再生障碍性贫血T细胞亚群及NK细胞活性测定与疗效的关系

本文报道２０例再障患者ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋比值显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＫ细胞活性显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。其中１０例经ＣＳＡ和ＡＯｄｒｉｏｌ（安雄）治疗，８例疗效好的患者ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋比值和ＮＫ细胞活性显著升高，提示测定ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋比值及ＮＫ细胞活性可作为观察再障疗效的一个指标。     

PHA－LAK与常规LAK细胞生物学特性的比较

本文对来自正常人Ｏ型外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）,经ＰＨＡ预刺激４８小时,然后用ｒＩＬ－２诱导的ＬＡＫ细胞（ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ）和直接用ｒＩＬ－２诱导的常规制备的ＬＡＫ细胞的生物学特性进行了比较。结果表明ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ和常规ＬＡＫ在细胞形态、核型和细胞化学等方面均相似;而在增殖能力、体外存活时间、细胞毒活性方面ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ明显优于常规ＬＡＫ。ＦＡＣＳ表型分析表明：ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ的表型以ＣＤ３＋ＣＤ８＋为主,而常规ＬＡＫ则以ＣＤ３＋ＮＫＨ￣＋＿１为主,且ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫＩＬ－２Ｒ的表达水平高于常规ＬＡＫ。采用ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ可较好地解决ＬＡＫ细胞的数量和活性问题,这在ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ疗法中有重要的实用价值。     

重型乙型肝炎患者β2—微球蛋白的检测及意义

对３１例重型乙肝炎患者用放射免疫分析法检测血清中β２－Ｍ含量，并用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测肝内β２－Ｍ、ＨＢＡｇ和Ｔ细胞亚群的表达与分布。结果发现重型肝炎血清中β２－Ｍ含量显著增高，且与病情轻重相关；肝内浸润细胞中ＣＤ＾８＋细胞占优势，提示肝内β２－Ｍ、ＨＢｓＡｇ表达及ＣＤ＾８＋细胞的浸润与细胞损伤有关。     

PHA－LAK与常规LAK细胞生物学特性的比较

本文对来自正常人Ｏ型外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）,经ＰＨＡ预刺激４８小时,然后用ｒＩＬ－２诱导的ＬＡＫ细胞（ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ）和直接用ｒＩＬ－２诱导的常规制备的ＬＡＫ细胞的生物学特性进行了比较。结果表明ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ和常规ＬＡＫ在细胞形态、核型和细胞化学等方面均相似;而在增殖能力、体外存活时间、细胞毒活性方面ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ明显优于常规ＬＡＫ。ＦＡＣＳ表型分析表明：ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ的表型以ＣＤ３＋ＣＤ８＋为主,而常规ＬＡＫ则以ＣＤ３＋ＮＫＨ￣＋＿１为主,且ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫＩＬ－２Ｒ的表达水平高于常规ＬＡＫ。采用ＰＨＡ－ＬＡＫ可较好地解决ＬＡＫ细胞的数量和活性问题,这在ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ疗法中有重要的实用价值。     

慢性肝病患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化

本文采用流式细胞仪对５１例慢性肝病患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群进行了测定。结果发现慢性活动性肝为（ＣＡＨ）、慢性迁延性肝炎（ＣＰＨ）和肝炎后肝硬化（ＨＣ）患者与正常对照相比，ＮＫ数量明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），Ｄ４＾＋和ＣＤ３＾＋数量均明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＡＨ的ＣＤ８＾＋数量明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），且ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＨＣ的ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值下降（Ｐ〈０     

