显著正相关，Logistic回归分析显示心肌梗死与空腹血糖水平密切相关。结论空腹血糖水平明显地影响2型糖尿病患者心肌梗死的发生及其严重程度。     

波动性高血糖对2型糖尿病患者周围神经病变的影响

目的探讨血糖波动对2型糖尿病周围神经病变的影响。方法对202例2型糖尿病患者进行Michigan糖尿病神经病变症状评分、体征评分和神经电生理检测,根据血糖变异系数分为持续性高血糖组和波动性高血糖组,分析不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平时两组周围神经病变发生情况和严重程度。结果 HbA1C≥9%时,波动性高血糖组神经病变发生率(44.9%)、Michigan糖尿病神经病变症状评分(2.42±2.38)和体征评分(1.76±1.45)均高于持续性高血糖组(分别为30.4%,0.60±0.83,0.80±1.39),差别有统计学意义(P0.05);腓总感觉神经传导速度[左侧(50.91±5.14)m/s,右侧(51.38±5.98)m/s]和腓总运动神经传导速度[左侧(45.72±4.53)m/s,右侧(44.90±3.56)m/s]低于持续性高血糖组[分别为左侧(54.13±5.82)m/s,右侧(54.43±5.27)m/s和左侧(47.17±3.66)m/s,右侧(47.40±3.57)m/s],差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论波动性高血糖增加2型糖尿病患者周围神经病变的发生率和严重性。     

Plasma Transthyretin Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Regulation in a Chinese Population

Plasma transthyretin may be engaged in glucose regulation. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma transthyretin levels and the risk of newly diagnosed T2DM and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) in a Chinese population. We conducted a case-control study including 1244 newly diagnosed T2DM patients, 837 newly diagnosed IGR patients, and 1244 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) matched by sex and age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to estimate the independent association of plasma transthyretin concentrations with the risk of T2DM and IGR. Plasma transthyretin concentrations were significantly higher in T2DM and IGR patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.005). After multiple adjustment and comparison with the lowest quartile of plasma transthyretin concentrations, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of T2DM and IGR in the highest quartile were 2.22 (1.66, 2.98) and 2.29 (1.72, 3.05), respectively. Plasma transthyretin concentrations also showed a great performance in predicting the risk of T2DM (AUC: 0.76). Moreover, a potential nonlinear trend was observed. Our results demonstrated that higher plasma transthyretin concentrations, especially more than 290 mg/L, were associated with an increased risk of T2DM and IGR. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and elucidate the potential mechanisms.