经肺静脉超声与射频消融对阵发性心房颤动患者血浆丙二醛和红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活性变化的影响

目的 比较阵发性心房颤动经肺静脉超声球囊消融与经肺静脉射频消融对患者血浆丙二醛和红细胞超氧化物岐化酶活性的影响,为临床治疗方法的选择提供依据.方法 20例阵发性心房颤动患者,10例行肺静脉超声消融治疗,10例行肺静脉射频消融治疗.分别测定2组患者术前及术后血浆丙二醛水平和红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活性.结果 肺静脉超声球囊消融组术后血浆丙二醛水平和红细胞超氧化物岐化酶活性均显著低于经肺静脉射频消融组(均P＜0.05).结论 阵发性心房颤动经肺静脉超声消融治疗所造成的氧自由基损伤较经肺静脉射频消融治疗轻微、安全.     

阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗的护理

[目的]总结阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗的护理。[方法]对20例阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗,同时加强围术期的护理。[结果]20例病人顺利进行肺静脉隔离,术后均恢复为窦性心律,无严重并发症出现,均顺利出院。[结论]加强阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗的围术期护理是手术成功的保证。     

应用超声能量行肺静脉电学隔离的即刻效果及其影响因素

目的　探索应用超声能量行心房颤动 (房颤 )肺静脉电学隔离治疗的即刻效果 ,并分析其影响因素。方法　选择 3 9例接受肺静脉超声球囊消融的阵发性房颤患者 ,根据消融温度的不同分为低温消融组( 2 2例 )和高温消融组 ( 17例 ) ,前者消融时预设温度为 5 0～ 5 5℃ ,后者为 60～ 65℃。两组的消融部位均位于肺静脉开口部 ,消融终点为肺静脉电学隔离。比较两组肺静脉电学隔离率 ,并分析影响消融效果的解剖因素。结果　总计消融 115根肺静脉 ,其中 78根 ( 67.8% )达到消融终点。高温消融组的肺静脉电学隔离率 ( 78% )显著高于低温消融组 ( 60 % ) (P <0 .0 5 )。影响肺静脉电学隔离效果的解剖因素主要包括 :漏斗状肺静脉开口、肺静脉开口异常扩张、肺静脉主干与左房顶部平行等。结论　现阶段应用超声能量行肺静脉电学隔离的即刻效果可以接受 ,影响消融效果的主要因素是消融温度和受治肺静脉的解剖学特征。     

超声消融电隔离肺静脉治疗阵发性心房颤动9例

目的　利用美国IBI公司生产的超声消融球囊导管和超声消融发生仪治疗和随访阵发性心房颤动 9例 ,观察疗效和并发症。方法　 9例患者中男性 5例 ,女性 4例 ,平均年龄 (5 4 4± 5 2 )岁。其中 1例为轻度高血压患者 ,其余无明显器质性心血管病病史。阵发性心房颤动病史平均为 (4 3± 3 7)年。全部患者房颤发作频率在每月 3次或以上。经穿间隔卵圆窝置入左 1号Swartz鞘 ,经Swartz鞘送入头端可控大头电极分别送至不同肺静脉 ,直接用大头电极标侧肺静脉肌袖电位或换用A focus电极标侧 ,对存在肌袖电位的肺静脉行超声消融。功率一般为 35～ 4 0瓦 ,温度为 6 0℃ ,每次消融时间为 12 0秒 ,重复至肺静脉电位被隔离或消失 ,但同一肺静脉重复消融不超过 10次。结果　本组完全成功脱离药物治疗 3例 ,发作次数明显减少或少量药物能够维持不发作 2例 ,有 2例完全无效 ,另 2例需要进一步随访。结论　超声消融肺静脉电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动 ,本组成功率和有效率超过 5 0 % ,无肺静脉狭窄等并发症。     

冷冻球囊导管消融治疗阵发性心房颤动病人的护理

[目的]总结冷冻球囊导管消融治疗阵发性心房颤动病人的护理。[方法]对2例阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗,同时加强围术期的护理。[结果]2例病人均成功进行了肺静脉隔离,术中、术后无严重并发症发生,恢复良好。[结论]加强阵发性心房颤动病人行冷冻球囊导管消融治疗的围术期护理是手术成功的保证。     

