碘盐质量与重点人群碘营养现状

目的了解平顶山市居民碘盐质量和8—10岁儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状,为科学制定干预策略提供依据。方法按东、西、南、北、中5个方位,2013年采集居民家中盐样进行盐碘测定;采集8—10岁儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿样各40份,进行尿碘测定。盐碘测定采用直接滴定法,尿碘测定采用硫酸铵消化-砷铈催化分光光度法。结果检测居民户家中盐样1500份,盐碘中位数为27．5mg／kg。碘盐覆盖率为98．26％,碘盐合格率为94．09％,合格碘盐食用率为92．46％;8—10岁儿童尿碘中位数为164．92ug／L。尿碘〈50ug／L的占6．69％（17／254）,与2011年8—10岁儿童尿碘〈50ug/L的16．41％（128／780）比较,差异有统计学意义（r=15．01,P〈0．05）;孕妇尿碘中位数为151．87ug／L,尿碘〈150ug／L的比例为48．59％（121／249）;哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为145．32ug/L,尿碘〈100ug／L的比例为29．07％（66／227）。结论平顶山市碘盐质量和碘营养调查的各项指标继续保持“国家消除碘缺乏病标准”。8～10岁儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状总体上是适宜的,但要关注重点人群对碘的需求。     

天津市部分市售食品碘含量分析

目的 测定天津市区部分市售食品中碘含量,为天津市区碘营养水平的安全评价以及碘与硒联合作用的研究提供基础数据.方法 从天津市内6区的农贸市场中采集部分市售食品,用砷铈氧化还原法进行碘含量测定.结果 各类食品的碘含量分别为:蔬菜类(4.2±3.16)μg/100g;谷物干豆类(7.6±6.15)μg/100g;动物性食品(20.1±20.54)μg/100g;干海带的碘含量为(4263.6±1895.05)μg/100g.结论 不同种类食物的碘含量不同.不同来源的同类食品样品其碘含量可能有较大的差别.食盐加碘是补充碘的重要措施.     

滨州市碘缺乏病区甲状腺肿大防治效果评价

目的：了解全市碘缺乏区甲状腺肿大防治效果，观察食用碘盐、尿碘与甲状腺肿大的关系。方法：甲状腺检查采用GB16004－1995、尿碘依据WS／T107－1999砷铈催化法。结果：食盐含碘量均值为42．37mg/kg，尿碘平均水平为228.45μg/L,8-9岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为4．18％，10岁儿童为10．56％，超过5％的控制水平。结论：盐碘含量和尿碘水平达到GB16006－1995碘缺乏病消除标准。但在补碘时，要考虑摄入过量的碘对甲肿率的影响。     

云南省孕妇和哺乳期妇女的碘营养水平监测结果分析

目的：监测孕妇和哺乳妇食用新标准食盐[碘含量（18～33 mg／kg ）]的碘营养水平,指导全省碘缺乏病防控工作。方法选取安宁市、牟定县、南涧县、宁洱县、梁河县,每个县（市）选择城区和近城区农村、偏远山区农村各1个乡镇,每个乡镇抽取至少30名孕妇或哺乳妇,检查其甲状腺大小,采集其尿样及其家中的食用盐分别测定尿碘含量和盐碘含量,采集项目点饮用水测定水碘含量,对受检人群进行碘缺乏病健康教育知晓率调查。结果抽取的水样中碘含量中位数为1．59μg／L ;盐碘中位数为23．7 m g／kg ,碘盐合格率为95．9％,合格碘盐食用率为94．8％;尿碘中位数为168．7μg／L ,总体上5个县的尿碘之间具有统计学差异（ P＜0．01）;孕妇和乳妇尿碘中位数分别为175．5μg／L、163．6μg／L ,孕妇＜150μg／L占39．9μg／L ,乳妇＜100μg／L 占22．2μg／L ;孩子半岁后乳妇的平均尿碘高于半岁前的乳妇,二者尿碘中位数构成分布有统计学差异（ P＜0．05）;城区和农村尿碘中位数分别为158．8μg／L、172．5μg／L ,农村高于城区,二者尿碘有统计学差异（ P＜0．01）;甲肿率（B超法）为0．9％。碘缺乏病健康教育知晓率为69.6％。结论孕妇和乳妇尿碘中位数总体适宜,但部分人群存在碘营养不足的健康风险,通过增加食用富碘食品和碘营养制剂增加碘摄入,或者给这些特殊人群供应较高浓度的食用碘盐[碘含量30mg／kg（21～39mg／kg）],以保障孕期和哺乳期适宜的碘营养水平。     

