健康人与脑损害病人言语性分听测验的对比研究

使用自己设计的数字、词汇分听测验法，对下述三组被试进行测试：（１）对照组（ｎ＝５５）、右脑损害组（ｎ＝５２）、左脑损害组（ｎ＝４９）。并在下述三种注意偏移条件进行测试：（ｌ）蔽目；（２）被动注视右侧；（３）被动注视左侧。分析了分听汉语言材料、注意偏移、脑损害等因素对分听成绩的影响，讨论了对消的机制及听觉通路。     

阿尔采本病和血管性痴呆的临床比较

目的：探讨AD、VD病人的认知障碍及精神病症状出现率，特点以及AD组的不同点，方法：80例AD病人、65例VD病人，作MMSE、HDS、HIS、ALD量表及WAIS、WMS量表对精神病性症状进行分析。结果：AD组的WAIS、MMSE、HDS量表分比VD组低，有显著差异。精神病情症状出现率AD组77．5％，VD组84．61％，两组无显著性差异。但情感脆弱出现率VD组比AD组高，两组有显著性差异。结论：认知损害是AD病人的基本症状，较D病人严重，AD、VD的精神病性症状较为常见，情感脆弱多见于VD病人。     

强迫症患者大脑皮层形态与前瞻记忆的关系

目的:分析强迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)患者是否存大脑皮层形态异常,及其与前瞻记忆的关系。方法:36名强迫症患者和26名对照组被试分别完成了大脑结构磁共振扫描及评估前瞻记忆等变量的系列评估量表。比较强迫症组和对照组皮层厚度与灰质体积差异,并分别计算两组大脑皮层形态与前瞻记忆的相关。结果:OCD组左脑楔前叶等脑区皮层厚度及右脑扣带回后部等脑区灰质体积显著低于对照组。对照组前瞻记忆分量表得分与右脑中颞叶等脑区灰质体积和左脑扣带回后部等脑区皮层厚度呈显著负相关。OCD组前瞻记忆分量表得分与上额叶等脑区灰质体积呈显著正相关。结论:与对照组相比,OCD组大部分皮质表现出衰退。正常人群某些脑区皮质衰退与较差的前瞻记忆有关,而OCD组不同脑区的皮层形态与前瞻记忆的关系异于对照组。     

精神分裂症患者探究性眼球轨迹运动与认知障碍

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者眼球轨迹运动、认知障碍及相互关系。方法 对39例精神分裂症病人进行了眼球轨迹运动检查及韦氏记忆、划消测验、威斯康星分类测验的检查，并与36例正常人进行了对照，就眼球轨迹运动与认知之间的关系进行了分析。结果 精神分裂症病人存在眼球轨迹运动异常，其认知障碍广泛，包括记忆、注意及执行障碍，眼球轨迹运动与认知的各个方面均有关系，眼球注视点(NEF)与阳性症状有关，但与病程无关。结论 精神分裂症患者认知损害影响其眼球轨迹运动，两者可能为精神分裂症易惠标志。     

脑优势性认知方式与大五人格的关系

目的：探讨脑优势性认知方式与大五人格之间的关系。方法：通过对86名被试进行HIPS测试，确定认知方式组别，其中，左脑优势组32人，右脑优势组26人，均衡组28人，对不同组别被试施测NEO-PI-R问卷。结果：左脑优势组比右脑优势组和均衡组有更高的神经质和严谨性倾向；右脑优势组比左脑优势组有更高的经验开放性和外倾性；均衡组比左脑优势组有更高的外倾性，比右脑优势组有更高的严谨性。结论：脑优势性认知方式与大五人格中的神经质、外倾性、经验开放性、严谨性等人格具有相关关系。     