经导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动临床研究

[目的]探讨经导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动的有效性与安全性.[方法]60例阵发性心房颤动患者药物治疗无效且反复发作,采用节段性消融肺静脉电隔离术、CARTO和EnSite 3000三维空间标测系统指导下肺静脉电隔离术3种不同的方法进行肺静脉电位经导管射频消融隔离治疗,术后随访3～41个月.[结果]60例患者中42例(70.0%)经消融成功,10例(16.7%)有效,8例(13.3%)失败,无严重并发症;CARTO和EnSite 3000三维空间标测系统指导肺静脉电隔离术可明显减少X线曝光时间.[结论]经导管射频消融治疗局灶性心房颤动是可行的,对大部分患者是有效的.     

经导管消融治疗心房颤动伴心动过缓

目的探讨经导管消融治疗心房颤动合并心动过缓的方法和患者的安全性。方法对24例心房颤动伴心动过缓患者行经导管消融治疗心房颤动,消融策略包括环肺静脉电隔离、左心房线性消融及复杂心房碎裂电位(CFAE)消融。观察消融前及术后1个月动态心电图,并记录24h平均心率、最高窦性心率,以超声心动图评价术后6个月左心房直径变化。结果心房颤动消融术后患者平均心率、最高窦性心率均高于术前(P<0.001);术后6个月左心房舒张末期直径减小(P<0.001)。经(19.8±9.9)个月门诊随访,15例(15/24,62.50%)无心房颤动复发,无缓慢型心律失常相关症状;6例患者仍有房性期前收缩或房性心动过速发作,1例患者因心动过缓植入起搏器治疗,余2例心房颤动发作较术前频度减少。结论心房颤动转复时的窦性停搏和心动过缓以及部分快-慢综合征患者的窦房结功能不良可能是源于快速心房率对窦房结功能的抑制。对这部分患者行经导管消融治疗可安全、有效地改善窦房结功能不良,逆转重构。     

阵发性心房颤动患者经导管射频消融治疗的护理

目的探索经导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动患者的护理措施。方法2005年1月-2006年7月,5例阵发性心房颤动患者经导管行射频消融治疗,前3例采用肺静脉节段性电隔离,后2例采用三维标测系统指导下的环肺静脉线性消融,对其进行密切观察和护理。结果5例患者即刻成功率100%,2例患者分别于术后1d、3d心房颤动复发,5例均无严重并发症发生。结论做好心理护理,加强迷走神经反射、血栓栓塞、肺静脉狭窄、心包压塞等的观察对提高手术的安全性具有重要的意义。     

阵发性心房颤动患者经导管射频消融治疗的护理

目的 探索经导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动患者的护理措施.方法 2005年1月-2006年7月,5例阵发性心房颤动患者经导管行射频消融治疗,前3例采用肺静脉节段性电隔离,后2例采用三维标测系统指导下的环肺静脉线性消融,对其进行密切观察和护理.结果 5例患者即刻成功率100%,2例患者分别于术后1 d、3 d心房颤动复发,5例均无严重并发症发生.结论 做好心理护理,加强迷走神经反射、血栓栓塞、肺静脉狭窄、心包压塞等的观察对提高手术的安全性具有重要的意义.     

环肺静脉左心房线性导管射频消融术26例围术期护理

目的:探讨在Ensite NavX三维标测指导下行环肺静脉左心房线性导管射频消融治疗心房颤动患者的围术期护理方法。方法:对26例心房颤动患者在三维标测系统下行环肺静脉左心房线性导管射频消融治疗,并给予精心围术期护理。结果:本组26例心房颤动患者均成功完成环肺静脉电隔离,无一例死亡。其中9例阵发性房颤患者在消融过程中出现房颤,随消融线径完成,8例房颤即刻终止,1例转变成左心房房扑,消融二尖瓣峡部达电位双向阻滞后恢复窦性心律。阵发性房颤手术时间为133～180 min,持续性房颤手术时间为150～265 min,平均手术时间(146.8±27.9)min,X线曝光时间(31.6±11.5)min,放电时间(61.9±15.4)min。1例术中发作TIA,经积极治疗后症状缓解。术后随访6个月,6例复发,其中4例再次消融通过有效放电实现肺静脉电隔离,2例拒绝再次手术。结论:Ensite NavX三维标测指导下行环肺静脉左心房线性导管射频消融治疗心房颤动安全有效,准确、恰当、及时的围术期护理措施是取得良好疗效的重要保障。     