2007—2012年永嘉县居民碘营养水平调查

目的：全面了解和掌握永嘉县居民碘营养水平,有效地评价干预措施落实情况。方法：采用直接滴定法检测碘盐;学生与育龄妇女分别用B超法、触诊法检查甲状腺肿大情况,井按《地方性甲状腺肿诊断标准》（WS276—2007）进行判定;检查8～10岁学生与妇女尿碘水平;采用酸消化砷～铈接触法（wS／T107—2006）检测尿碘含量。结果：碘盐中位数为30．5mg／kg,合格碘盐食用率达90．98％;学生甲状腺肿大率为4．55％,育龄妇女甲状腺肿大率为8．75％;学生尿碘中位数为218μg／L,育龄妇女尿碘中位数为199．3μg／L。结论：永嘉县人体内碘营养含量大于碘需要量,表明永嘉县居民碘营养水平还有一定的下调空间。     

碘摄入量与晨尿中碘排量的关系研究

目的研究晨尿的尿碘含量及其肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量的相关关系,探讨准确反映机体碘摄入量的指标。方法将经筛选的161名志愿者随机分为500～2000μg/d的7个剂量组中。采用7d膳食记录法计算膳食碘摄入量。在给与碘补充剂后第0、2、4w取空腹晨尿,分别以砷铈催化分光光度法和碱性苦味酸法测定尿碘含量和尿肌酐含量,并计算出肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量。对各组晨尿碘含量和每日尿排碘量进行方差分析,并与碘摄入量进行回归分析。结果膳食中碘的摄入量在各剂量组间没有显著性差异,均值为328μg/d。给碘补充剂前晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量在各剂量组间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),均值分别为325μg/L和314μg/d。而给碘补充剂后第2、4w晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量随剂量的增加而增加,在各剂量组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。回归分析显示其相关系数在0.958～0.976之间(P=0.000),肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量回归方程的斜率接近1。结论晨尿的尿碘含量及肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量都是表述机体碘摄入量的敏感指标。因晨尿尿碘含量易受干扰而波动,只适用于大样本群体的碘营养状况调查。晨尿经肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量相对比较稳定,能更准确地反映碘的摄入量,既适用于群体,也适用于个体的碘营养状况评价。     

2004年凯里市200名学龄儿童尿碘检测结果分析

目的了解凯里市小学生碘营养状况,为今后碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据。方法对凯里市七小200名学生采集尿液用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘。结果2004年共检测200名小学生,尿碘中位数为274．87μg／L,没有〈50μg／L以下的样本,100～200μg／L有119份（59．5％）,〉300μg／L的样本有79份（39．50％）。结论要消除碘缺乏病,一要做好合格碘盐的供应和监测工作;二要加强碘盐管理,抓好加工和零售等环节的碘盐质量,加大打击私盐力度;三要开展健康教育,使群众了解食用碘盐的重要意义和正确使用碘盐。     

郴州市消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后监测结果分析

目的　为了解郴州市消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后的工作进展 ,评价可持续性干预措施落实情况及防治效果。方法　随机抽取监测县、乡、村及居民和学校 ;用 GB/ T130 2 5 7- 1999中直接滴定法定量检测盐碘含量 ,用酸消化砷铈接触法检测尿碘含量 ;触诊法检查小学生甲状腺肿大率。　结果　居民食盐碘含量中位数 31.75 mg/ kg,碘盐覆盖率 10 0 % ,合格碘食用率 87.5 0 % ,小学生尿碘中位数 311.4 ug/ L ;<10 0 ug/ L为 0 ,>4 0 0 ug/ L 2人。育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数 35 2 .2 ug/ L ;<10 0 ug/ L人、4 0 0 ug/ L 12人。小学生甲肿率为 1.2 5 %。　结论　可持续性防治措施仍然得到落实 ,防治效果显著 ,但人群尿碘水平仍较高 ,对特殊人群补碘制品应视情而补 ,建议继续下调碘盐含碘标准 ,减少高碘性甲亢病人的发生     

