局部晚期肝门部胆管癌根治术后放射治疗

目的回顾性分析及评价肝门部胆管癌根治性术后放射治疗的结果.方法 1992年3月～1997年12月76例肝门部胆管癌患者接受根治性手术,其中47例术后病理显示切缘有镜下残留(R1组),47例中28例接受术后放射治疗(S RT组),6～15MV X线外照射,靶区剂量达45～62Gy,中位剂量52Gy.术后中位随访期30个月(4～113个月).结果(n=47)总5年生存率28%,中位生存期19.6个月.S RT组(n=28)5年生存率、中位生存期显著高于S组(n=19),分别为34%、29个月和14%、10.0个月(P=0.0141).结论根治性手术结合放射治疗可明显延长切缘阳性患者的生存期;早、晚期放射反应可以耐受.     

Spinal Cord Gangliogliomas: A Review of 56 Patients

There have been only case reports concerning the management of intramedullary spinal cord gangliogliomas. We review our experience of 56 patients with respect to functional status, progression-free survival and long-term outcome. In this retrospective review, 56 patients, 35 males and 21 females ranging in age from 7 months to 25 years (mean, 7.0 y), underwent surgical treatment for intramedullary gangliogliomas located throughout the spinal cord. Forty-six patients had gross total resection as confirmed by postoperative imaging studies, and 10 had radical subtotal resection. Only five patients underwent postoperative irradiation or chemotherapy after surgery at our center and therefore outcome was attributed to surgery alone. There were no operative deaths, and the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 88%. The progression-free survival rate at 5 years was 67%. Neurological function in the surviving patients at recent follow-up evaluation was stable or improved in 72%. Patients have a long survival following radical surgery. These tumors have an indolent course, and radiotherapy appears to be unnecessary.     

AN APPROACH IMPROVING LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF SURGERY FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: ANALYSIS OF 113 PATIENTS SURVIVING MORE THAN FIVE YEARS

A total of 113 patients with pathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surviving more than 5 years after surgery are investigated from February 1961 to July 1986. Of them. 104 patients underwent resection of HCC and nine patients underwent hepatic artery ligationHAL) and/ or infusion chemotherapy (HAI) for unresectable HCC. Subclinical stage amounted to 49.6%(56/113) and moderate stage to 50. 4% (57/113). There were 55 patients with small HCC(<= 5 cm). Cirrhosis was present in 81.4% (92/113) .Radical resection was performed in 96.2% ( 100/ 104) .Reoperation for subclinical recurrence and solitary pulmonary metastasis was done in 23 patients, and second- look resection of huge tumors, in six patients. By the end of May 1991. 37 of the 113 patients had survived for more than 10 years; 16 patients, more than 15 years; and seven patients, more than 20 years. One patient has survived for 29 years and 8 months after resection of HCC. These results indicate that early detection and radical resection     

局部晚期胸腺瘤不同治疗模式疗效分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析局部病灶侵犯严重的Masaoka‐KogaⅢ期胸腺瘤的不同治疗模式疗效及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析2000—2018年在郑州大学附属肿瘤医院接受手术治疗的局部晚期(Ⅲ期)胸腺瘤病例,治疗及随访资料完整可分析者133例。采用Kaplan‐Meier法行生存率计算,log‐rank法行组间生存对比,Cox回归模型行多因素分析。结果中位随访时间50(3~221)个月。全组中位总生存(OS)期为51(3~221)个月,中位无病生存(DFS)期为45(2~221)个月。根治性手术组比姑息性手术组生存率更优,前者5、10年OS率分别为88.2%、74.4%,后者分别为51.8%、32.4%(P<0.001),前者5、10年DFS率分别为72.2%、45.5%,后者分别为32.3%、16.1%(P=0.001)。手术联合放疗组相比单纯手术OS更优,前者5、10年OS率分别为82.8%、64.2%,后者分别为55.8%、50.2%(P=0.033),两组的DFS未见统计学差异(P=0.176)。多因素分析显示年龄<50岁(HR=0.264,P=0.001)、手术根治性切除(HR=0.134,P<0.001)、手术联合放疗(HR=2.778,P=0.009)与较好的OS独立相关,年龄<50岁(HR=0.550,P=0.046)、手术根治性切除(HR=0.555,P=0.042)、单个器官组织受侵(HR=0.111,P=0.003)与较好的DFS独立相关。结论局部晚期胸腺瘤根治性切除者OS和DFS明显优于姑息性切除者,是影响预后的最重要因素。手术联合放疗有着更好的OS,但仍需设计严谨合理的多中心前瞻性研究评估各种治疗模式疗效及预后影响因素。     