Empirical pulmonary vein isolation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation using a three-dimensional nonfluoroscopic mapping system: long-term follow-up

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and long-term results of empirical isolation of both superior pulmonary veins in patients with chronic AF. Although localizing and ablating the focal triggers of AF has been proven an effective approach, this strategy is time consuming, often requires multiple procedures, and carries the risk of pulmonary vein stenosis. Whether ostial electrical isolation of the superior pulmonary veins, without initial detailed mapping, is a more efficient approach is not known. The study included 71 consecutive patients who had chronic AF. Using a nonfluoroscopic electroanatomic mapping system, the left and right superior pulmonary veins were ablated circumferentially at the venoatrial junction, with the aim of achieving electrical isolation of the veins. Following ablation, if frequent atrial ectopies were present, mapping and ablation were considered. The patients were periodically followed with 48-hour Holter and loop recorder monitoring. After the ablation of the right and left superior pulmonary veins 59 (83%) of 71 patients maintained sinus rhythm without premature atrial beats. The remaining 12 patients underwent further mapping and ablation including 5 patients who required isolation of the left inferior pulmonary veins. True electrical isolation could be achieved only in 45 (31%) of the 147 targeted veins. At the latest follow-up (mean 29 +/- 8 months), 80% of the patients with upper vein isolation remained in sinus rhythm off medications, 62% of the patients maintained sinus rhythm on previously ineffective medications, and 17% continued to be in AF. Fourteen (20%) patients developed intermittent episodes of left atrial flutter, and mapping in these patients revealed large electrically silent areas in the left atrium. Empirical isolation of pulmonary veins appeared to be an effective approach to help maintain sinus rhythm in patients with chronic AF. True electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins was associated with a higher likelihood of long-term success. Left atrial flutter was seen in a significant number of patients at long-term follow-up.     

EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左心房线性消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融电隔离治疗心房颤动的疗效.方法 阵发性心房颤动14例和持续性心房颤动3例,采用EnsiteNavX标测系统进行环肺静脉左房线性消融.消融终点为肺静脉电隔离.结果 17例患者均达到消融终点;手术时间(226.1±36.2)min、X线曝光时间(41.3 ±12.8)min、放电时间(61.9±15.4)min.术后2例复发,1例再次消融成功,1例拒绝再次手术;随访3～26个月,14例(82.3%)无心房颤动发作;3例(17.7%)有心房颤动复发,但发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少,用胺碘酮治疗可控制(术前胺碘酮治疗无效).术中及随访期间无任何与操作相关的并发症.结论 Ensite NavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融治疗心房颤动有效、安全.     

阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术前后左房结构和功能的研究

目的经胸超声心动图(TTE)和经食道超声心动图(TEE)联合应用对阵发性房颤患者肺静脉前庭电隔离术前后左房、左心耳结构和功能的评价。方法46例阵发性房颤患者和16例正常对照组接受TTE和TEE检查,测量左房内径指数(LADI)、左房面积指数(LAAI)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、左房射血力(LA-EF)、左心耳内径指数(LAADI)、左心耳最大面积指数(LAAmaxI)、左心耳最小面积指数(LAAminI)、左心耳射血分数(LAA-EF)、左心耳最大排空血流速度(LAA-P)和左心耳最大充盈血流速度(LAA-F)及有无血栓征象。41例确诊无左心房及左心耳血栓的患者行肺静脉前庭电隔离术。术后6个月以上对其中39例患者随访行TTE和TEE复查。结果肺静脉前庭电隔离术组、术后随访组与正常对照组间左房结构、功能均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。三组间左心耳的结构和功能亦均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。阵发性房颤患者左房、左心耳结构与其功能的变化呈线性负相关。结论TTE和TEE联合应用为评价阵发性房颤患者左房的结构、功能以及肺静脉前庭电隔离术前病例的筛选、术后疗效的评估提供重要信息。     