抗氧化剂PDTC抑制氧化的低密度脂蛋白诱导的人肾小球系膜细胞NF_(-k)B活化

目的 研究氧化的低密度脂蛋白（Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ）对体外培养的人肾小球系膜细胞（ＨＭＣ）核因子－ＫＢ（ＮＦ－ＫＢ）活化的影响，以及抗氧化剂毗咯二硫氨基甲酸酯（Ｐ ＤＴＣ）对ＮＦ－ＫＢ活化的抑制作用，探讨ＯＸ－ＬＤＬ介导肾损害的基因调控机制及抗氧化剂ＰＤＴＣ防治脂质肾损害的可能性。方法 将Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ或ＰＤＴＣ与ＨＭＣ共培养后，提取细胞核蛋白进行凝胶迁移率变动分析（ＥＭＳＡ）检测ＮＦ－ＫＢ的活化，用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测细胞内ＩＫＢα蛋白含量的变化，反映ＩＫＢα的降解及免疫组化染色检测细胞内的Ｐ６５向核转位。结果 正常对照组未见ＮＦ－ＫＢ活化，当用不同浓度（１０、２５、５０及１００ｍｇ／Ｌ）的Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ，刺激肾小球系膜细胞 ｌｈ后，均可引起细胞 ＮＦ－ＫＢ活化及 ＩＫＢα降解。与对只组相卜较差异显著（ｐ＜０．０５），以５０ｍｇ／Ｌ 的ＯＸ－ＬＤＬ刺激ＨＭＣ１ｈ，ＮＦ－ＫＢ活化及 ＩＫＢα降解最明显。ＮＦ－ＫＢ活化的同时，伴有Ｐ６５由胞浆向胞核的转位。１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＤＴＣ，能明显抑制 ＮＦ－ＫＢ的活化、ＩＫＢα降解（ｐ＜０．０１）及 Ｐ６５的核转位。结论Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ。能诱导ＨＭＣ的ＩＫＢαａ降解、Ｐ６５的核转位，最终使Ｎ     

抗人黑素瘤双特异性抗体增强LAK细胞毒效应的实验研究

抗肿瘤单克隆抗体的高度特异性与杀伤细胞对肿瘤的细胞毒效应相互结合起来，是增强ＬＡＫ细胞抗肿瘤作用的重要途径。本研究用化学连接法制备了既可识别淋巴细胞表面ＣＤ３抗原又可识别ＬｉＢｒ黑素瘤细胞表面肿瘤相关抗原的双特异性抗体ＣＤ３－ＨＢ８７５９。ＦＡＣＳ分析证实，ＣＤ３－ＨＢ８７５９具有结合两种抗原的活性，４ｈ＾５１Ｃｒ释放细胞毒实验结果表明，ＣＤ３－ＨＢ８７５９在诱导相可显著增强ＬＡＫ对ＬｉＢｒ细胞的     

慢性乙型肝炎,肝硬化患者外周血LAK细胞活性和sIL—2R测定的意义

采用＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ释放法测定５１例慢性肝病患者（ＣＰＨ１０例、ＣＡＨ２３例、ＬＣ１８例）外周血ＬＡＫ细胞活性，并用酶联法测定患者血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ含量；与２９例正常对照组比较，发现肝病患者ＬＡＫ活性降低，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性组ＬＡＫ活性较阴性组低（Ｐ〈０．０５），ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高，且慢性肝病组ＬＡＫ活性与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平呈负相关，说明ＬＡＫ活性与机体免疫功能状态有关，ＨＢＶ的复制和高浓度的ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ     

人外周血树突状细胞在LAK抗HPBALL细胞中作用的研究

为探讨树突状细胞（ＤＣ）在ＬＡＫ抗ＨＰＢＡＬＬ细胞中的作用，采用多因素、多水平的杀伤试验，同时以光镜、电镜观察ＤＣ、ＬＡＫ、ＨＰＢＡＬＬ相互作用的形态特征及ＤＮＡ断端标记法检测瘤细胞是否凋亡。结果表明：（１）ＤＣ无直接杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ作用。（２）５×１０５～１×１０７／ＬＤＣ有增强不同Ｅ／ＴＬＡＫ杀伤活性的趋势，而１×１０７～５×１０７／ＬＤＣ对ＬＡＫ活性有抑制趋势。（３）ＤＣ、ＬＡＫ杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ的最佳组合条件为：ＤＣ培养４ｄ、浓度５×１０６／Ｌ，ＬＡＫＥ／Ｔ＝１０／１，ｒＩＬ－２＝０。（４）光镜、电镜下均可见ＤＣ的突起与ＬＡＫ、ＨＰＢＡＬＬ细胞紧密接触形成细胞簇。（５）ＤＮＡ断端标记法显示瘤细胞呈末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶阳性反应。结论：ＤＣ对ＬＡＫ杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ活性具有双向调节作用     

