小剂量舒芬太尼和枸橼酸芬太尼预防儿童直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的比较

目的比较小剂量舒芬太尼和枸橼酸芬太尼预防儿童直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的效果。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ级、拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下择期整形外科手术的儿童90例。随机平分为对照组、枸橼酸芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组，气管插管前5min采用盲法分别应用9g／L盐水0．2mL／kg、枸橼酸芬太尼2μg／kg和舒芬太尼0．2μg／kg。麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜实施经口气管插管操作。监测麻醉诱导前（基础值）、后（麻醉诱导后值），气管插管时和气管插管后5min内血压和心率（HR），计算二重指数（RPP）及观察期收缩压（SBP）和HR的变化率，记录观察期SBP和HR达最大值的时间及其气管插管后恢复至麻醉诱导后值的时间。结果经口气管插管导致血压、HR和RPP较基础值显著升高（Pa〈0．05），且以对照组最为明显，枸橼酸芬太尼组次之，舒芬太尼组最轻。气管插管时和气管插管后的血压、RPP及观察期它们的最大值在3组间均有显著性差异（Pa〈0．05）；观察期枸橼酸芬太尼和舒芬太尼组HR无显著性差异（Pa〉0．05）。3组观察期出现SBP和HR最大值的时间无显著性差异（Pa〉0．05），气管插管后舒芬太尼组SBP和HR恢复至麻醉诱导后值的时间显著短于枸橼酸芬太尼组（Pa〈0．05）。舒芬太尼组观察期SBP和HR增加〉基础值30％的发生率和RPP〉22000的发生率显著低于枸橼酸芬太尼组（Pa〈0．05）。结论与小剂量枸橼酸芬太尼相比，小剂量舒芬太尼能更有效地减轻儿童经口气管插管时的心血管反应。     

小剂量芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼预防儿童经口气管插管心血管反应的比较

目的比较小剂量芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼对患儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的影响。方法选择120例施择期整形外科手术的患儿。随机平均分成对照组、芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组,气管插管前采用盲法分别应用9g/L盐水0.2mL/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、瑞芬太尼组1μg/kg和舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg。静脉麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜实施经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前、后,气管插管时和气管插管后5min内血压(BP)和心率(HR)及观察期收缩压(SBP)和HR的变化率,并记录观察期SBP和HR达最大值时间及其气管插管后恢复至麻醉诱导后值时间。结果BP和HR基础值及气管插管时间在4组间均无显著性差异。气管插管致BP和HR较基础值显著升高,且是以对照组最为明显,芬太尼组次之,瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组最轻。对照组气管插管时BP和HR及其观察期最大值均显著高于芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组;瑞芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组气管插管时的血压和HR及其观察期最大值均显著低于芬太尼组(Pa<0.05)。瑞芬太尼组观察期出现SBP和HR最大值时间显著长于对照组、芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组(Pa<0.05);舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼组气管插管后SBP和HR恢复至麻醉诱导后值时间显著短于对照和芬太尼组(P<0.05)。瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼组观察期SBP和HR增加大于基础值30%发生率较芬太尼组显著降低。结论与小剂量芬太尼比较,小剂量舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼能更有效预防患儿经口气管插管的心血管反应。     

新生儿窒息复苏—气管插管与Apgar评分的关系

本文对1138例新生儿窒息重点分析了复苏中气管插管与否与Apgar评分的关系,出生时评4分以下立即进行气管插管,尽快建立呼吸者,5分钟的复苏成功率明显高于未作插管者(P<0.01),窒息合并症以及死亡数明显低于未作气管插管者。5分以上有23.5%将气管内的粘稠物和胎粪颗粒吸出,保持了呼吸道的通畅,胎粪吸入综合征明显减少。因此根据出生时的具体情况,正确掌握气管插管,提高复苏效率是降低新生儿死亡率的有力措施。     