A comparison of the roles of surgery and radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas

Fifty-two patients with craniopharyngioma were seen between January 1961 and July 1986. Of these, 40 were treated with surgery alone, 8 with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, and 3 with radiotherapy alone. One patient received no treatment. For the group treated with surgery alone, 33% (13/40) had local tumor control, 42.5% (17/40) developed major complications, and 71% (25/35) survived 5 years. With surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, 100% (8/8) had local tumor control, 25% (2/8) developed major complications, and 100% (7/7) survived 5 years. Two of the three patients treated with radiotherapy alone had local tumor control and the third was salvaged with surgery. The "complete resection" rate for 32 patients treated with radical surgery was 63% (20/32). Tumor control was achieved in 50% (10/20) of the patients treated with "complete resection" without radiotherapy, in 15% (3/20) of the patients treated with "incomplete resection" without radiotherapy, and in 100% (8/8) of the patients treated with "incomplete resection" and postoperative radiotherapy. In this series, doses of 5000-5500 cGy were as effective in achieving control as 5500-6000 or 6000-7000 cGy.     

Long-term outcomes following salvage surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer: A 15-year follow-up study

BackgroundLocally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) is a complex problem requiring multidisciplinary consultation and specialized surgical care. Given the paucity of published longer-term survival data, skepticism persists regarding the benefit of major extirpative surgery. We investigated ultra-long-term (~15 years) outcomes following radical resection of LRRC and sought relevant clinicopathologic prognostic variables.MethodsA cohort of 52 consecutive patients who underwent resection of LRRC at our institution between 1997 and 2005 were followed with serial exams and imaging up to the point of death, or 30/06/2019.ResultsMedian follow-up time was 16.5 years (9.9–18.3) for patients who were alive at last follow-up; only one patient was lost to follow-up, at 9.9 years. For the entire cohort of 52 patients, disease-specific survival (DSS) at 5, 10, and 15 years following salvage surgery was 41%, 33%, and 31%, respectively. All patients who had distant metastatic disease at the time of LRRC resection (n = 6) subsequently died of cancer, at a median of 21 months (4−46). In those without distant metastases at time of salvage surgery (n = 46), DSS at 5, 10, and 15 years was 47%, 38%, and 35%, respectively, median 60 months. Negative resection margin (R0) was independently predictive of superior outcomes. In patients with M0 disease who had R0 resection (n = 37), DSS at 5, 10 and 15 years was 58%, 47%, and 44%, respectively, median 73 months. No patient developed re-recurrence after 5.5 years.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates exceptionally durable long-term cancer-free survival following salvage surgery for LRRC, indicating that cure is possible.     

外科治疗肝门部胆管癌68例临床分析

目的：探讨提高肝门部胆管癌尤其是肝门部血管受肿瘤侵犯病例的外科治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1986年1月～2004年12月收治手术的肝门部胆管癌68例。结果：按Bismuth-Corlette分型法：Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型15例,ⅢA型19例,ⅢB型12例,Ⅳ型15例（包括不能分型3例）。26例（38.24%）确诊前曾有胆囊结石和/或肝内外胆管结石手术史,或同时合并有胆石症。B超、CT和MRCP的确诊率分别为71.43%、84.00%和91.43%。手术方式：根治性切除24例,姑息性切除14例,胆道引流30例。术后1、2、3年生存率：根治性切除组分别为85.0%（17/20）、60.0%（12/20）和25.0%（5/20）,其中3例生存时间超过5年;姑息性切除组分别为58.3%（7/12）、25.0%（3/12）和0,两组之间的3年生存率比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;胆道引流组1、2、3年生存率分别为21.4%（6/28）、10.7%（3/28）和0。结论：积极提高手术切除率是改善肝门部胆管癌预后的惟一有效方法;肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化、肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率。姑息性切除、胆道引流有助于改善患者生活质量,延长生存。     

