曼地亚红豆杉与南方红豆杉不同部位中紫杉醇含量比较研究

摘 要 目的： 比较曼地亚红豆杉和南方红豆杉不同部位抗癌活性成分紫杉醇的含量,为红豆杉资源开发利用提供依据。方法: 利用丙酮和乙酸乙酯混合溶剂提取有效成分,用中性Al₂O₃吸附柱色谱法粗提紫杉醇,用高效液相色谱法测定紫杉醇含量。结果: 曼地亚红豆杉各部位紫杉醇含量均高于南方红豆杉,根皮中紫杉醇含量最高,达0.043 9%,约是南方红豆杉茎皮中紫杉醇含量的88倍。结论:曼地亚红豆杉根皮、茎皮、叶、幼枝、果实中均含有紫杉醇,其含量高于南方红豆杉茎皮中紫杉醇含量,可以对曼地亚红豆杉进行综合开发利用。     

HPLC测定曼地亚红豆杉中的紫杉醇

目的 采用RP-HPLC法测定曼地亚红豆杉中紫杉醇的含量.方法 采用Diamond C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(52:48),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长227 mn,柱温30 ℃.结果 曼地亚红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的平均含量达0.0237%,该检测方法可将紫杉醇与其类似物分离.结论 曼地亚红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的含量较高,该检测方法稳定,可用于紫杉醇的快速定量测定.     

南方红豆杉与引种德国曼地亚红豆杉茎、叶中紫杉醇和10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ含量的比较

目的建立HPLC法同时测定并比较南方红豆杉与德国引种曼地亚红豆杉茎、叶中紫杉醇和10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ含量。方法采用Cosmasil TMC18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);以乙腈-水(50∶50)为流动相;流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为227nm;柱温:30℃。结果紫杉醇、10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ的线性范围分别为2.675⁴2.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 3)和3.87542.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 3)和3.875⁶2μg·mL-1(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为98.1%和101.6%,RSD分别为2.7%和2.3%。南方红豆杉与德国引种曼地亚红豆杉的茎、叶中紫杉醇含量分别为0.12和0.10mg·g-1,10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ含量分别为0.12和0.14mg·g-1。结论引种红豆杉与南方红豆杉在同一地区的生态环境下生长,茎、叶中所含紫杉醇和10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ含量有显著性差异(P<0.05)。所建立方法准确,简便,适用于红豆杉的质量评价,为不同栽培品种的选择提供参考。     

喜马拉雅红豆杉与曼地亚红豆杉中紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱含量比较

目的测定并比较维吾尔药材喜马拉雅红豆杉与人工栽培品种曼地亚红豆杉中紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱的含量。方法采用RP-HPLC色谱法梯度洗脱,色谱柱为Century SIL C18-EPS柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-水;流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为227nm;柱温为30℃。结果紫杉醇回归方程:Y=2.050 975×107 X+5 531.887,线性范围为0.042~1.69μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.0%,RSD=0.98%(n=6);三尖杉宁碱回归方程Y=1.806 535×107 X+3 046.378,线性范围为0.040~1.6μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为96.6%,RSD=2.97%(n=6),喜马拉雅红豆杉叶中三尖杉宁碱平均含量高于茎中含量,曼地亚红豆杉相反;两者叶中紫杉醇含量高于茎中含量,而曼地亚红豆杉茎叶中紫杉醇含量并不低于喜马拉雅红豆杉。结论该方法简便、准确、适用于红豆杉药材的质量评价。     

栽培曼地亚红豆杉针叶化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的对栽培于辽宁本溪的曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus media‘Hicksii’)针叶的化学成分进行研究。方法曼地亚红豆杉针叶的乙醇提取物经大孔树脂、硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,依据1H-NMR、13C-NMR、ESI-MS、HRESI-MS鉴定其结构。结果从曼地亚红豆杉针叶的乙醇提取物中分离纯化得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为二萜类化合物:5-cinnamoyl-9-acetyltaxicin-I(1)、5-cinnamoyl-10-acetyltaxicin-I(2)、5-去桂皮酰基紫杉宁J(3)、紫杉醇(4);黄酮类化合物:柚皮素(5);脂肪酸类:十六烷酸(6)。结论化合物1、2、5和6为首次从曼地亚红豆杉中分离得到。     

不同采集时间曼地亚红豆杉中紫杉醇含量分析

目的以引种5年生曼地亚红豆杉为材料,检测紫杉醇和前体含量的年变化规律。方法采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测不同采集时间曼地亚红豆杉枝叶中的紫杉醇含量。结果通过对紫杉醇含量的分析,其在0.1～1.6μg/mL具有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.01%,经固相萃取后紫杉醇能达到基线分离。经过一系列综合考虑,曼地亚红豆杉的最佳收割期为9月份。结论曼地亚红豆杉中紫杉醇的含量与采集季节相关,9月份为最佳采集季节。     

东北红豆杉茎、叶及愈伤组织中紫杉醇含量的比较

目的:比较东北红豆杉茎、叶及愈伤组织中紫杉醇的含量。方法:用甲醇-氯仿(1∶1)提取样品,二氯甲烷与水萃取提取物,高效液相色谱法测定样品中紫杉醇的含量。结果:东北红豆杉愈伤组织、茎、叶中紫杉醇的含量分别为0.01830%、0.00128%、0.00066%,愈伤组织中紫杉醇的含量高于茎、叶。结论:本试验对合理开发和利用东北红豆杉、保护红豆杉属植物资源具有积极意义。     

基于指纹图谱和网络药理学对曼地亚红豆杉质量标志物的分析研究

目的:基于指纹图谱和网络药理学方法,对曼地亚红豆杉质量标志物(Q-Marker)进行预测,建立基于Q-Marker的曼地亚红豆杉药材评价方法。方法:采用Waters SymmmetryShield^TM RP 18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长254 nm,进样体积10μL,建立8个年限24批曼地亚红豆杉药材指纹图谱并标定共有峰,采用层次聚类分析(hierarchical clustering analysis, HCA)进行分类评价,借助正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)筛选不同年限曼地亚红豆杉的主要差异性标志物;结合网络药理学,通过相应数据库筛选差异性标志物的核心靶点和关键通路,构建“成分-靶点-通路”网络图,以此预测曼地亚红豆杉的Q-Marker;采用HCA及主成分分析(principal component a...     

HPLC法测定南方红豆杉种子中紫杉醇的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱测定南方红豆杉种子中紫杉醇含量的方法.方法:采用Whatman C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5.0 μm) 色谱柱,柱温30℃;流动相为乙腈-水(35∶65-80∶20)30 min梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长227 nm.结果:紫杉醇的线性范围:8.5 ~ 51.0...     

栽培曼地亚红豆杉针叶化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的对栽培于我国辽宁本溪的曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus media)针叶的化学成分进行研究。方法采用大孔树脂、硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱及MDS柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,通过NMR数据分析鉴定化学结构。结果从曼地亚红豆杉针叶的乙醇提取物中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为二萜类化合物:紫杉宁(taxinine,1)、东北红豆杉素(taxacin,2)、紫杉欧吉酚(taxa-gifine,3)、2-去乙酰氧基紫杉宁J(2-deacetoxytzxinine J,4)、东北红豆杉素I5-O-桂皮酰基三乙酸酯(5-O-cinnamoyltaxacin I triacetate,5);黄酮类化合物:芹菜素(apigenin,6)、银杏双黄酮(ginkget-in,7)、金松双黄酮(sciadopitysin,8)。结论化合物2、5、7、8为首次从栽培曼地亚红豆杉针叶中分离得到。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.