小剂量芬太尼预防小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的效果

目的观察小剂量芬太尼对小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的预防效果。方法选择65例施择期整形外科手术的小儿。随机分为为对照组(Ⅰ组)和芬太尼组(Ⅱ组),在气管插管前5 min,Ⅰ和Ⅱ组分别静脉注射生理盐水0.2 mL/kg和芬太尼2μg/kg,在直接喉镜经口气管插管操作前2 min静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg和丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg进行全身麻醉诱导。观察麻醉诱导前(基础值)后,气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内血压、心率(HR)和二重指数(RPP)变化,并记录气管插管时间。结果血压、心率和RPP的基础值以及气管插管时间两组均无显著性差异。直接喉镜经口气管插管导致两组的血压、心率和RPP均较基础值显著升高。与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅰ组直接喉镜经口气管插管的心血管反应更强烈和持续时间更长。Ⅰ组气管插管时和气管插管后1~4 min血压和RPP及观察期其最大值显著高于Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组气管插管时和气管插管后1 min心率及观察期心率的最大值亦显著高于Ⅱ组。Ⅱ组舒张压、心率和RPP最大增加均超过基础值20%。结论虽然静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg能明显减轻小儿直接喉镜经口气管插管时的血压增高和心率增快反应,但并不能达到完全抑制效果。     

喉罩通气与气管插管在新生儿复苏的对照应用研究

目的 观察喉罩通气对新生儿窒息复苏的可行性、有效性和安全性,比较喉罩通气与气管插管复苏的临床疗效.方法 将出生后需正压通气且心率＜60次/min的新生儿68例随机分为喉罩组(36例)及气管插管组(32例),比较两种方法的复苏效果并观察喉罩操作时间、一次置入成功率及不良反应等.结果(1)两组新生儿生后1min及5min Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)喉罩组一次插入成功率为94.4％,置入时间(7.58±1.16)s;气管插管组一次插入成功率为90.6％,置入时间(7.89±1.52)s.(3)喉罩组复苏成功率(86.11％)略低于气管插管组(96.88％),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(4)喉罩组起效时间(34.06±10.56)s略低于气管插管组(41.38±27.19)s,通气时间(137.19±80.14)s亦略低于气管插管组(171.09±84.28)s,但差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(5)不良反应:喉罩组2例有恶心,1例腹胀;气管插管组1例喉头水肿,2例气胸,1例气道出血.结论喉罩通气操作技术难度小,易于掌握,对较重窒息儿的复苏效果不亚于气管插管,且似更安全,可在相当程度上替代气管插管,尤适于气管插管操作不熟练者或基层医生.     

早期气管插管治疗重型新生儿破伤风58例

目的：在综合治疗的基础上，比较重型新生儿破伤风不同疗法的病死率并作死因分析。方法：分析了５８例重型新生儿破伤风患儿，其中行早期气管插管组２３例，晚期气管插管组２４例，未行气管插管组１１例。结果：由于注重了早期气管插管，新生儿重型破伤风患儿病死率由原来的５８８％下降到现在的８３％，早期气管插管组病死率（４３％）明显低于晚期气管插管组（５００％），Ｐ＜００１；而未行气管插管组病死率最高（８１８％）。早期气管插管组没有因呼衰或窒息而死亡者。结论：早期气管插管不仅可降低重型新生儿破伤风的病死率，还可减少呼吸道并发症。     

新生儿呼吸衰竭气管插管急救体会

新儿呼吸衰竭（RespiratoryFailureRF）抢救的第一步是建立通畅的呼吸道，气管内插管（EndotrachealIntubationEI）是最好的方法。1993年5月～1996年12月，我们应用气管插管抢救58例新生儿RF，现报道如下。资料与方法一、对象气管插管患儿58例，男40例，女18例，日龄＜24hrs18例，2～7天21例，8～14天12例，15～用天7例。所有病例均按新生儿呼吸衰竭诊断标准进行临床诊断及血气分析诊断。二、方法采用聚氯乙烯导管或Portex鼻导管，内径（ID）选择及插入深度均采用体重法。导管ID为：体重1000～1500g2．5mm，～2000g3mm，～3000g3．5mm…     

经口气管插管术抢救新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效

目的评价经口气管插管术抢救新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效及选择插管时机对预后的影响。方法2001年7月-2005年12月新生儿呼吸衰竭经气管插管治疗36例作为治疗组，插管后即刻恢复自主呼吸、心律正常者8例，仅酌情给氧，血气正常后拔管，另28例插管后仍无自主呼吸或呼吸微弱而不规则，需配合复苏囊加压给氧16例，应用机械通气12例；未经气管插管治疗的35例作为对照组，采用托背人工呼吸、面罩、头罩或简易CPAP吸氧。结果治疗组治愈率为75．0％，对照组为51．4％，二组治疗后血气值改善、治愈率及平均住院天数比较均有显著性差异（Pa〈0．05）。结论气管插管是开放呼吸道、抢救新生儿呼吸衰竭的措施，能明显降低新生儿呼吸衰竭的病死率，且插管时机的掌握相当重要。     

