人醛缩酶A单克隆抗体的制备及应用

纯化并鉴定了人醛缩酶Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ（ｈＡＬＤ－Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ）。用ｈＡＬＤ－Ａ免疫Ｂａｌｂ／Ｃ小鼠，将免疫的脾细胞和Ｐ＿３－Ｘ＿（６３）－Ａｇ８．６５３骨髓瘤细胞用ＰＥＧ进行融合，用ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选，ｈＡＬＤ－Ｂ、Ｃ作阴性对照，将阳性反应的杂交瘤细胞进行克隆，获得３株杂交瘤细胞株。其ＭｃＡｂ的亚类分别为ＩｇＧ２ｂ，ＩｇＧ１、ＩｇＭ，亲合常数分别为７．５×１０￣（１０）、３．５×１０￣９、２．３×１０￣９。３株细胞株分泌的单抗通过Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ得到证实。用亲合层析法从人肝癌细胞中提纯了ＡＬＤ－Ａ，ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示为单一区带，但其电泳迁移率较ｈＡＬＤ－Ａ滞后。     

重组人红细胞生成素单克隆抗体的制备

本文应用常规淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备了４株能稳定分泌抗人重组红细胞生成素（ｒＨｕＥＰＯ）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系ＢⅡ１Ｂ５、ＤⅡ６Ｂ９、ＭⅡ１Ｈ４和ＧＩ３Ｅ７。用鼠单克隆抗体分型试剂盒鉴定，其分泌的ＭｃＡｂ的类分别是ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ１和ＩｇＧ２ａ。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定细胞上清的效价为１×１０－２～１．２５×１０－４，腹水效价为１×１０－２～１×１０－８。培养上清经ＥＬＩＳＡ鉴定，与ＩＬ－２、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、ＩＦＮ－α等细胞因子均无交叉反应，只与ｒＨｕＥＰＯ特异性结合。     

抗口腔支原体,精氨酸支原体单克隆抗体的制备及其应用方法的初步研究

用口腔支原体，精氨酸支原体抗原免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取其脾细胞，与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞（Ｓｐ２／０）融合，获得了７株稳定分泌抗口腔支原体单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ），２株分泌抗精氨酸支原体ＭｃＡｂ的杂交瘤细胞株。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定其抗体效价可达１：１０＾３～１：１０＾７，９株ＭｃＡｂ中１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ，其余均为ＩｇＧ１。初步建立了ＥＬＩＳＡ检测支原体的方法。     

分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌C1型肠毒素杂交瘤细胞系的建立及初步应用

应用常规方法建立了３株稳定分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ１型肠毒素（ＳＥＣ１）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系Ｂ３、Ｃ４和Ｇ８。其中Ｂ３和Ｃ４均为ＩｇＧ１（ｋ），Ｇ８为ＩｇＧ２ａ（ｋ）。Ｂ３和Ｇ８与ＳＥＡ，ＳＥＢ及ＳＥＤ均无交叉反应；Ｃ４虽与ＳＥＡ和ＳＥＤ无交叉反应，但与ＳＥＢ有交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水效价为１０＾－５～１０＾－８。应用识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳ     

降钙素基因相关肽单克隆抗体的研制及初步鉴定

以人工合成的降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）－牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）偶联物（ＣＧＲＰ－ＢＳＡ）为免疫原，用微量脾内免疫法免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠。取其免疫脾细胞与小鼠Ｓｐ２／０骨髓瘤细胞融合，经间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选、３次克隆化后，获得３株能稳定分泌抗ＣＧＲＰ单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞３Ｂ４、７Ｅ１１和８Ｆ２。用琼脂双扩散法鉴定，３Ｂ４为ＩｇＧｌ亚类，７Ｅ１１和８Ｆ２均为ＩｇＭ类。杂交瘤细胞的染色体条数在９２￣     