微量营养元素碘与甲亢关系的研究

目的 探讨膳食碘与甲亢的关系，为预防和辅助治疗甲亢提供合理膳食指导。方法 选择甲亢患作为研究对象，采用24h饮食回顾法进行膳食调查，放大反应比色法测定食物碘含量，尿碘定量检测试剂盒测定尿碘含量。结果 患和健康人食物频数包括9大类，其分布两间无显性差异，但患海产品的摄人频数略高于健康人，患平均尿碘水平271．30μg/L，明显高于对照组188．70μg/L，海鲜和鸡肉等食品含碘量较高。结论 甲亢患体内碘代谢发生了极大变化，控制甲亢患膳食碘的摄入量对其辅助治疗具有重要意义。     

惠州市城镇居民盐碘、尿碘含量调查分析

目的了解惠州市城镇居民食用盐碘和尿碘的含量,为是否需要长期食用加碘盐提供科学依据。方法2009年3—5月分别采集惠州市城区及其所辖惠阳区、博罗县、惠东县、龙门县部分居民家中正在使用的食盐进行盐碘测定,随机抽取全市25所小学566名学生的尿样进行尿碘的测定。用硫代硫酸钠滴定法测定盐碘的含量,用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘的含量。结果共检测盐样1453份,平均碘盐覆盖率为96．1％,合格碘盐食用率为94．8％;共检测566份尿样,平均尿碘中位数为214μg／L,尿碘值〈50μg／L所占比例为3．71％,尿碘值〈100μg/L所占比例为11．8％,尿碘值〉300μg／L所占比例为19．8％。结论惠州市城镇居民盐碘、尿碘含量达到碘缺乏病消除标准。     

青海省不同地区人群膳食摄碘水平调查

目的:调查青海省不同地区人群膳食碘摄入量,为科学补碘、持续消除碘缺乏危害提供依据。方法:2018-2019年,依据青海省行政区划、自然地理区划、人口分布和经济发展水平,共抽取14个调查点,每个调查点抽取1个村,每个村抽取20户世居者,采集每户家庭盐样、每个家庭成员24 h尿样,检测盐碘、尿碘;在每个村按东、西、南、北、...     

中国非高碘地区人群膳食碘摄入量评估

目的评估中国非高碘地区(水碘含量<150μg/L)人群膳食碘摄入量不足的潜在风险。方法利用中国营养与健康状况调查资料、食盐消费量数据和饮用水推荐摄入量,以及中国食物成分表及盐碘和水碘监测数据,估计我国非高碘地区13个性别-年龄组人群在食用加碘食盐和不加碘食盐情形下的膳食碘摄入量,并与我国的膳食碘摄入量推荐标准进行比较。结果在非高碘地区食用加碘盐情况下,虽然人群的平均碘摄入量均高于推荐摄入量(RNI),但碘摄入量超过最高耐受摄入量(UL)的比例平均为5.8%,而低于RNI的比例平均为13.4%,并且18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于平均需要量(EAR)的比例为9.4%,且食盐对膳食碘的贡献率远高于饮用水和各类食物;在非高碘地区食用不加碘盐的情况下,虽然多数性别-年龄组人群的平均碘摄入量高于RNI,但摄入量低于RNI的平均比例高达97.6%,其中18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于EAR的比例为97.4%,且各类食物合并的平均碘贡献率高于饮用水。结论中国非高碘地区居民碘缺乏的健康风险大于碘过量的健康风险,这在食用不加碘食盐的情况下尤为明显;加碘食盐应当是非高碘地区居民膳食碘的最主要来源。     

Iodine status in preschool children and evaluation of major dietary iodine sources: a German experience

Purpose

Even mild iodine deficiency may negatively affect cognitive performance, especially at a young age. Our aim was to investigate iodine status in very young children and to assess the importance of iodized salt in processed foods of which the use has decreased during the last years in Germany.

Methods

Twenty-four hours urinary iodine excretion (UIE) as a marker of iodine intake was measured in 378 24 h urine samples collected 2003–2010 by 221 3 to <6 years old participants of the DONALD Study. Parallel 3-d weighed dietary records and measurements of urinary sodium excretion provided data on the daily consumption of the most important iodine sources in the children’s diet (iodized salt, milk, fish, meat and eggs). Time trends of UIE (2003–2010) and contributions of the different food groups were analyzed by using linear mixed-effects regression models.

Results

Median UIE of 71 μg/d in boys and 65 μg/d in girls (P = 0.03), corresponding to an iodine intake of 82 and 75 μg/d, respectively (assumption: 15 % non-renal iodine losses), was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 90 μg/d. Milk, salt and egg intake were significant predictors of UIE; milk and salt together accounted for >80 % of iodine supply. Between 2003 and 2010, UIE decreased significantly by approximately 1 μg/d per year. The contribution of salt intake to UIE decreased from 2003–2006 to 2007–2010.

