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??Preoperative portal vein embolization for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a report of 16 cases YI Bin*, XU Ai-min, QÜ Zeng-qiang, et al. *First Department of Biliary ract Diseases, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438,China
Corresponding author: JIANG Xiao-Qing, E-mail:jxq1225@sina.com
Abstract Objective To evaluate whether portal vein embolization (PVE) is safe and efficacious in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who are estimated to have inadequate/marginal future liver remnant (FLR). Methods Between January 2007 and March 2009 at Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 16 cases of FLR ratio <50% requiring major hepatectomy underwent PVE with multiple steel coils. Results Sixteen cases (PVE group) were performed PVE resulted from hepatic function injury and FLR ratio <50%. Thirty-three cases (nonPVE group) were performed extended hepatectomy en bloc with the tumor resulted from FLR ratio >50%. PVE complications including bile leak (1/16) and coil displacement (2/16) did not delay hepatectomies. Deficiency of FLR hypertrophy appeared in one case with underlying cirrhosis and prevented him away from surgery. Local tumor progression and peritoneal dissemination precluded hepatectomy in 2 cases. The other 13 cases (81.3%) underwent extended hepatectomy en bloc with the tumor. The PVE hepatectomy group (n=13) had similar complication and mortality rates compared with the non-PVE hepatectomy group (FLR ratio > 50%, n=33) (complication rate, 69.2% vs. 63.6%, P=1.000; mortality rate, 0 vs. 9.1%, P=0.548). Conclusion PVE is a safe and efficacious procedure in inducing adequate hypertrophy of the FLR before major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

肝切除术前门静脉栓塞疗效的荟萃分析

目的 探讨肝切除术(右半肝、扩大半肝切除术)前应用门静脉栓塞(portal veinembolization,PVE)的临床价值.方法 通过电子检索Pubmed、Medline、Ovid数据库,对1986至2008年有关右半肝或扩大半肝切除术前行PVE的病例对照研究资料进行meta分析.结果 共纳入文献9篇,494例患者.荟萃分析结果 显示,PVE手术组较单纯手术组术后肝功能衰竭的发生率降低(P=0.02),但两者术后手术死亡的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);亚组分析肝细胞癌和结直肠癌肝转移PVE手术组较单纯手术组1、3、5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);1篇文献报道结肠癌肝转移发生率PVE手术组术后肝内复发转移发生较单纯手术组降低(P=0.001),而其他远处转移发生率相对增高(P=0.004).结论 术前行PVE能够有效降低术后肝功能衰竭的发生,但临床医师应当谨慎把握行术前PVE的指征.     

肝门部胆管癌术前行门静脉栓塞16例分析

目的 探讨未来残余肝较小的肝门部胆管癌病人行门静脉栓塞是否安全有效。 方法 对2007年1月至2009年3月第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院拟行大部肝切除、未来残余肝/全肝体积（FLR/ TLV）比<50%的16例接受钢圈门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization,PVE）的临床资料进行分析。 结果 术前16例（PVE组）因肝功能损害、FLR/TLV < 50%者行PVE治疗,33例（非PVE组）FLR/TLV > 50%者行肿瘤联合肝切除。PVE后3例出现并发症,原因为胆漏和钢圈移位,但未推迟肝切除术日期。16例PVE中1例合并肝硬化出现非栓塞肝叶增生不全而未能接受外科治疗,2例术中发现肿瘤进展、腹膜播散未能接受肝切除术,余13例（81.3%）行联合肝切除的肿瘤切除术。PVE组和非PVE组的手术并发症发生率分别为69.2%及63.6%,手术死亡率为0及9.1%。二者相比差异无统计学意义。结论 PVE能安全、有效地诱导肝门胆管癌术前未来残余肝增生。     

Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization

HYPOTHESIS: Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) allows potentially curative hepatic resection without additional morbidity or mortality in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies who are marginal candidates for resection based on small liver remnant size. DESIGN: A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients in a multi-institutional database who underwent extended hepatectomy. SETTING: University-based referral centers. PATIENTS: Forty-two patients underwent preoperative determination of the future liver remnant (FLR) volume before extended hepatectomy (> or = 5 segments) for hepatobiliary malignancy without chronic underlying liver disease. Patients were stratified by treatment with or without preoperative PVE. INTERVENTION: Preoperative percutaneous PVE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical characteristics, FLR volume, operative morbidity, and survival. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups that did and did not undergo PVE for the number of tumors, tumor size, estimated blood loss, duration of the operation, complexity of resection, or surgical margins. The FLR at presentation was significantly smaller in patients who underwent PVE than in patients who did not undergo PVE (18% vs 23%; P<.001). After PVE, FLR volumes increased significantly (P =.003); preoperative FLR volumes were similar in both groups (patients who underwent PVE, 25%; and patients who did not undergo PVE, 23%). There was no perioperative mortality and no statistical difference in the incidence of perioperative complications between those who did and those who did not undergo PVE (5 [28%] of 18 patients vs 5 [21%] of 24 patients). The overall 3-year survival was 65% and the median survival duration was equivalent in the 2 groups (40 vs 52 months for those who did vs those who did not undergo PVE). CONCLUSION: Portal vein embolization enables safe and potentially curative extended hepatectomy in a subset of patients who would otherwise be marginal candidates for resection based on a small liver remnant size.     

Portal vein embolization before right hepatectomy: prospective clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of liver hypertrophy of the future liver remnant volume (FLR) induced by preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) on the immediate postoperative complications after a standardized major liver resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: PVE is usually indicated when FLR is estimated to be too small for major liver resection. However, few data exist regarding the exact quantification of sufficient minimal functional hepatic volume required to avoid postoperative complications in both patients with or without chronic liver disease. METHODS: All consecutive patients in whom an elective right hepatectomy was feasible and who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria between 1998 and 2000 were assigned to have alternatively either immediate surgery or surgery after PVE. Among 55 patients (25 liver metastases, 2 cholangiocarcinoma, and 28 hepatocellular carcinoma), 28 underwent right hepatectomy after PVE and 27 underwent immediate surgery. Twenty-eight patients had chronic liver disease. FLR and estimated rate of functional future liver remnant (%FFLR) volumes were assessed by computed tomography. RESULTS: The mean increase of FLR and %FFLR 4 to 8 weeks after PVE were respectively 44 +/- 19% and 16 +/- 7% for patients with normal liver and 35 +/- 28% and 9 +/- 3% for those with chronic liver disease. All patients with normal liver and 86% with chronic liver disease experienced hypertrophy after PVE. The postoperative course of patients with normal liver who underwent PVE before right hepatectomy was similar to those with immediate surgery. In contrast, PVE in patients with chronic liver disease significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative complications as well as the intensive care unit stay and total hospital stay after right hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Before elective right hepatectomy, the hypertrophy of FLR induced by PVE had no beneficial effect on the postoperative course in patients with normal liver. In contrast, in patients with chronic liver disease, the hypertrophy of the FLR induced by PVE decreased significantly the rate of postoperative complications.     

Does Preoperative Portal Vein Embolization Have Any Impact on the Outcome of Right-Side Hepatectomy for Klatskin Tumor?

Background and Aim

The clinical usefulness of portal vein embolization (PVE) for Klatskin tumor is not well established. The authors explored the change in liver volume and function before and after major hepatectomy and evaluated the effect of PVE.

Methods

Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent right hepatectomy with an initial future liver remnant (FLR)?≤?30 % for Klatskin tumors at Seoul National University Hospital were included.

Results

Eleven patients underwent PVE, and eight patients received right trisectionectomy. PVE induced a mean FLR increase of 19.3 % after a mean of 15.8 days. At postoperative month 1, liver volume and liver hypertrophy ratio was comparable between PVE and no-PVE group. For patients with an initial FLR?≤?20 %, postoperative liver hypertrophy rate of PVE group was comparable to no-PVE group. Liver function tests were not affected by PVE or the initial FLR. Postoperative liver hypertrophy ratio was negatively correlated with the initial FLR (hypertrophy ratio (%)?=?326.7–0.4×initial FLR (ml), P?=?0.001). There was no severe PVE-related morbidity, and postoperative morbidity rate was comparable in PVE and no-PVE group.

Conclusion

The postoperative liver hypertrophy ratio, final liver volume, or liver function tests were not affected by PVE. Postoperative liver hypertrophy was related to the initial FLR.     

余肝不足肝癌手术治疗争议与共识

手术切除是肝癌病人获得长期生存的主要治疗方式。近年来肝脏外科进展迅速,手术适应证不断扩大。肝脏解剖复杂性和手术操作已不再是肝脏外科发展的障碍,剩余肝足够与否成为限制肝脏手术的瓶颈。目前,人工肝支持技术尚不成熟,余肝不足肝癌手术的主要策略是诱导余肝增生然后再切除肿瘤的二步切除法,以及针对原发或转移性肿瘤的降期或转化治疗。二步切除的主要方法目前仍为门静脉栓塞（PVE）或门静脉结扎（PVL）的二步肝切除术。对于肝细胞肝癌,联合肝动脉化疗栓塞可进一步改善治疗效果。近年来,联合肝脏分隔和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（ALPPS）的出现为余肝不足的肝癌手术带来新的突破。该方法可在短时间内诱导显著的肝脏增生,但是术后并发症发生率和手术死亡率较高,在手术安全性及肿瘤转归方面尚有争议。近年来原发或转移性肝癌的降期或转化治疗伴随着非手术技术的进步,亦有很大进展,已使越来越多的病人能够手术获益。     

术前门静脉栓塞术在肝门部胆管癌扩大肝切除术中的应用研究

目的 评价肝门部胆管癌扩大肝切除术前行门静脉栓塞术的有效性及安全性,比较门静脉栓塞手术切除术与非门静脉栓塞手术切除术后结果.方法 2007年5月至2010年10月收治肝门部胆管癌患者57例,分为两组,将预保留肝占全肝体积＜50％、术前接受门静脉栓塞(PVE)者设为PVE组(26例),男16例,女10例,年龄(56.48...     

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??Surgical treatment of liver cancer with insufficient future liver remnant: controversy and consensus ZHOU Jian,PENG Yuan-fei, WANG Zheng. Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Correspongding author: ZHOU Jian, E-mail: zhou.jian@
zs-hospital.sh.cn
Abstract Hepatic resection is the main optimal curative treatment for primary or metastatic liver cancer. The tremendous advance in liver surgery has overcome the complexity of liver anatomy and operative manipulation, but is often halted by the insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) after extensive hepatectomies. Thus far, the artificial liver support system has not been well developed. The main strategies of resection for patients with insufficient FLR are two-stage hepatectomy (resection of tumor after induction of FLR hypertrophy) and downstaging/conversion therapy of prirmary or metastatic liver cancer. The conventional two-stage hepatectomy includes portal vein embolization (PVE) and portal vein ligation (PVL). In hepatocellular carcinoma patients, PVE combined with transarterial chemoembolization can further improve the outcomes. The associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) can significantly increase the resectability by achieving a rapid and an effective hypertrophy of the FLR, but the postoperative complication rate and mortality rate is higher??the safety and oncological results are still controversial. The downstaging/conversion therapy of primary or metastatic liver cancer have also been remarkably improved with the progression of non-surgical treatments, which has enabled more and more patients to benefit from surgery.     

In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two‐stage liver resection

Background:

Portal vein embolization (PVE) has become a standard procedure to increase the future liver remnant (FLR) and enable curative resection of initially unresectable liver tumours. This study investigated the safety and feasibility of a new two‐stage liver resection technique that uses in situ liver transection (ISLT) and portal vein ligation before completion hepatectomy.

Methods:

A consecutive series of patients undergoing ISLT and extended right hepatectomy between 2009 and 2011 were compared with consecutive patients undergoing extended right hepatectomy after PVE. All patients had initially unresectable primary or secondary liver tumours, owing to an insufficient FLR (liver segments II/III).

Results:

Fifteen patients who had PVE and seven who underwent ISLT before extended right hepatectomy were evaluated. ISLT induced rapid growth of the FLR within 3 days, particularly after insufficient PVE, from a mean(s.d.) of 293(58) ml to 477(85) ml, corresponding to a volume increase of 63(29) per cent. All patients who had ISLT underwent completion extended right hepatectomy within 8 days (range 4–8 days).

Conclusion:

ISLT is an effective and reliable technique to induce rapid growth of the FLR, even in patients with insufficient volume increase after PVE. Copyright © 2012 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

肝切除术前门静脉栓塞对围手术期影响的荟萃分析

目的：探讨肝切除术（有半肝、扩大半肝切除术）前应用门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization,PVE）对病人围手术期的影响。方法：通过电子检索Pubmed、Medline数据库,对1986～2008年有关右半肝或扩大半肝切除术前行PVE病例的对照研究资料进行荟萃分析。结果：共纳入8篇文献．423例病人。荟萃分析结果显示．PVE手术组与单纯手术组比较,术前谷草转氨酶（AST）、总胆红素（TB）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、15min吲哚氰绿储留率（ICGR-15）及肿瘤最大直径两组间均无统计学差异（19〉0．05）;术中输血、肿瘤Rn切除及手术时间两组间均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。PVE手术组术后感染的发生率显著降低（P=0．002）,但二者在术后出血、胆瘘、肾功能衰竭及术后住院时间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：术前行PVE不能提高肝脏肿瘤的R0切除率,但能降低术后感染的发生率。     

Preoperative portal vein embolization for major liver resection: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is used clinically to prevent postoperative liver insufficiency. The current study examined the impact of portal vein embolization on liver resection. METHOD: A comprehensive Medline search to identify all registered literature in the English language on portal vein embolization. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the result of PVE and its impact on major liver resection. RESULT: A total of 75 publications met the search criteria but only 37 provided data sufficiently enough for analysis involving 1088 patients. The overall morbidity rate for PVE was 2.2% without mortality. Four weeks following PVE, 85% patients underwent the planned hepatectomy (n = 930). Twenty-three patients had transient liver failure following resection after PVE (2.5%) but 7 patients developed acute liver failure and died (0.8%).The reason for nonresection following PVE (n = 158, 15%) included inadequate hypertrophy of remnant liver (n = 18), severe progression of liver metastasis (n = 43), extrahepatic spread (n = 35), refusal to surgery (n = 1), poor general condition (n = 1), altered treatment to transcatheter artery embolization or chemotherapy (n = 24), complete remission after treatment with 3 cycles of fluoracil and interferon alpha in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1), incomplete pre- or postembolization scanning (n = 8). Of those who underwent laparotomy without resection, (n = 27) reasons included intraoperative finding of peritoneal dissemination (n = 15), portal node metastasis (n = 2), severe invasion of the tumor to the hepatic artery and portal vein (n = 1), and gross tumoral extension precluding curative resection (n = 9).Two techniques were used for portal vein embolization: percutaneous transhepatic portal embolization, (PTPE) and transileocolic portal embolization, (TIPE). The increase in remnant liver volume was much greater in PTPE than TIPE group (11.9% vs. 9.7%; P = 0.00001). However, the proportion of patients who underwent resection following PVE was 97% in TIPE and 88% PTPE, respectively (P = <0.00001). Although there was no significant difference in patients who had major complications post-PVE, the rate for minor complications was significantly higher among patients who had PTPE (53.6% vs. 0%, P = <0.0001). CONCLUSION: PVE is a safe and effective procedure in inducing liver hypertrophy to prevent postresection liver failure due to insufficient liver remnant.     

Parameters associated with changes in liver volume in patients undergoing portal vein embolization

BACKGROUND: To identify predictors of changes in hepatic volumes after portal vein embolization (PVE) before hepatectomy, we examined the relationship between clinicopathological parameters and changes in volume of embolized and nonembolized liver and regeneration of remnant liver after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 25 patients who underwent laparotomy. PVE was performed through transileocolic vein (n = 15) and percutaneous transhepatic puncture (n = 10). RESULTS: Significant atrophy and hypertrophy of the embolized and nonembolized liver were observed after PVE, respectively, and further increase of remnant liver volume was observed after hepatectomy. Background liver disease did not seem to influence the results. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level correlated negatively with atrophy of embolized lobe (r = -0.433). Platelet count correlated positively with hypertrophy of nonembolized lobe (r = 0.412, P < 0.05) and percent increase between lobes and (r = 0.515, P < 0.05). Seven (32%) patients developed postoperative complications, such as long-term ascites or cholestasis. Changes in embolized liver and percent increase between lobes in patients with postoperative cholestasis (-94 +/- 97 cm(3) and 9.6 +/- 5.1% gain) were significantly lower than those in patients without cholestasis (17 +/- 54 cm(3) and 6.6 +/- 1.3% gain, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ALP and platelet counts might be able to predict PVE effect and were related to postoperative course. Identification of more specific predictors is desirable.     

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??Portal vein ligation versus portal vein embolization for hepatectomy??A Meta-analysis SONG Wei??ZOU Shu-bing. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery??the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University??Nanchang 330000??China
Corresponding author??ZOU Shu-bing??E-mail??zousb999@163.com
Abstract Objective To systematically review the growth rate in future liver remnant (FLR) and perioperative outcomes after portal vein ligation (PVL) and portal vein embolization (PVE) before hepatectomy. Methods Such databases as MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data were electronically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or clinical controlled trials (CCTs) on application of portal vein ligation versus portal vein embolization for staged hepatectomy. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 8 studies were included with a total of 438 patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that??There was no difference in the increasement in FLR between PVE group versus PVL group??RR=6.04??95%CI??-0.23—12.32??P> 0.05). Similarly??there was no difference in the interval time??complications after PVE/PVL?? progression diseased after PVE/PVL??mortality??postoperative liver failure??morbidity and resectability in the two groups after hepatectomy. However??in a subset analysis comparing FLR with PVE and PVL??there was a significant increasement in FLR in favor of ALPPS??RR=30.14??95%CI??4.84—55.44??P< 0.05). Conclusion PVL and PVE for staged hepatectomy have a similar growth rate in FLR??mortality and morbidity rates in the hepatectomy. The ALPPS procedure results in an improved growth rate in FLR compared with PVE.     

Long-Term Survival and Disease Recurrence Following Portal Vein Embolisation Prior to Major Hepatectomy for Colorectal Metastases

Background  Portal vein embolisation (PVE) can be used to increase the remnant liver parenchyma volume before major hepatectomy but may stimulate tumour growth. The pattern of disease recurrence and long-term survival has not been adequately addressed. Methods  Over a period of 7 years 36 patients underwent preoperative PVE before resection of four or more liver segments for colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. PVE was performed when the future liver remnant (FLR) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan volumetry was less than 30%. Disease-free and overall survival was compared with a control group (65 patients) undergoing extended right/right hepatectomy for CRC metastases without PVE during the same time period. Results  PVE was successful in all patients. PVE increased the median FLR volume by 37% [295 ml (22%) to 404 ml (32%), p < 0.0001]. 61% of patients undergoing PVE proceeded to liver resection (n = 22). Twelve patients (33%) developed disease progression following PVE. The 5-year survival after liver resection with PVE was 25%, compared with 50% without PVE. The 5-year disease-free survival was 30% post PVE and 50% without PVE. Conclusion  We conclude that PVE significantly increases the future liver remnant. Only two-thirds of patients proceed to resection because of disease progression. Long-term survival is less than in patients who do not require PVE. The effect of PVE on tumour growth requires investigation. Presented at the 8th World Congress of the International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, February 2008 Mumbai, India, in Award Oral Paper Session.     

Chemotherapy With Bevacizumab Does Not Affect Liver Regeneration After Portal Vein Embolization in the Treatment of Colorectal Liver Metastases

Background  Blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in murine models has been shown to impair liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (monoclonal antibody anti-VEGF) on liver regeneration after portal vein embolization (PVE) in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases and its possible effect on postoperative outcome after major liver resection. Methods  Records of 65 consecutive patients treated with or without preoperative chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab) and PVE for colorectal liver metastases from September 1995 to February 2007 were reviewed from a prospective database. Future liver remnant (FLR) volume, degree of FLR hypertrophy after PVE, morbidity, mortality, and survival were analyzed. Results  Preoperative PVE was performed after chemotherapy in 43 patients and without chemotherapy in 22 patients. Among the 43 patients treated with chemotherapy, 26 received concurrent bevacizumab. After a median of 4 weeks after PVE, there was no difference in FLR volume increase among patients treated with or without chemotherapy. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in degree of FLR hypertrophy among patients treated without (mean, 10.1%) or with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab (8.8% and 6.8%) (P = .11). Forty-eight (74%) of 65 patients underwent extended right or right hepatectomy after PVE. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed among patients treated with or without preoperative chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab). Conclusion  Preoperative chemotherapy with bevacizumab does not impair liver regeneration after PVE. Liver resection can be performed safely in patients treated with bevacizumab before PVE. Presented at The Society of Surgical Oncology, 61st Annual Cancer Symposium, Chicago, IL, March 13–16, 2008.     

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy versus sequential transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein embolization in staged hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized comparative study

BackgroundBoth portal vein embolization (PVE) and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) have merits and demerits when used in patients with unresectable liver cancers due to insufficient volumes in future liver remnant (FLR).MethodsThis study was a single-center, prospective randomized comparative study. Patients with the diagnosis of hepatitis B related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the 2 groups. The primary endpoints were tumor resection and three-year overall survival (OS) rates.ResultsBetween November 2014 to June 2016, 76 patients with unresectable HBV-related HCC due to inadequate volume of FLR were randomly assigned to ALPPS groups (n=38) and TACE + PVE groups (n=38). Thirty-seven patients (97.4%) in the ALPPS group compared with 25 patients (65.8%) in the TACE + PVE group were able to undergo staged hepatectomy (risk ratio 1.48, 95% CI: 1.17–1.87, P<0.001). The three-year OS rate of the ALPPS group (65.8%) (95% CI: 50.7–80.9) was significantly better than the TACE + PVE group (42.1%) (95% CI: 26.4–57.8) (HR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26–0.98, two-sided P=0.036). However, no significant difference in the OS rates between patients who underwent tumor resection in the 2 groups of patients was found (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.35–1.83, two-sided P=0.595). Major postoperative complications rates after the stage-2 hepatectomy were 54.1% in the ALPPS group and 20.0% in the TACE + PVE group (risk ratio 2.70, 95% CI: 1.17–6.25, P=0.007).ConclusionsALPPS resulted in significantly better intermediate-term OS outcomes, at the expenses of a significantly higher perioperative morbidity rate compared with TACE + PVE in patients who had initially unresectable HBV-related HCC.     

Defining indications to ALPPS procedure: technical aspects and open issues

The limit to surgical treatment of patients with hepatic tumors is represented by the proportion of residual hepatic parenchyma at the end of surgery (FLR, future liver remnant) that provides an estimation of the risk of postoperative liver failure. Recently, a new two-stage technique has been developed with the acronym (ALPPS) associating liver partitioning and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy with the aim of obtaining a more rapid and effective increase in FLR, even though indications are not clear yet. Between January and December 2012, eight patients were candidates to ALPPS at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit of San Raffaele Hospital, Milan. The first three patients (Series 1) underwent right trisectionectomy and were affected by tumors infiltrating biliary confluence, while the others (Series 2) were candidates to right hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Two patients were then excluded from Series 2 because intraoperative finding of irresectable disease. Intra- and postoperative outcome was evaluated with the aim of defining indications to ALPPS. All patients reached an adequate FLR after a median of 7.5 days from the first procedure (rate of program completion 100 %). In Series 1 two patients developed complications related to bile leakage from the raw surface of the liver to be resected and septic events secondary to ischemic necrosis of the liver segment IV. One patient died following multi-organ failure secondary to sepsis. In Series 2 postoperative course was uneventful in all the patients, and in particular no patient showed disease progression between the two procedures or signs of postoperative liver failure. ALPPS approach was initially considered suitable for patients affected by Klatskin tumors who require, despite a small tumor volume, extended hepatectomies associated with surgery of the biliary tract: the analysis of this first series of patients has led to a re-evaluation of the indication to this strategy, as a consequence of encountered criticisms. Actually only a subset of patients affected by colorectal liver metastases are candidates to ALPPS.     

肝静脉-门静脉联合栓塞术促进预留肝脏快速增生——结直肠癌肝转移转化切除新策略

目的 评价肝静脉-门静脉联合栓塞术（HVE+PVE）安全性、促进预留肝脏增生的能力及联合系统治疗用于初始不可切除结直肠癌肝转移（CRLM）转化切除的可行性。方法 回顾性分析2020年12月至2021年11月复旦大学附属中山医院3例肝左、右叶多发初始不可切除CRLM病例经系统治疗后,病灶缩小,但剩余肝体积（FLR）不足,行HVE+PVE后转化切除的临床资料。结果 HVE+PVE后平均18.6 d,FLR从平均423.6 mL增生至561 mL,平均增长率32.8%;剩余肝体积（FLR）/标准肝体积（SLV）从平均33.5%增至43.8%,无并发症发生。HVE+PVE后平均23 d行右半肝+左肝部分切除术等,平均出血333.3 mL,未输血。术后无Clavien-DindoⅢ级以上并发症,无肝功能衰竭及90 d死亡。均获得R0切除。平均11.3 d出院。结论 HVE+PVE通过介入操作即可使FLR快速增生,具有操作简捷、创伤小、安全等优点。联合系统治疗可以增加初始不可切除CRLM的转化切除率。     

Sequential arterial and portal vein embolizations before right hepatectomy in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Selective transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and portal vein embolization (PVE) could improve the rate of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR) in patients with chronic liver disease. This study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of this combined procedure. METHODS: Between November 1998 and October 2004, 36 patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma underwent right hepatectomy after PVE. Additional TACE preceded PVE by 3-4 weeks in 18 patients (TACE+PVE group) and the remaining 18 patients had PVE alone (PVE group). RESULTS: PVE was well tolerated in all patients. The mean increase in percentage FLR volume was significantly higher in the TACE+PVE group than in the PVE group (mean(s.d.) 12(5) versus 8(4) percent; P=0.022). The rate of hypertrophy was more than 10 percent in 12 patients in the TACE+PVE group and in five who had PVE alone (P=0.044). Duration of surgery, blood loss, incidence of liver failure and mortality (two patients in each group) were similar in the two groups. None of the 17 patients with an increase in FLR volume of more than 10 percent died, whereas there were four deaths among 19 patients with a smaller increase. The incidence of complete tumour necrosis was significantly higher in the TACE+PVE group (15 of 18 versus one of 18; P<0.001), with a higher 5-year disease-free survival rate (37 versus 19 percent; P=0.041). CONCLUSION: Sequential TACE and PVE before operation increases the rate of hypertrophy of the FLR and leads to a high rate of complete tumour necrosis associated with longer recurrence-free survival.