异型反应性CD4^＋T淋巴细胞在MHC—I类分子差异的？…

目的 离体实验中，异型反应性ＣＤ４＾＋Ｔ淋巴细胞可以通过识别由受体抗原提呈细胞（ＡＰＣ）提呈的异体ＭＨＣ－Ｉ类抗原这一“间接途径”崦活化增殖。在体内是否能导致ＭＨＣ－Ｉ类分子差异的异体移植排斥反应值得研究。方法 ＣＤ８基因被剔除的小鼠（ｋｎｏｃｋｏｕｔ ｍｉｃｅ）体内９９％以上的Ｔ淋巴细胞为ＣＤ４＾＋Ｔ细胞。将ＭＨＣ－Ｉ类分子发生基因变异的Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠（Ｂ６Ｋ＾ｂｍｌ，Ｈ－２＾ｂｍｌ，Ｋ＾ｂ     

NK细胞和NKT细胞在病毒性肝炎中的作用

NK细胞(Natural killer cells)和NKT细胞(Natural killer T cells)参与机体的天然免疫反应。NK细胞在肝炎病毒感染的早期免疫反应中起到重要作用,而慢性病毒性肝炎患者NK细胞功能降低。另外,动物实验显示NKT细胞可致肝组织损伤并能抑制肝炎病毒的复制。因此通过调节NK细胞和NKT细胞的功能治疗病毒性肝炎将有可能成为一种新的策略。     

Changes in natural immunity during the course of HIV-1 infection.

The role of natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in AIDS has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to determine inducible LAK cell responses at different stages of HIV-1 infection, and specifically to establish the participation of CD8 lymphocytes in these responses. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated from healthy seronegative (CDC-0) subjects and HIV-1+ individuals who were clinically asymptomatic (Centre for Disease Control group 2, CDC-2) or symptomatic (CDC-4) with regard to secondary opportunistic infection (OI). LAK cells were generated upon incubation of PBL with IL-2 and their cytolysis of K562 and U-937 targets was determined using chromium release assays. The role of CD8+ lymphocytes as progenitors and effectors of these LAK cell responses was determined by immunomagnetic depletion of CD8+ cells from precursor PBL and LAK cells, respectively. LAK cell-mediated cytotoxicities in HIV-1-infected individuals were reduced compared with seronegative controls without any corresponding changes in the relative proportions of CD56+ (NK) cells among groups. Depletions of CD8+ subsets from either PBL or LAK cells dramatically reduced total LAK cytotoxic responses and LAK activities per unit CD56+ cell in the OI-/CDC-2 seropositive population. No corresponding changes in LAK activities in seronegative control or HIV+/OI+/CDC-4 groups were observed. Levels of LAK activity against K562 targets in CDC-0/HIV- and CDC-4/HIV+ groups correlated with the percentage of CD56+ LAK cells; corresponding LAK activity in the CDC-2/HIV+ group correlated with the percentage of both CD56+ and CD8+ subsets. These findings suggest that adaptive changes in non-MHC restricted cytotoxic responses occur in HIV-1 individuals at early stages post-HIV infection, before the onset of opportunistic infection.     

Circulating cytokines in primary Sjögren's syndrome determined by a multiplex cytokine array system

Modulation of cytotoxic responses by viral immunoevasins plays an important role in the establishment of latent and persistent viral infections. Together with MHC class-I-restricted CD8T-lymphocytes, non-MHC-restricted natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells participate in this anti-viral control. The Us3 protein kinase of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) inhibits CD8T-cell cytotoxicity, which correlates with the inhibition of granzyme-B (GrB)-induced activation of pro-apoptotic Bid. We have investigated the effect of Us3 on NK and LAK cytotoxicity, because these effectors are believed to share common mechanisms for inducing cell death. We show that, in contrast to their lower sensitivity to CD8T-cell lysis, HSV-1-infected cells are lysed by NK cells or LAK cells as efficiently as the uninfected controls. Both CD8T and NK/LAK effectors were dependent on the activity of GrB and were efficiently blocked by means of treatment with a GrB inhibitor. However, unlike CD8T cells, LAK cells and NK cells failed to induce Bid cleavage, suggesting that various GrB downstream targets be involved in the induction of cell lysis. This finding explains their various sensitivities to viral modulation, which is likely to be important for the respective role of MHC-restricted and non-restricted effectors in the control of HSV-1 infection.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞的动态观察