Radical surgical resection and high-dose intraoperative radiation therapy (HDR-IORT) in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancers

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome for patients with recurrent gynecologic tumors treated with radical resection and combined high-dose intraoperative radiation therapy (HDR-IORT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between November 1993 and June 1998, 17 patients with recurrent gynecologic malignancies underwent radical surgical resection and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The mean age of the study group was 49 years (range 28-72 years). The site of the primary tumor was the cervix in 9 (53%) patients, the uterus in 7 (41%) patients, and the vagina in 1 (6%) patient. The treatment for the primary disease was surgery with or without adjuvant radiation in 14 (82%) patients and definitive radiation in 3 (18%) patients. The current surgery consisted of exenterative surgery in 10 (59%) patients and tumor resection in 7 (41%) patients. Complete gross resection was achieved in 13 (76%) patients. The mean HDR-IORT dose was 14 Gy (range 12-15). Additional radiation in the form of permanent Iodine-125 implant was given to 3 of 4 patients with gross residual disease. The median peripheral dose was 140 Gy. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 20 months (range 3-65 months), the 3-year actuarial local control (LC) rate was 67%. In patients with complete gross resection, the 3-year LC rate was 83%, compared to 25% in patients with gross residual disease, p < 0.01. The 3-year distant metastasis disease-free and overall survival rates were 54% and 54%, respectively. The complications were as follows: gastrointestinal obstruction, 4 (24%); wound complications, 4 (24%); abscesses, 3 (18%); peripheral neuropathy, 3 (18%); rectovaginal fistula, 2 (12%); and ureteral obstruction, 2 (12%). CONCLUSION: Radical surgical resection and combined IORT for patients with recurrent gynecologic tumors seems to provide a reasonable local-control rate in patients who have failed prior surgery and/or definitive radiation. Patient selection is very important, however, as only those patients with complete gross resection at completion of surgery appear to benefit most from this radical approach in the salvage setting.     

Aspects of parasternal lymphnode dissection in radical mastectomy for breast cancer

In order to clarify the surgical aspects for parasternal lymphnode dissection to improve prognosis in patients with breast cancer, we have retrospectively investigated a total of 319 patients with breast cancer who underwent radical mastectomy with parasternal lymphnode dissection. During the 13 years from 1974 to 1986, 418 patients with breast cancer underwent radical mastectomy. Of these, 319 underwent combined dissection of the parasternal lymphnodes. Among these 319 cases, 36 (11.3%) showed pathologically-confirmed positive lymphnode metastasis. In those cases involving a tumor of diameter greater than 5 cm and more than 4 positive metastatic axillar lymphnodes, then the positive parasternal lymphnode metastasis was higher than 30%. The 5-year survival rate was 88.9% for negative parasternal lymphnode metastasis and 44.7% for positive cases (p less than 0.01 logrank test). The standard adjuvant chemotherapy, chemo-endocrine therapy and radiation therapy, each did not significantly affect or improve prognosis. We conclude that parasternal lymphnode positivity is an important factor in radical mastectomy affecting prognosis and a more powerful adjuvant chemotherapy must be developed to improve prognosis.     