等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的比较

目的比较等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的影响。方法选择择期行全身麻醉下整形外科手术的患儿100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,随机平均分为2组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),在丙泊酚麻醉诱导中采用盲法应用瑞芬太尼2μg/kg或芬太尼2μg/kg。采用直接喉镜经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前(基础值)、气管插管前即刻、气管插管即刻和气管插管1、2、3、4、5min时的血压(BP)和心率(HR),计算各观察时间点BP和HR相对于基础值的变化率,并计算二重指数(RPP)。结果2组BP和HR的基础值及气管插管时间均无显著性差异。与基础值比较,虽然气管插管导致F组的BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值显著增高,但R组气管插管时BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值均较基础值显著降低。观察期时间点的BP、HR、RPP及其最大值二组比较均有显著性差异,观察期时间点的收缩压(SBP)和HR变化率及观察期其最大变化率2组比较亦有显著性差异。观察期SBP和HR增加>基础值30%的发生率在F组显著高于R组;但观察期SBP和HR降低>基础值30%的发生率在R组显著高于F组。结论在小儿应用异丙酚静脉麻醉诱导时,联合应用等效小剂量瑞芬太尼较芬太尼更能有效抑制经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。芬太尼2μg/kg不足以完全抑制小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。虽然瑞芬太尼2μg/kg能够完全消除小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应,但可导致更多不良的心血管功能抑制。     

新生儿窒息气管插管复苏83例

新生儿窒息是围生儿主要死亡原因之一。我们 1995年8月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月对新生儿窒息进行气管插管抢救 ,取得满意效果 ,现报告如下。资料和方法一、一般资料　 1995年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月我院出生Apgar评分≤ 6分新生儿 83例 ,为气管插管 (插管组 )。 1991年 7月～ 1995年 7月出生Apgar评分≤ 6分新生儿 10 5例为对照组。两组新生儿均无呼吸系统及神经系统发育异常 ,胎龄 35～ 4 2周 ,体重 2 5 0 0～ 4 0 0 0 g ,两组胎龄及出生体重差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。二、方法　插管组胎儿头娩出后迅速吸净口、鼻、咽腔 ,胎体娩出后即置仰卧…     

Premedication for neonatal intubation in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of current practice

Aim: This study aims to describe the current approach to intubation premedication in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Australia and New Zealand Methods: A literature review regarding intubation premedication in the newborn was carried out to inform questionnaire design. A web‐based survey of 28 NICUs and two neonatal emergency transport services was conducted and supplemented by telephone contact to ensure completion. Results: All the tertiary NICUs and neonatal emergency transport services in Australia and New Zealand use premedication for elective intubation of neonates. Eighty per cent of units have a written policy. There were 28 of 30 units (93%) that use muscle relaxants, mostly suxamethonium. The choice of sedative medication is varied. Conclusions: Australian and New Zealand neonatal units have a high use of intubation premedication including muscle relaxants, but vary considerably in their choice of sedative medication.     

Facilitation of neonatal nasotracheal intubation with premedication: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To determine if premedication reduces the time and number of attempts by junior medical staff to achieve nasotracheal intubation in neonates. The experimental design was a non-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial. The setting was a perinatal centre in a university teaching hospital. METHODS: Twenty infants (within the ranges of 25-40 weeks gestation, 650-3660 g and 1 h to 81 days of age) requiring semi-urgent intubation were randomized to either premedication with morphine, atropine and suxamethonium, or to awake intubation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to prior intubation experience of the staff or infant weight or gestation. The intubation procedure, including intervening events, to completion was significantly faster in premedicated infants (median 60 s vs 595 s; P = 0.002) who were intubated at a younger postnatal age. It took twice as many attempts to intubate a conscious infant (median 2 vs 1; P = 0.010). There was a greater decrease in heart rate from the baseline in the unpremedicated group (mean 68 b.p.m. vs 29 b.p.m.; P = 0.017), but decreases in oxygen saturation were not different. Blood was observed in the oral and nasal passages after intubation in five of the awake infants and in one of the premedicated infants. CONCLUSIONS: The use of premedication reduces the total time and number of attempts taken to achieve successful nasotracheal intubation of neonates by junior medical staff under supervision.     

Benefits of orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in neonates requiring ventilatory assistance

To investigate differences in orotracheal (OT) and nasotracheal (NT) intubation for ventilatory assistance, we randomly assigned 91 neonates to be intubated via either of the two routes: 46 infants were assigned to the OT group and 45 infants were assigned to the NT group. Inability to intubate the nostril in three neonates, and respiratory or cardiac instability during attempted NT intubation in three neonates, resulted in the assignment of 52 infants to the OT group and 39 infants to the NT group; patients in both groups were of comparable size, sex, and clinical problems. Initial malposition of the endotracheal tube and need to retape, reposition, or replace the tube during the mean duration of intubation of 247 +/- 42 hours for the OT group and 273 +/- 57 hours for the NT group were similar. Daily Gram stains of tracheal aspirates showed that inflammation (greater than or equal to ten polymorphonuclear cells per 400 power fields) was common (51% OT group, 53% NT group). Cultures grew potential pathogens in 37% of the patients from the OT group and 31% of the NT group. There was no difference in the clinical or radiologic incidence of pneumonia. Postextubation problems were comparable: atelectasis, 48% OT and 59% NT; stridor, 15% OT and 26% NT. OT intubation may be preferred for prolonged ventilatory assistance in neonates because of the relative ease of initial intubation.     

Morphine for elective endotracheal intubation in neonates: a randomized trial [ISRCTN43546373]

Background  

Elective endotracheal intubations are still commonly performed without premedication in many institutions. The hypothesis tested in this study was that morphine given prior to elective intubations in neonates would decrease fluctuations in vital signs, shorten the duration of intubation and reduce the number of attempts.     

Randomised controlled trial of thiopental for intubation in neonates

AIMS: To determine the effects of premedication with thiopental on heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation during semi-elective nasotracheal intubation in neonates. METHODS: A randomised, placebo controlled, non-blinded study design was used to study 30 neonates (mean birthweight 3.27 kg) requiring semi-elective nasotracheal intubation. The babies were randomly allocated to receive either 6 mg/kg of thiopental (study group) or an equivalent volume of physiological saline (control group) one minute before the start of the procedure. Six infants were intubated primarily and 24 were changed from orotracheal to a nasotracheal tube. The electrocardiogram, arterial pressure wave, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation were recorded continuously 10 minutes before, during, and 20 minutes after intubation. Minute by minute measurements of heart rate, heart rate variability, mean blood pressure (MBP) and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) were computed. The differences for all of these between the baseline measurements and those made during and after intubation were determined. Differences in the measurements made in the study and the control groups were compared using Student's t test. RESULTS: During intubation, heart rate increased to a greater degree (12.0 vs -0.5 beats per minute, p < 0.03) and MBP increased to a lesser degree (-2.9 vs 4.4 mm Hg; p < 0.002) in the infants who were premedicated with thiopental. After intubation only the changes in MBP differed significantly between the two groups (-3.8 vs 4.6 mm Hg; p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the oxygen saturation between the two groups during or after intubation. The time taken for intubation was significantly shorter in the study group (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The heart rate and blood pressure of infants who are premedicated with thiopental are maintained nearer to baseline values than those of similar infants who receive no premedication. Whether this lessening of the acute drop in the heart rate and increase in blood pressure typically seen during intubation of unmedicated infants is associated with long term advantages to the infants remains to be determined.     

无活力新生儿气管插管吸引胎粪的回顾性队列研究

目的 探讨胎粪污染羊水(meconium stained amniotic fluid,MSAF)无活力新生儿生后立即进行气管插管吸引胎粪的可行性.方法 采用队列研究方法,回顾性收集柘城县人民医院入住新生儿科MSAF无活力病例,2017年7月1日至2018年6月30日无吸引胎粪条件病例为对照组,2018年7月1日至20...     