Conclusion

In countries where salt is a major iodine source, already modest decreases in the iodized proportion of salt used in processed foods may relevantly impair iodine status even in preschool children.     

Mild iodine deficiency in a sample of New Zealand schoolchildren

OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine status of New Zealand schoolchildren. DESIGN: A proportionate to population size school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select children from two cities. The indicators used to assess iodine status were urinary iodine, as determined in a casual urine sample, and thyroid volume, as measured by ultrasonography. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire designed to ascertain frequency of consumption over the previous 3 months of foods or food groups that are good sources of dietary iodine, including iodized salt, was administered to each child. SETTING: Dunedin and Wellington, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Three-hundred children aged 8-10 y from 30 schools. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentration of the children was 6.6 micro g/dl (interquartile range, 4.5-9.1). The percentage of children who had urinary iodine levels less than 5 micro g/dl was 31.4 (95% confidence interval (CI), 24.2-38.6). Comparison of thyroid volume with 2001 World Health Organization age/sex-specific and age/BSA-specific cut-off values resulted in a goitre prevalence of 11.3% (95% CI, 7.6-15.1) and 12.0% (95% CI, 7.9-16.1), respectively. Almost 30% of the children's caregivers did not use iodized salt in cooking and 51% of the children did not use iodized salt at the table. CONCLUSIONS: Mild iodine deficiency was found in this sample of children. Iodized table salt may no longer be making a significant contribution to the iodine intakes of New Zealand children.     

Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition.

Observational studies primarily based on diet questionnaires or food records have reported that vegetarians can have a very low I intake. However, analytically ascertained data on the possible degree of I deficiency with this form of diet is lacking. Six healthy adult volunteers participated in the present controlled experimental diet study carried out in four separate 5 d diet periods. The study diets, normal, protein-rich, lactovegetarian, and repeat of the initial normal diet, were almost isoenergetic and contained no fish, sea food, iodized salt or processed foods fortified with I. During the last 48 h of each diet period two 24 h urine samples were obtained from each subject. I analyses were performed in the urine samples and in representative samples taken from all ingested diets. Urinary I excretion was significantly lower with the lactovegetarian diet (36.6 (SD 8.8) micrograms/d) than with the normal and the protein-rich diets (50.2 (SD 14.0) and 61.0 (SD 8.0) micrograms/d respectively). Accordingly, a markedly reduced I intake was confirmed analytically for the lactovegetarian diet (15.6 micrograms/d v. 35.2 and 44.5 micrograms/d respectively). Our results provide experimental confirmation of literature findings indicating that I supply is higher with non-vegetarian than with vegetarian diets. Specifically, the extremely low intake and urinary output of I as analytically determined for one exemplary vegetarian diet, demonstrate that dietary I may be limiting when strict forms of vegetarian dietary practices (no iodized salt, no I supplements) are followed. The present study is, therefore, the first diet-experiment-based pointer to the potential danger of I deficiency disorders due to strict forms of vegetarian nutrition, especially when fruits and vegetables grown in soils with low I levels are ingested.     

不同水碘地区重点人群碘营养水平及其干预效果研究

目的研究不同水碘地区停供碘盐对特需人群碘营养的影响,以探讨停供碘盐的饮水碘含量的切点值。方法选择水碘50~100(A)、100~150(B)、150~300(C)和>300μg/L(D)不同水平4个自然村,进行居民户饮用水、食用盐和儿童甲状腺肿大率(甲肿率)调查,动态检测停供碘盐前后学龄儿童和育龄妇女尿碘水平变化。结果A、B、C、D4组的水碘中位数为93.20、143.23、194.10和805.85μg/L,盐碘中位数为25.38、28.21、30.01和32.87mg/kg,甲肿率为15.9%、5.9%、12.7%和24.0%。干预前4组居民尿碘中位数(MUI)为384.60、374.85、439.90和1260.10μg/L;尿碘水平100~300μg/L的比例各占32.3%、28.3%、13.6%和1.0%,>300μg/L的各占67.7%、70.8%、86.4%和99.0%,尿碘水平均向高值偏移。干预1、2个月后4组居民尿碘水平均有不同程度下降。A、B2组居民尿碘水平在2个月后降到300μg/L之内其碘营养适宜,而C、D2组碘营养依旧明显过量。A、B、C3组尿碘水平向高值偏移程度在干预后都明显减小。尿碘与水碘之间均呈正相关(P<0.001)。无论儿童还是妇女其干预后的尿碘水平均低于干预前水平,A组尤其明显。水碘与尿碘和甲肿率之间均为正相关(P<0.001)。结论水碘90μg/L左右地区停供碘盐之后人群碘营养处于适宜水平,可以安全地停止食用碘盐;水碘>100μg/L地区人群碘营养仍然明显过量,故不宜实行全民食盐加碘措施。     