Medium-term efficacy of segmental ostial pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of permanent and persistent atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies suggest that segmental ostial isolation of the pulmonary veins for the treatment of patients with persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation is associated with a high rate of recurrence. Recurrence of atrial fibrillation is usually associated with electrical reconnection of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. METHODS: We examined the efficacy of isolating all four pulmonary veins using an open irrigated tip ablation catheter and multiple procedures, to overcome the problem of electrical reconnection in the veins. Fifty-one patients (59 +/- 10 years, 48 male) with drug resistant and highly symptomatic persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation had their pulmonary veins electrically isolated using mapping guided segmental radiofrequency ablation. Atrial fibrillation had been present for 7.6 +/- 7.3 years, and patients had failed treatment with 2.2 +/- 1.6 antiarrhythmic medications. Thirty-nine percent had structural heart disease. RESULTS: After a mean of 1.7 +/- 0.9 procedures per patient, 23 patients (45%) were in sinus rhythm (without cardioversion) after 16.9 +/- 9.1 months. Antiarrhythmic medications were required in four of those in sinus rhythm (17%). Recurrences were usually early (median 7 days). Neither age, duration of atrial fibrillation, type of atrial fibrillation, underlying heart disease, left atrial size, left ventricular wall thickness nor the number of failed antiarrhythmic drugs predicted outcomes. CONCLUSION: Persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation can be successfully treated using segmental isolation. However, recurrence is common even when all four veins are isolated using an open irrigated tip catheter, and multiple procedures are performed. Alternative techniques are required in this population.     

超声与射频导管消融下腔静脉口的实验研究

目的 观察超声与射频导管消融下腔静脉口对其消融终点、狭窄的影响及组织学改变，探讨超声消融的临床应用价值。方法 健康成年杂种犬11只，随机分成2组：5只行下腔静脉口超声消融，6只行下腔静脉口射频导管消融（在同一个环状面上分别消融5－15个点，力求达到环状消融）。消融3个月后行下腔静脉造影，观察消融处管腔直径的变化，然后行电生理检查，观察消融终点（电隔离）情况，将狗处死，取消融处组织制成切片，行Masson三色染色法染色，在光镜下观察其组织学改变。结果 下腔静脉造影显示：行超声消融的5个下腔静脉口有1个出现轻度狭窄，行射频导管消融的6个下腔静脉口均出现程度不等的狭窄。电生理检查发现：超声消融易达到消融终点，且在3个月时仍保持电隔离状态；而射频消融不易达到电隔离，30min及3个月时均不存在电隔离。大体标本显示射频消融术后静脉管壁形成局限、僵硬、形状不规则的瘢痕，且瘢痕间有存活的心肌；而超声消融组在静脉壁形成光滑、均匀、连续的环状损伤。组织学证实射频消融与超声消融后均有不同程度的内膜损伤及增生，全层肌组织破坏并被纤维组织取代，管壁挛缩，但射频消融组更明显。结论 超声消融下腔静脉口成功率高，狭窄发生率低，且损作简单，是临床上行肺静脉口消融治疗局灶性心房颤动较射频消融更为理想的方法。     

Widely-split double potentials at the pulmonary vein ostium in patients with atrial fibrillation

Left atrial muscle sleeves extending over the pulmonary veins are critical to the initiation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in some patients. This report describes two patients with paroxysmal AF who demonstrate widely-split pulmonary vein (PV) double potentials at the pulmonary vein ostium during sinus rhythm. The response by the double potentials to PV isolation is also characterized. These cases emphasize the importance of recognizing unusual PV electrophysiology and using patient- and mechanism-specific approaches to catheter ablation for AF.     