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced carcinoma of the rectum

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to confirm the efficacy to reduce incidence of relapses, to increase rates of conservative radical surgery and eventually survival of concomitant neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. METHODS: From January 1992 to October 1999, 140 stage II (50.7%) and III (49.3%) patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum were treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery. Treatment consisted of 25 fractions of 180 cGy (5 days per week), for a total dose of 45 Gy on the whole pelvis. Chemotherapy consisted of 5-FU (350 mg/m2) and leucovorin (10 mg/m2) in bolus for 5 days on days 1-5 and 29-33 of radiation. After an interval of 4-6 weeks, all patients were submitted to surgery. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 48 months (median, 1-97). At 5 years the overall survival was 71.3% and relapse-free survival was 79.4%. The rate of local control was 90%. Twenty-two (15.7%) patients developed distant metastases. All patients underwent surgery: 26 (18.6%) local excision, 79 (56.4%) anterior resection, 33 (23.6%) abdomino-perineal resection, and 2 (1.4%) Hartmann resection. Consequently, 107 cases (75.4%) underwent conservative surgery. At the time of surgery, 34 patients had negative specimens (24.3%), 45 were in stage I (32.2%), 31 in stage II (22.1%), 32 in stage III (21.4%). The incidence of any grade 3 acute toxicity (WHO) was 5% diarrhea, 20% tenesmus and 11.4% myelosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm good tolerance, minor surgery-related complications and efficacy of this regimen on local and distant disease control, with a high percentage of sphincter-saving surgery.     

Antegrade radical retropubic prostatectomy with preliminary ligation of vascular pedicles in 614 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND: We present our procedure of antegrade radical retropubic prostatectomy with preliminary ligation of vascular pedicles and assess the time trends of patient characteristics, surgical and oncological outcome in 614 consecutive patients in a single institution over a 12-year period. METHODS: From April 1994 to December 2005, 614 consecutive Japanese patients with cT1-3N0M0 prostate cancer underwent antegrade radical prostatectomy with preliminary ligation of vascular pedicles (dorsal vein complex and prostatic pedicles) prior to the tumor manipulation. Biochemical progression is defined as prostate-specific antigen value over 0.2 ng/ml or the initiation of therapy after surgery. Biochemical progression-free, cancer-specific and overall survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: During the study period pre-operative PSA, clinical T stage, duration of surgery, amount of estimated blood loss have decreased. Pathological stage showed a significant downward migration and the rate of positive surgical margin has also decreased. At a mean follow-up of 48 months, 21 men were dead including eight who died of prostate cancer. Overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 97/99% at 5 years and 89/95% at 10 years, respectively. Neoadjuvant hormonal treatment had no beneficial impact on oncological outcome of patients regardless of clinical stage. In 370 patients treated surgically alone, cancer-specific and biochemical progression-free survival rates were 99.6/80.5% at 5 years and 97.9/73.3% at 10 years for patients with clinical T1/2 disease and 95.5/41.9% at 5 years and 87.5/41.9% at 10 years for those with T3 disease, respectively. In the 370 patients biochemical progression-free survival has been significantly improved over the 12-year period (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Antegrade radical prostatectomy with preliminary ligation of vascular pedicles can be performed with excellent oncological outcome.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: some aspects to improve long-term survival

Sixty-six patients surviving over 5 years after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are investigated. Of them, subclinical stage amounted to 56.1% (37/66) and moderate stage to 43.9% (29/66). There were 35 cases with small HCC (less than or equal to 5 cm). Cirrhosis was present in 81.1% (54/66). Radical resection was performed in 98.5% (65/66) and palliative resection in 1.5% (1/66). Reoperation for subclinical recurrence and solitary pulmonary metastasis was done in 14 patients, and sequential resection of huge tumors, in three patients. By the end of June 1988, follow-up varied from 60 to 319 months (mean, 115 months); 80.3% of the patients (53/66) are still alive and free of disease; 19.7% (13/66) died with disease. The majority of long-term survivors have returned to their original work; some young patients got married after resection of small HCC 10 years ago, and some can even play football again. Some aspects to improve long-term survival are discussed.     

Surgical treatment for colorectal liver metastases--results of multi-institute study for effects of radical hepatectomy