分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌C1型肠毒素杂交瘤细胞系的建立及初步应用

应用常规方法建立了３株稳定分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ１型肠毒素（ＳＥＣ１）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系Ｂ３、Ｃ４和Ｇ８。其中Ｂ３和Ｃ４均为ＩｇＧ１（ｋ），Ｇ８为ＩｇＧ２ａ（ｋ）。Ｂ３和Ｇ８与ＳＥＡ、ＳＥＢ及ＳＥＤ均无交叉反应；Ｃ４虽与ＳＥＡ和ＳＥＤ无交叉反应，但与ＳＥＢ有交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水效价为１０－５～１０－８。应用识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＳＥＣ１，敏感性可达１ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

抗HBeAg单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

为获得能替代抗ＨＢｅＡｇ多克隆酶标记抗体做ＥＬＩＳＡ，我们用纯化的ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性血清，免疫Ｂａ１ｂ／ｃ小鼠，采用杂交瘤技术，获得８株能稳定分泌小鼠抗ＨＢｅＡｇｍＡｂ的杂交瘤细胞。对其特性进行了初步鉴定，并就这些单克隆抗体（ｍＡｂ）在ＥＬＩＳＡ反应中的特性进行了分析。１　材料和方法１－１　材料　ｅ抗原阳性的人血清经亲和层析纯化的ＨＢｅＡｇ，由本室收集并纯化。Ｂａ１ｂ／ｃ小鼠，购自上海西普尔－必凯实验动物有限公司。小鼠Ｓｐ２／０骨髓瘤细胞，由中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所提供。１－２　杂交瘤细胞株的…     

抗B-CLL Id x抗CD3双特异性抗体的制备及其特性研究

应用无筛选标记细胞株杂交瘤·杂交瘤细胞直接融合法制备了２株分泌抗慢性Ｂ淋巴细胞白血病（Ｂ－ＣＬＬ）Ｉｄｘ抗ＣＤ３双特异性抗体（ＢｓＡｂ）的四价体瘤细胞株。采用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ试验与间接免疫荧光试验证明了该ＢｓＡｂ能分别与Ｂ－ＣＬＬ患者血清及带ＣＤ３标记的细胞特异性结合,经细胞结合试验证明该ＢｓＡｂ同时具备与Ｉｄ及ＣＤ３两种抗原结合能力,经酶桥联法证明该ＢｓＡｂ亚类为ＩｇＧ１×ＩｇＧ２ａ,用ＭＴＴ法证实ＢｓＡｂ能诱导Ｔ细胞活化增殖     

分泌抗rHuIL—6McAb杂交瘤细胞系的建立及其应用研究

应用常规方法建立了４株稳定分泌抗重组人ＩＬ－６（ｒＨｕＩＬ－６）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）小鼠杂交瘤细胞系１Ｈ３、２Ａ１０、３Ａ３和４Ｂ１。其中，１Ｈ３为ＩｇＧ２ｂ（Ｋ），２Ａ１０为ＩｇＧ１（Ｋ），３Ａ３和４Ｂ１为ＩｇＧ２ａ（Ｋ）。４株ＭｃＡｂ特异性强，与细胞因子ＩＬ－１β、ＩＬ－３、ＩＬ－８、ＴＮＦ－α、ＧＭ－ＳＣＦ、ＩＣＡＭ－１，以及受体菌菌体蛋白成分均无交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水ＭｃＡ     

抗凝血酶受体单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

采用杂交瘤技术，获得了４株稳定分泌抗凝血酶受体单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）杂交瘤细胞株。４株ＭｃＡｂ均为ＩｇＧ１κ链。ＥＬＩＳＡ交叉试验结果表明，该ＭｃＡｂ不与人凝血酶、凝血酶原和ＨＣＶ多肽反应。４株杂交瘤细胞培养上清液效价为３．２×１０－２～１．２８×１０－３，腹水效价为１．６×１０－６～５．１２×１０－７。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.