射频消融治疗心房颤动和心房扑动策略探讨

目的评价射频消融使肺静脉电解剖隔离和消除左房碎裂电位治疗心房颤动（简称房颤）的效果,进一步探讨与心房扑动（简称房扑）的关系。方法63例房颤患者分为两组,其中阵发性房颤32例,持续性房颤31例。在Ensite NavX三维标测系统下,建立左心房一肺静脉电解剖模型,分别对左、右肺静脉前庭大环状消融达完全左心房．肺静脉电解剖隔离,若房颤未终止或被诱发,再标测左心房内碎裂电位,消融碎裂电位;对22例合并典型房扑者行三尖瓣峡部消融。随访9个月观察影响手术复发的因素。结果所有患者均达左心房一肺静脉电解剖隔离。32例阵发性房颤患者中23例（71．9％）和31例持续性房颤患者8例（25．8％）经单纯肺静脉电隔离后房颤终止,不被诱发,两者相比有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;7例（21．8％）阵发性房颤和19例（61．3％）持续性房颤患者经联合消融左心房碎裂电位转复窦律,2例阵发性房颤和4例持续性房颤患者住院期间转复,术中总房颤即刻终止率两组相比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。阵发性房颤和持续性房颤患者消融成功率分别为84．4％和80．6％（P=0．697）,多元Logistic回归分析显示合并典型房扑是房颤术后复发的一个危险因素（P=0．007）。结论肺静脉电解剖隔离结合消除左心房碎裂电位是治疗房颤的一种有效策略,房颤和房扑的启动与维持可能存在一些共同机制。     

Dissociated activity and pulmonary vein fibrillation following functional disconnection: impact for the arrhythmogenesis of focal atrial fibrillation

The present study sought to investigate the electrophysiological properties of isolated pulmonary veins following successful radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Overall, 71 pulmonary veins in 37 consecutive patients (age: 56 +/- 9 years) with recurrent PAF were targeted for RF ablation at the ostial region in order to achieve a complete functional block. Following disconnection, the incidence of dissociated pulmonary vein (PV) activity and its response to orciprenalin were studied. RF ablation abolished conduction in 67 (94%) of 71 potentially arrhythmogenic PVs after a mean of 10.7 +/- 6.4 RF applications for each PV. After ablation, spontaneous dissociated automatic activity (9 to 52 beats/min, median 27) was found in 6 out of 67 isolated PVs (left superior: n = 1, left inferior: n = 1, right superior: n = 2, common left PV: n = 2). Slight acceleration (13 to 68 beats/min, median 29) of dissociated PV activity was observed during infusion of orciprenalin. Following isolation, initiation of sustained or nonsustained local fibrillation was recorded in only two cases of the common left sided PV with preceding automatic activity. In one patient PV fibrillation occurred during orciprenalin infusion following a repetitive response to a dissociated automatic rhythm with increasing duration as well as destabilization. In the other patient, PV fibrillation occurred immediately after the occurrence of PV automaticity. Slow dissociated automatic rhythms are detectable within 9% of disconnected PVs. The unique anatomic substrate of common left PVs seem to favor the occurrence of local fibrillation following isolation. The initiation pattern of fibrillation within the isolated PV has pathophysiological implications and underlines the contribution of multiple factors to the onset and sustenance of PAF.     

电重构对肺静脉内电位的影响

目的：探讨电重构对肺静脉内电位的影响。方法：窦性心律下，标测左心房和左上肺静脉的电位。在人工电刺激条件下，使左心房和左上肺静脉发生电重构，再次标测左心房和左上肺静脉的电位。结果：窦性心律下，左心房未测到尖峰电位，部分肺静脉内记录到尖峰电位，但不能驱动房颤的发生；电重构后，人工刺激，肺静脉内尖峰电位即提前且能驱动房颤的发生。结论：左上肺静脉更易于发生电重构；电重构后，左上肺静脉内尖峰电位即可提前且能驱动房颤的发生。     

P波离散度与阵发性房颤经导管射频消融术后复发的关系

目的：探讨P波离散度与阵发性房颤经导管射频消融术后房颤复发的关系。方法：78例初次行导管射频消融治疗的阵发性房颤患者,消融术式为电解剖标测系统加单环状标测电极指导下的环肺静脉线性消融术。测量术前体表心电图各导联的P波时限,计算P波离散度。结果：术后随访32．9±4．8个月,有效组64例,复发组14例。复发组术前的P波离散度（46．2±11．8ms）较有效组（37．4±14．2ms）大（P〈0．05）。若以40ms为界值,术前P波离散度预测术后房颤复发的敏感性为86％,特异性为59％。其他的临床及心电图指标在两组间无显著差异。结论：经导管射频消融治疗阵发性房颤的疗效肯定,复发组患者术前的P波离散度明显大于非复发组,术前P渡离散度对术后房颤的复发有一定预测价值。