Four hundred and ten patients with colorectal liver metastases underwent radical liver resection from 1992 to 1996 at 15 institutes were reviewed retrospectively. Survival rates were calculated for more than 5 years after hepatic resection and timing of surgery and recurrences, maximum diameter and number of liver metastases, and intrahepatic recurrence were examined. There was no significant difference in survival rates for the type of liver resection (partial or anatomical) or preoperative serum CEA levels. As for the number of metastases, the 5-year survival rate was lower for patients with over 4 metastases than those with 1, 2, and 3 metastases (p < 0.034). A significant difference in survival rates was recognized for size of liver metastases (p = 0.0309) as follows: 54.6% 5-year survival rate for smaller than 4 cm and 43.8% for over 4 cm. Overall 5-year survival rate for the 410 patients was 50.1% after radical hepatectomy. Of the 410 patients, the 153 (37.3%) patients with intrahepatic recurrence had a 5-year survival rate of 27.3%. The 5-year survival rates for patients with a metastasis smaller than 4 cm, considered to reduce the influence in the difference between surgical procedure or indication for surgery, were verified to be from 88.2% to 11.9% in each institute. This suggests that there could be a difference in diagnostic accuracy, surgical indication or timing of surgery for synchronous liver metastases in each institute.     

肝门部胆管癌84例临床分析

目的 分析探讨肝门部胆管癌的临床特点和手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析84例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料,对其临床分型、不同手术方法及随诊结果进行统计学分析。结果 按Bismuth—Corlette分型法,Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型18例,Ⅲa型22例,Ⅲb型12例,Ⅳ型20例,不能分型5例。32例（38．1％）确诊前曾有胆囊结石和（或）肝内外胆管结石手术史,或同时合并有胆石症。B超、CT和磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）的确诊率分别为71．4％、84．0％和91．4％。84例唐苦中,根治性切除24例,姑息性切除14例,胆道引流30例;未手术16例。总手术率为81．0％（68／84）根治性切除率为28．6％（24／84）。根治性切除患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为70．8％（17／24）、50．0％（12／24）和20．8％（5／24）,其中3例生存时间超过5年。姑息性切除患者的1、2．3年生存率分别为50．0％（7／14）、21．4％（3／14）和0,两组生存率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;胆道引流患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为20．0％（6／30）、10．0％（3／30）和0,非手术患者平均存活4．3个月,无一例超过1年。结论胆石症可能是肝门部胆管癌的重要诱因;提高手术切除率是改善肝门部胆管癌预后的惟一有效方法,肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化、肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率。     

Postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix with microscopically positive resection margin

Background Patients with cervical cancer who have positive surgical resection margins after radical hysterectomy are at increased risk for local recurrence. The results of postoperative pelvic radiotherapy for cervix cancer with microscopically positive surgical resection margins were analyzed to evaluate the role of radiotherapy. Methods Between 1979 and 1992, 60 patients with cervix carcinoma were treated with postoperative radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy because of microscopic positive vaginal (48 patients), or parametrial (12 patients) resection margins. Patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) alone (12 patients), or EBRT plus vaginal ovoid irradiation (VOI) (48 patients). The median follow-up period was 55 months. Results The 5-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival rates for all patients were 75% and 84%, respectively. The overall recurrence rate was 23% (14/60). Among the 48 patients with positive vaginal resection margins, 4 had pelvic recurrence (8%), and 7 had distant metastasis (15%); the recurrence rate was 21% (9/43) in those treated with EBRT and VOI, and 40% (2/5) in the EBRT-only treated group. In the 12 patients with positive parametrial margins, 3 patients (25%) had distant metastases. The most significant prognostic factor was lymph node metastasis. Complications resulting from radiotherapy occurred at a rate of 32% (19/60), and grade III complications occurred in 3 patients (5%). Conclusion Postoperative radiotherapy can produce excellent control rates in patients with microscopically positive resection margins. In patients with positive vaginal margins, whole pelvic EBRT and VOI is recommended.     

Surgical treatment of locally far-advanced lung carcinoma

It has been our policy to employ radical lung resection as a primary treatment whenever possible in locally far-advanced lung cancer. In order to assess the therapeutic results, a total of 132 patients with locally far-advanced lung cancer who had radical lung resection were reviewed. Postoperative mortality was 10%. A significant difference in survival was seen between those patients receiving no adjuvant therapy, radiation or single agent chemotherapy and those receiving cis-platinum-based polychemotherapy and/or immunotherapy (respective median survivals 14.25 and 25.68 months, P <0.05 Breslow test of failure rates). Aggressive surgery followed by effective adjuvant therapy in locally far-advanced Stage III lung carcinoma appears to produce acceptable survival results.     