目的:动态观察慢性乙型肝炎患者细胞因子诱导的杀伤(CIK)细胞的增殖及杀伤活性。方法:抽取10例健康人及20例慢性乙型肝炎患者的外周血,常规分离单个核细胞(PB-MC),加IFN-γ、IL-2及抗人CD3单克隆抗体(mAb)后培养,诱导CIK细胞形成。于培养后3、6、12、24及30 d,取培养的 细胞,用流式细胞仪检测CIK细胞表面CD3、CD4和CD8以及CD4、CD25、CD3、CD56和CD95、CD28分子的表达水平、增殖及杀伤活性。结果:慢性乙型肝炎患者CIK细胞的增殖及杀伤活性均低于正常对照组。培养不同时间乙肝患者CIK细胞的增殖倍数、杀伤活性和上述表面标志的表达水平,均较培养前明显增高,于培养后12 d达高峰。结论:慢性乙型肝炎患者CIK细胞的增殖倍数、杀伤活性均低于正常人,但明显高于培养前;这可能是导致HBV感染持续发展的原因之一。     

Cellular and humoral immune reactions in chronic active liver disease. II. Lymphocyte subsets and viral antigens in liver biopsies of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B

The characteristics and distribution of the inflammatory infiltrate in liver biopsies of 25 patients with hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection were studied in relation to the distribution and expression of HBV antigens. Mononuclear subsets were characterized with monoclonal (OKT, OKM, Leu) antibodies to surface antigens. For the demonstration of viral antigens directly conjugated antibodies to surface (HBsAg), core (HBcAg) and 'e' (HBeAg) antigen were used. For the study of mutual relations all methods were performed on serial cut tissue sections. In chronic active hepatitis B (CAH-B, n = 12) OKT8+ lymphocytes of T cell origin were the only cell type present in areas with liver cell degeneration and T cell cytotoxicity appears to be the only immune mechanism. In chronic persistent hepatitis B (CPH-B, n = 7) the only conspicuous feature was the presence of many Leu 3+ lymphocytes of the helper/inducer population in the portal tracts. In acute hepatitis B (AHB, n = 6) OKT8+ cells of non-T origin (OKT1-,3-) and Leu 7+ cells of presumed natural killer (NK) potential predominated in the areas with liver cell necrosis, and non-T cell cytotoxicity appears to be the predominant immune mechanism. In none of these disease entities a positive spatial relation could be established between the cytotoxic cells and the demonstrable expression of HBV antigens in hepatocytes. It is concluded that differences in immunological reaction pattern may explain the different course in the three forms of HBV infection studied.     

乙肝病毒蛋白对慢性乙型肝炎患者PBMCs功能的影响

目的：乙肝病毒蛋白对不同感染状态慢性乙型肝炎患者的外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）功能的影响。方法：收集乙肝表面抗原（HBeAg）阳性丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）异常者40例（A组）， 乙肝e抗原（HBeAg）阳性ALT持续正常者20例（B组）， HBeAg及 乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸（HBV-DNA）阴性ALT正常者20例（C组），另外选择15例各型肝炎病原学标志检测均为阴性的健康体检者为正常对照组，分离培养外周血单核细胞，加入植物血凝素（PHA）、HBeAg、HBcAg, 培养48 h后，1 500 r/min 离心10 min,收集上清液-20 ℃保存，统一检测IFN-γ、IL-10含量。采用流式细胞仪检测外周血CD8＋CD28＋T细胞亚群。结果：IFN-γ在HBeAg阳性ALT正常组，HBeAg阳性ALT异常组中的含量明显低于正常对照组和HBeAg及 HBV-DNA阴性ALT正常组；IL-10在HBeAg阳性ALT正常组，HBeAg阳性ALT异常组中的含量明显高于正常对照组和HBeAg及 HBV-DNA阴性ALT正常组。CD8＋CD28＋T细胞在HBeAg阳性ALT正常组中明显低于其它各组。结论：HBeAg阳性的患者，Th1型细胞免疫反应明显低下，Th2型细胞免疫反应明显增高，CTL的数量减少。     

