肾筋膜扩张鞘联合气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石

目的:探讨肾筋膜扩张鞘联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的疗效.方法:膀胱结石患者33例,结石直径20～45mm,通过尿道口置入肾筋膜扩张鞘后,在肾镜直视下采用气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石.结果:所有结石均一次性粉碎成功,手术时间15～65 min,平均25.6 min.术后1～2 d复查膀胱B超或肾脏、输尿管及膀胱X线平片未见结石残留,导尿管在术后1～2 d拔除;同期行经尿道前列腺电切术者导尿管在术后3～7 d拔除.术后出现淡红色血尿3例,均在1～2 d后好转;出现尿道黏膜轻度刮伤2例.术后无尿道狭窄、大出血、膀胱穿孔等严重并发症.结论:采用肾筋膜扩张鞘作为通道联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗成年膀胱结石患者效果满意,尤其对巨大膀胱结石更具优势,更省时、省力、安全,操作更简便.     

经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石

目的 探讨经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石的效果。方法 对63例前列腺增生症并膀胱结石患者，先置入膀胱镜鞘，建立“通道”，行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术，清除膀胱结石后同期行前列腺电切术。结果 63例患者均手术成功。无膀胱穿孔、水中毒、再出血、尿失禁等并发症，拔尿管后均排尿顺畅。2～3个月后复查，无结石残留。结论 膀胱镜鞘建立“通道”，采用经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石是一种创伤小、安全、疗效肯定的微创手术方法，值得推广。【关键词】前列腺增生症 膀胱结石 经尿道前列腺电切术 气压弹道碎石术     

经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘气压弹道碎石治疗小儿膀胱结石

目的 探讨经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在小儿膀胱结石中的应用.方法 对23例小儿膀胱结石患者的临床治疗效果进行回顾总结.结果 经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在治疗小儿膀胱结石中成功率达到91.3%.结论 经皮膀胱穿刺造瘘气压弹道碎石是治疗经尿道气压弹道碎石入路有困难的小儿膀胱结石一种安全、高效、简便、并发痘少的方法.值得推荐.     

不同入路气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石

目的 探讨不同入路气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石的方法及疗效。方法 采用气压弹道碎石术经尿道输尿管镜、经耻骨上膀胱造瘘、经尿道普通膀胱镜、经膀胱镜鞘输尿管镜等4种入路共治疗膀胱结石28例。结果 手术一次性成功率89．3％。1例结石残留，1例结石无法固定改开放手术，1例结石核心为异物改开放性手术。手术时间15～60min。结论 气压弹道碎石术安全可靠，损伤轻微。以经膀胱镜鞘输尿管镜入路最佳，其次为经尿道普通膀胱镜入路，经尿道输尿管入路适用于尿道狭窄者，经耻骨上膀胱造瘘入路不主张使用。     

气压弹道碎石和汽化电切治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石体会

目的探讨前列腺增生并膀胱结石的有效治疗方法。方法采用经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石和汽化电切治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石共10例。结果手术时间60～120min,术后7～9d拔管,排尿通惕,无TURS,大出血,膀胱穿孔等并发症。结论输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石和汽化电切是治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石的一种安全有效的方法。     

应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石

目的:探讨应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石的治疗效果及预后.方法:对56例各种病因所致膀胱结石患者于肾镜或输尿管镜下应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统进行治疗.结果:56例均一次清除膀胱结石,其中12例为小儿膀胱结石患者.手术时间10～60 min.术中及术后未发生大出血、膀胱穿孔、水中毒等并发症.术后随访1～24个月,无结石复发和尿道狭窄出现.结论:应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石,尤其对小儿膀胱结石是安全、高效地手术方法.     

气压弹道碎石和等离子电切治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石

目的 探讨前列腺增生并膀胱结石的有效治疗方法.方法 采用经尿道膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石和等离子体双极电切治疗20例BPH并膀胱结石.结果 手术时间60～180min,术后3～5d拔管,排尿通畅,无TURS、大出血、膀胱穿孔等并发症.结论 膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石和等离子体双极电切是治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石的一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗下尿路结石43例

目的观察输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱、尿道结石的临床疗效 .方法在输尿管肾镜下应用气压弹道碎石治疗下尿路结石43例.结果平均碎石时间6. 1±2.5min,均一次碎石成功,无膀胱穿孔、严重出血、尿道狭窄等并发症.结论输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗下尿路结石是一种安全、有效、理想的方法.     

侧视尿道膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的体会

目的 探讨侧视尿道膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石在治疗膀胱结石的临床应用价值.方法 2005年9月～2007年6月对48例膀胱结石患者采用侧视尿道膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石治疗.结果 48例均碎石成功,未出现尿道膀胱损伤.结论 侧视膀胱镜下气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石创伤少、成功率高、并发症少.     

经电切镜外鞘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的改良

目的 探讨改良后输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石临床疗效.方法 直视下进入膀胱,电切镜鞘上套上自制密封帽,输尿管镜通过密封帽沿电切镜鞘进入膀胱进行碎石,Ellik吸出结石.结果 该组32例一次性碎石成功,无并发症,3 cm以上结石由原来手术时间2h以上缩至30 min左右.结论 通过电切镜外鞘上加用自制密封帽,大大提高了输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的效率,减少并发症.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.