Physiological changes, plasma β-endorphin and cortisol responses to tracheal intubation in neonates

Physiological, plasma β-endorphin and cortisol responses to nasotracheal intubation were studied in 20 distressed infants of median age 0.3 days (range 0.1–23 days) randomized into groups given pethidine 1 mg/kg ( n =10) or alfentanil 20 μg/kg plus suxamethonium 1.5 mg/kg ( n =10) before intubation. All of the infants were given glycopyrrolate 3–5 μg/kg. Hypoxaemia during intubation was found in all 10 infants in the pethidine group and in 7 of 10 infants in the alfentanil-suxamethonium group, its duration being significantly longer in thc pethidine group and being associated with the duration of the intubation procedure. Blood pressure increased, but not statistically significantly, in all except 2 patients in the alfentanil-suxamethonium group and bradycardia appeared in 1 patient in each group. Plasma β-endorphin and cortisol values did not show any statistically significant intra-group or inter-group differences. Newborn infants suffer from hypoxaemia during intubation when awake more and therefore need adequate premedication before elective intubation. One alternative is the combination of glycopyrrolate, alfentanil and suxamethonium described here, although the ideal medication and dosage still remain to be defined.     

Morphine versus remifentanil for intubating preterm neonates

A double-blind, randomised controlled study was conducted to evaluate the intubation conditions in 20 preterm neonates following the use of either morphine or remifentanil as premedication. The findings suggest that the overall intubation conditions were significantly better (p=0.0034) in the remifentanil group than in the morphine group. No severe complications were observed in either group.     

双水平正压通气和持续气道正压通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中应用的比较

目的：对患有新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的早产儿早期使用双水平正压通气（DuoPAP）和经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）模式在降低有创呼吸支持率和支气管肺发育不良（BPD）发生率方面进行比较分析。方法：该试验为单中心随机对照试验,将胎龄30~35 周患有RDS生后6 h内的早产儿随机分为早期使用DuoPAP组（n=34）和早期使用 NCPAP组（n=33）,若这两种方式不能维持则使用气管内插管、呼吸机辅助呼吸,肺表面活性物质作为急救药物。观察患儿生后24 h、48 h及72 h内的总插管有创呼吸支持率、支气管肺发育不良（BPD）发生率及使用无创呼吸支持后1、12、24、48、72 h 二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧分压（PaO2）及氧合指数（OI）。结果：DuoPAP组48 h内、72 h内总插管有创呼吸支持率明显低于NCPAP组（P0.05）。DuoPAP组OI无创呼吸支持后1、12、24、48、72 h均高于NCPAP组（均P<0.05）。DuoPAP组PaCO2在无创呼吸支持后1、12、24 h明显小于NCPAP组（P<0.05）;DuoPAP组PaO2在无创呼吸支持后1、12 h 明显大于NCPAP组（P<0.05）。结论：早期使用DuoPAP与NCPAP相比,可明显降低RDS患儿插管有创呼吸支持率,值得推广。     

窒息新生儿脑干听觉诱发电位与血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的相关性分析

目的：通过研究窒息患儿脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）异常与神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的相关性,探讨NSE对早期了解窒息患儿听神经损害的临床意义和应用前景。方法：选择该院窒息足月新生儿52例作为研究组,根据Apgar评分以及是否合并缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)分为单纯轻度窒息组23例、单纯重度窒息组15例和窒息合并HIE组14例。采用双盲试验在生后7 d同一时间检测BAEP和NSE,初次BAEP检测异常者在生后3个月同一时间进行第2次BAEP和NSE检测。正常足月新生儿30例作为对照组。结果：窒息患儿两次听力损伤检出率分别为50.0%,21.2%。BAEP两次检出异常率,重度窒息组(63.3%,26.3%)与轻度窒息组(36.9%,5.9%)比较,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),HIE组(57.1%,31.3%)与重度窒息组比较差异无显著性意义。各研究组NSE水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),重度窒息组为26.70±2.34 μg/L明显高于轻度窒息组的17.18±3.16 μg/L,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),HIE组为27.00±2.01 μg/L,与重度窒息组比较差异无显著性意义。BAEP异常组NSE水平为25.69±4.12 μg/L高于BAEP正常组的17.15±3.09 μg/L(P<0.01),NSE水平随着V波反应阈值的增高而增高(P<0.05)。结论：血清NSE水平与BAEP密切相关,可作为早期评估窒息患儿听神经损害和判断预后的指标之一。