重庆市全民食盐加碘15年后碘缺乏病效果评价

目的评价重庆市全民食盐加碘15年后碘缺乏病现状,为今后防治碘缺乏病策略调整提供科学依据。方法 2011年在重庆市采用人口比例概率抽样法抽取30个监测点。每点抽取1所小学8～10岁儿童40名,调查儿童甲状腺肿大情况、盐碘、尿碘、日均摄食盐量以及孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘。甲状腺采用B超法检查,尿碘采用砷铈催化分光光度方法 (WS/T 107-2006)测定,盐碘采用直接滴定法(GB/T13025.7-1999),摄入食盐量采用3日称量法进行测算。结果共调查1 322名8～10岁儿童,甲状腺肿大率为5.52%,6.67%的区县超过10%。盐碘中位数为29.90mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.62%、96.67%,不同区县间比较,合格碘盐食用率差异有统计学意义(χ2=53.47,P<0.05)。居民日均摄入食盐量为8.44g。儿童、孕妇、哺乳妇女尿碘中位数分别为254.10μg/L、223.85μg/L、219.60μg/L;不同区县间比较,三种人群的尿碘中位数差异均有统计学意义(H儿童=121.27,H孕妇=58.57,H哺乳妇女=55.34,P均<0.01);尿碘<100μg/L比例分别占9.68%、12.86%、14.07%,300μg/L以上比例分别占36.38%、32.59%、31.82%。结论总体上重庆市儿童甲状腺肿大率、碘盐覆盖率及合格碘盐食用率、尿碘均在消除碘缺乏病标准范围内,但人群存在碘不足和碘过量现象。     

Variable iodine intake persists in the context of universal salt iodization in china

Iodine deficiency disorders were prevalent in China until the introduction of universal salt iodization in 1995. Concerns have recently arisen about possible excess iodine intake in this context. To document iodine intake and the contribution from iodized salt in China, we surveyed dietary iodine intake during China's nationally representative 2007 total diet study (TDS) and during an additional TDS in 4 coastal provinces and Beijing in 2009. Iodine intake was broken down by age and sex in 2009. Mean daily iodine and salt intake and the contribution from different food and beverage groups (and in 2009, individual items) was measured. The iodine in food cooked with iodized and noniodized salt was also assessed. The mean calculated iodine intake of a standard male in China was 425 μg/d in 2007 and 325 μg/d in coastal areas in 2009, well below the upper limit (UL) in all provinces. In 2009, iodine intake was above the UL in only 1-7% of age-sex groups, except among children (18-19%). A concerning number of individuals consumed less than the WHO-recommended daily allowance, including 31.5% of adult women. Salt contributed 63.5% of food iodine, and 24.6% of salt iodine was lost in cooking. Overall salt consumption declined between the surveys. Salt iodization assures iodine nutrition in China where environmental iodine is widely lacking. The risk of iodine excess is low, but planned decreases in salt iodization levels may increase the existing risk of inadequate intake. Regular monitoring of urinary iodine and more research on the impact of excess iodine intake is recommended.     

舟山群岛部分成年居民碘营养状况的对照研究

目的 了解海岛居民的碘营养状况，评价食盐补碘的利弊。方法 对定海农村(食用碘盐)和岱山农村(不食用碘盐)随机抽取的8个乡20岁以上成年人入户调查，对饮食碘摄人和尿碘水平进行两样本描述性统计及非参数检验，并进行相关分析。结果 食用碘盐组除碘盐外每日碘摄入量中位数为128μg，而不食用加碘盐的组为147μg，两组饮食碘摄入差异无显著性(μ＝1．847，P＝0．065)，而尿碘水平在食用碘盐组和不食用碘盐组分别为194μg／L和90μg／L，两组间差异有显著性(μ＝14．673，P＝0．000)。尿碘水平的高低与饮食碘摄入无关(rt＝0．052，P＝0．095)。结论 舟山海岛居民日常饮食不能满足机体碘需要，应对其补碘，但要注意补碘过程中可能出现的碘过量问题。