CMV drives clonal expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells expressing self-specific KIRs in chronic hepatitis patients

Natural killer (NK) cells are affected by infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manifested by increased expression of the HLA-E binding activating receptor NKG2C. We here show that HCMV seropositivity was associated with a profound expansion of NKG2C(+) CD56(dim) NK cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multi-color flow cytometry revealed that the expanded NKG2C(+) CD56(dim) NK cells displayed a highly differentiated phenotype, expressed high amounts of granzyme B and exhibited polyfunctional responses (CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) to stimulation with antibody-coated as well as HLA-E expressing target cells but not when stimulated with IL-12/IL-18. More importantly, NKG2C(+) CD56(dim) NK cells had a clonal expression pattern of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) specific for self-HLA class I molecules, with predominant usage of KIR2DL2/3. KIR engagement dampened NKG2C-mediated activation suggesting that such biased expression of self-specific KIRs may preserve self-tolerance and limit immune-pathology during viral infection. Together, these findings shed new light on how the human NK-cell compartment adjusts to HCMV infection resulting in clonal expansion and differentiation of educated and polyfunctional NK cells.     

NK cell receptor imbalance and NK cell dysfunction in HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer mortality and a common poor-prognosis malignancy due to postoperative recurrence and metastasis. There is a significant correlation between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. As the first line of host defense against viral infections and tumors, natural killer (NK) cells express a large number of immune recognition receptors (NK receptors (NKRs)) to recognize ligands on hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells and Kupffer cells, which maintain the balance between immune response and immune tolerance of NK cells. Unfortunately, the percentage and absolute number of liver NK cells decrease significantly during the development and progression of HCC. The abnormal expression of NK cell receptors and dysfunction of liver NK cells contribute to the progression of chronic HBV infection and HCC and are significantly associated with poor prognosis for liver cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of NK cell receptors in anti-tumor immune responses in HCC, particularly HBV-related HCC. We discuss specifically how tumor cells evade attack from NK cells and how emerging understanding of NKRs may aid the development of novel treatments for HCC. Novel mono- and combination therapeutic strategies that target the NK cell receptor–ligand system may potentially lead to successful and effective immunotherapy in HCC.     

Flow cytometry CD4+/CD8+ ratio of liver-derived lymphocytes correlates with viral replication in chronic hepatitis B.

T lymphocytes have been assumed to play an essential role in tissue injury in patients with chronic hepatitis B. As hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered as a major factor controlling liver inflammation, we assessed whether a particular T lymphocyte subset could be preferentially detected in the liver in accordance with viral replication. Liver-derived lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry in 21 patients with histologically confirmed chronic hepatitis B without cirrhosis. Viral replication was quantified by hybridization of serum HBV DNA. Eleven patients exhibited an active viral replication with serum HBV DNA ranging from 10 to 388 pg/ml at the time of the liver biopsy, whereas 10 patients had no detectable serum HBV DNA. In patients exhibiting viral replication, CD4+/CD8+ ratios of liver-derived lymphocytes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained in patients without viral replication. In contrast, the percentage of T cells expressing the gamma/delta receptor and that of CD2+/CD57+ cells were similar in both groups of patients. Furthermore, in patients exhibiting viral replication, CD4+CD8+ ratios of liver-derived lymphocytes correlated with serum HBV DNA levels (P < 0.001). No relationship between CD4+/CD8+ ratio of liver-derived and peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed. Our data indicate that, in patients with chronic hepatitis B, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of liver-derived lymphocytes correlates with viral replication. This suggests that in situ helper/inducer CD4+ T lymphocytes may positively regulate the cytotoxic T cell activity in patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis.