急性胰腺炎的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2007年3月2009年10月收治的35例急性胰腺炎患者的CT照片。结果 35例患者中CT诊断为急性水肿型胰腺炎26例（74.3%）,急性坏死型胰腺炎9例（25.7%）。CT主要表现胰腺体积增大31例,其中胰头增大10例,胰体、尾单独或同时增大21例,4例胰腺表现基本正常。单侧或双侧肾前筋膜水肿增厚27例（77.1%）,胰腺边缘模糊、部分脂肪层消失20例（57.1%）,胆囊增大胆总管扩张17例（48.6%）,胰周蜂窝组织炎6例（17.1%）,合并左侧胸腔积液5例（14.3%）,伴有少量腹水2例（5.7%）。结论 CT检查可以显示胰腺自身肿大、坏死、出血,还能够显示胰外的腹腔、腹膜后腔以及肾筋膜的受累情况,可为临床制定合理的治疗方案并作出预后的判断提供依据。     

急性胰腺炎的CT诊断及临床评价

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT检查对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值及临床评价。材料与方法:对27例急性胰腺炎患者多层螺旋CT检查资料进行回顾性分析,观察其CT表现特征及病变范围。结果:急性水肿性胰腺炎(MAP)21例,CT表现主要是弥漫性增大或局限性增大,密度降低;急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(SAP)6例,CT表现为胰腺增大,其内见局限性不规则低密度区,其中1例胰腺内见局限性片状高密度出血影,所有患者均见有胰周积液、胰周脂肪层消、肾前筋膜增厚。结论:早期CT检查是诊断急性胰腺炎的重要手段,能诊断急性胰腺炎并发现各种并发症,为临床提供合理的治疗方案及作出预后判断,具有较高的诊断价值,值得临床常规检查应用。     

胰腺炎18例病例分析与急性胰腺炎CT诊断

目的探讨急性胰腺炎的CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析18例经临床证实急性胰腺炎病例的CT资料，观察其CT表现特征及病变范围。结果单纯性胰腺炎10例，坏死性胰腺炎7例。CT表现主要是胰腺的弥漫性增大，密度降低，有2例胰腺内见局限性片状高密度出血影，5例见有不规则低密度区。所有病例均见有胰周积液。结论CT检查是诊断急性胰腺炎及其并发症最有效的影像学方法。增强CT扫描对胰腺的坏死、出血程度以及渗液范围的判断有很大价值，有助于临床的诊断和治疗。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎CT诊断分析

目的总结急性坏死性胰腺炎的CT影像表现,以提高CT诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析经临床确诊的78例急性坏死性胰腺炎患者CT影像资料。结果患者CT表现为胰腺体积弥漫性增大明显,密度不均匀减低或增高,胰周脂肪间隙消失,出现胰腺周围渗出62例,胰周脓肿6例,胰周假性囊肿8例,肝脏密度减低46例,肾周筋膜增厚58例,胸腔积液、胸膜增厚51例,肺部渗出及肺实变42例。结论 CT检查有助于急性坏死性胰腺炎的诊断。     

急性胰腺炎的CT诊断

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎的CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析25例经临床证实急性胰腺炎病例的CT资料，观察其CT表现特征及病变范围。结果单纯性胰腺炎18例，坏死性胰腺炎7例。CT表现主要是胰腺的弥漫性增大，密度降低，有3例胰腺内见局限性片状高密度出血影，7例见有不规则低密度区。所有病例均见有胰周积液。结论CT检查是诊断急性胰腺炎及其并发症最有效的影像学方法。增强CT扫描对胰腺的坏死、出血程度以及渗液范围的判断有很大价值，有助于临床的诊断和治疗。     

CT对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值分析

目的分析急性胰腺炎的CT表现，进一步提高急性胰腺炎的CT诊断水平，对临床急性胰腺炎的治疗提供可靠的影像依据。方法10例急性胰腺炎患者均为临床高度怀疑者，均行B超检查和血尿淀粉酶测定及CT检查。结果2例胰腺弥漫性肿大，其中1例女性患者发现胆囊增大。1例有胰管扩张。出血坏死性胰腺炎5例。吉氏筋膜增厚7例，其中3例肾周脂肪密度增高。胰外液潴留即蜂窝织炎5例，1例胃壁增厚。其中1例向下蔓延至左侧结肠旁沟直至盆腔，合并胰腺脓肿1例。10例均在2个月后来我院复查，形成假囊肿的有2例。结论CT对急性胰腺炎的诊断率高，对临床治疗有重要的指导作用。     

CT平扫在急性胰腺炎诊断中的应用

[目的]探讨CT平扫对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值.[方法]回顾性分析80例经临床证实急性胰腺炎病例的CT资料,观察其CT表现特征及范围.[结果]轻中型急性胰腺炎68例,大多数痛人胰腺体积局部或弥漫性增大,胰腺密度均匀或不均匀,吉氏筋膜增厚,少数病人可无阳性CT表现;重型胰腺炎12例,胰腺体积增大,胰腺边界模糊,胰周脂肪间隙消失,胰周可见积液(小网膜囊和结肠间隙),胰腺坏死密度减低.[结论]CT平扫是诊断急性胰腺炎的简便、有效的方法,有助于急性胰腺炎的早期诊断及分型.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的CT诊断

目的 探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎CT诊断价值。方法 回顾分析23例急性坏死性胰腺炎患者临床与CT检查资料。结果 急性坏死性胰腺炎主要CT表现有：(1)胰腺弥漫性或局限性肿大伴胰内单个或多个小斑片状无强化低密度灶；(2)胰周脂肪间隙模糊混浊，肾前筋膜和胃后壁增厚；(3)胰内和／或胰外单发或多发渗漏积液；(4)合并胰腺出血、脓肿和假性囊肿形成。结论 CT对急性坏死性胰腺炎的诊断及患者预后判断具有重要价值。     

急性胰腺炎的CT诊断（附20例分析）

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎的CT表现及其应用价值。方法：对20例急性胰腺炎病人进行CT检查，取层厚5mn，平扫 增强扫描。结果：单纯性14例，坏死性6例，合并出血2例。CT表现为胰腺肿大，密度改变，胰周渗液，并发症。结论：CT是急性胰腺炎最有效的影像诊断方法，增强扫描对胰腺坏死范围、程度、定量、定性的判断有很大价值，有助于临床诊断及治疗。     

急性胰腺炎CT与超声对比分析

目的：对比分析急性胰腺炎CT与超声的影像学表现与诊断价值。材料与方法：对98例临床（80／98，91．6％）和手术病理（18／98，18．4％）证实的急性胰腺炎患者的增强CT表现及超声表现进行对比分析。结果：各征象对比分析结果：1、胰腺实质不均，胰周单个液区及胰外脓肿表现：CT阳性率分别为22／98（22．4％）、14／98（14．3％）、9／98（9．2％），超声阳性率为23／98（23．5％）、10／98（10．2％）、7／98（7．1％），二者结果无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；2、胰腺局限性增大，胰管扩张，胆总管结石表现：CT阳性率分别为：15／98（15．3％）、14／98（14．3％）、2／98（2．O％），超声阳性率为24／98（24．5％）、22／98（22．4％）、10／98（10．2％），超声阳性率高于CT，二者结果有统计学差异（P〈0．05）；3、胰腺内小灶性液区、胰周脂肪层模糊及胰外片状密度增高（超声片状回声增强回声）：CT阳性率分别为24／98（24．5％）、20／98（20．4％）、18／98（18．4％），超声阳性率分别为10／98（10．2％）、14／98（14．3％）、11／98（11．2％）；CT阳性率高于超声，二者结果有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。74例轻型急性胰腺炎患者中CT敏感性77．0％（57／74），超声敏感性79．7％（59／74，），二者敏感性无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；重症急性胰腺炎CT敏感性95．83％（23／24，），超声敏感性62．5％（15／24，），CT敏感性高于超声，二者结果有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：超声可以更多地显示胰头局限性增大、胰管扩张及胆总管内结石；对急性水肿型胰腺炎二者敏感性相近，对重症胰腺炎CT敏感性优于超声，二者可相互弥补，提高胰腺炎诊断能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.