阿尔采木病和血管性痴呆的临床比较

目的　探讨 AD、VD病人的认知障碍及精神病性症状出现率、特点以及 AD组 VD组的不同点。方法　 80例 AD病人、65例 VD病人 ,作 MMSE、HDS、HIS、ALD量表及 WAIS、WMS量表对精神病性症状进行分析。结果　 AD组的WAIS、MMSE、HDS量表分比 VD组低 ,有显著性差异。精神病性症状出现率 AD组 77.5 % ,VD组 84.61 %。两组无显著性差异。但情感脆弱出现率 VD组比 AD组高 ,两组有显著性差异。结论　认知损害是 AD病人的基本症状 ,较 VD病人严重 ,AD、VD的精神病性症状较为常见 ,情感脆弱多见于 VD病人     

11例失语病人的CT、脑电位分布图、局部脑血流量的比较

报告１１例首次脑卒中后失语患者的汉语失语检查及分类，每例均作ＣＴ、ＢＥＡＭ、ｒＣＢＦ检查。１１例中传导性失语１例，命名性失语１例、经皮质运动性失语１例、经皮质混合性失语１例，皮层下失语综合征７例。皮层损害３例，１例各项检查结果显示结构、功能、机能定位一致，另２例不完全一致。皮层下损害８例，ＣＴ均异常，ＢＥＡＭ异常６例，提示皮层功能损害；而ｒＣＢＦ异常７例，仅３例出现皮层功能异常，ＢＥＡＭ和ｒＣＢＦ的结果不完全一致。     

大鼠额叶皮质损害的脑电功率谱和形态学研究

３５只ＳＤ大鼠随机分成三组：正常组、假损害组和损害组。采用机械抽吸法制作大鼠右侧额叶皮质损害模型。对各组大鼠分别进行脑电功率谱分析和比较．结果发现：正常大鼠和假损害大鼠两侧大脑半球δ、θ、α和β频段相对功率值相近似（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＤＴ／ＡＢ值（即δ＋θ／α＋β的绝对功率值之比）也相似（Ｐ＞０．０５），功率谱曲线两侧基本对称。额叶皮质损害大鼠损害侧δ、θ频段相对功率值较健例显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），α、β段相对功率值较健侧显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＤＴ／ＡＢ值较健侧显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），功率谱曲线两侧明显不对称。额叶皮质损害后３天、２周、４用及８周功率谱分析结果无明显不同。形态学观察证实额叶皮质存在缺损区不因时间延长而自行修复．额叶皮质损害出现的脑功能障碍及损害区形态变化均不能自行修复，表明功能效应和形态结果相一致，提示脑电功率谱分析可作为临床和实验研究中评价脑功能的有效手段。     

首发未药物治疗青少年重性抑郁障碍患者脑三维结构磁共振病例对照研究

目的:探讨首发未药物治疗青少年重性抑郁障碍患者脑灰质体积与正常对照组青少年之间的异同。方法:对18名首发未治疗青少年重性抑郁障碍患者和年龄性别匹配的18名青少年健康对照组进行脑三维结构扫描,对脑灰质体积异常变化应用基于体素的形态测量学分析方法VBM进行分析比较。结果:抑郁组相比对照组VBM灰质形态学体积增加的部位主要在右脑颞上回及双侧颞叶颞中回,尤其是BA22和BA19;抑郁组相比对照组VBM体积减少部位主要位于右脑额叶(BA11,47)、左脑顶叶(BA7,40)和右脑顶叶(BA5),左脑岛叶(BA13)及左脑颞叶(BA13)。结论:抑郁组相比对照组的灰质体积以下降为主,主要在右脑额叶及左脑顶叶、右脑顶叶、左脑岛叶和左脑颞叶。     

1900例精神病治疗前心电图观察

本文对1900例精神病的初诊病人均作了心电图检查,发现550例有不同程度异常,异常率为29％。其异常类型与疾病分类及年龄有关,<40岁者以窦性心律失常、预激综合征、低血钾等异常为主,>60岁者各类早搏、传导阻滞、心室肥厚及心肌缺血等改变为主。作者认为,对本病作心电图常规检查,可以了解病人心功能情况,防止心血管意外,有助于临床的监护与治疗。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.