Anorectal melanoma

Primary malignant melanoma of the anorectum is a rare and virulent malignancy associated with an extremely poor prognosis in spite of aggressive initial therapy. Fifty-one patients with this disease were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the last 50 years and only six (12%) survived five years. This report views in detail 36 of the patients treated since 1950. In this group there was a female predominance (21 females, 15 males), and median age was in the 6th decade (range 27-75). Common presenting symptoms were pain, bleeding, mass or "hemorrhoids" of 1-12 months duration. In two-thirds, of the cases, a radical surgical approach was attempted. Other therapy included local excision alone or combined with groin dissection, local excision followed by delayed rectal resection and local tumor destruction by cryosurgery or fulguration. Mean survival was 21.5 months. Three patients had palliative treatment only with radiation therapy. Histopathologic study of 30 lesions showed that two-thirds were bulky or polypoid lesions and two-thirds showed junctional changes. The virulent prognosis of primary anorectal melanoma appears directly related to tumor size and thickness. Although all four of the five-year survivors had radical surgery, the three whose tumors could be measured had superficial lesions. In general, curative efforts by radical surgery were no more effective than local treatment by excision or cryosurgery. One patient, however, did have a thin lesion but also had nodal metastases and survived over five years after radical surgery. Although these data suggest that radical resection may cure patients with lesions thinner than 3 mm, it does not exclude the possibility that local excision might also be curative. For larger lesions that have not been cured by radical surgery, more conservative local approaches by excision or cryotherapy might be the optimum way of achieving local palliation.     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口复发治疗方式选择与预后分析

 目的　探讨适合直肠癌前切除术后吻合口复发的治疗方式以及不同治疗方法对预后的影响。 方法　回顾分析1999年1月至2009年12月收治的41例直肠癌前切除术后吻合口复发病例的临床资料,利用寿命表法计算中位生存时间和生存率,Kaplan-Meier法比较不同治疗方式对预后的影响,Log-rank检验差异性,以P＜0.01为有统计学意义。结果　41例中33例（80.5 %）3年内复发,中位生存时间23个月。根治手术率41.5 %（17／41）,根治手术与非根治手术的中位生存时间分别为49和18个月,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12.245,P＝0.000）。31例接受放化疗病例的中位生存期（39个月）明显优于10例未接受放化疗的病例（9个月）,两组差异有统计学意义（χ2＝17.533,P＝0.000）。结论　直肠癌前切除术后吻合口复发绝大多数发生在术后3年内,根治性手术及放化疗能显著改善预后。     

Clear cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma) of soft parts: A clinicopathologic study of 30 cases.

BACKGROUND: Clear cell sarcoma, or malignant melanoma of soft parts, is a rare tumor that occurs predominantly in the extremities of young adults. The importance of surgery has been well established. However, the role of adjuvant radiotherapy has yet to be determined. METHODS: Thirty cases of clear cell sarcoma that occurred in The Netherlands between 1978 and 1992 were studied retrospectively. Follow-up information on 29 patients was obtained; the follow-up period ranged from 4 to 241 months, with a median of 30 months. All tumors occurred in the extremities, mostly of young adults. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate of the 29 patients was 54%. For the 23 patients who presented with localized disease, the 5-year survival and 5-year disease free survival were 65%. Eleven of these patients remained disease free after resection of the primary tumor. Patients with a tumor 2 cm or smaller had better survival than patients with a larger but still-localized tumor (P = 0.009). Adjuvant radiotherapy to the primary tumor site also seemed to have a beneficial effect on survival (P = 0.036). All patients with a local recurrence (8 patients) or regional lymph node metastasis (13 patients) developed distant metastasis. Fourteen of 18 patients with distant spread died of their disease; 2 patients were still alive with disease and 2 patients were disease free, 7 and 32 months after resection of solitary distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and initial radical surgery are essential for a favorable outcome. Once regional lymph node metastasis or hematogenous dissemination has occurred, the prognosis is dismal.     

Contribution of surgery in patients with bulky residual disease after chemoradiation for advanced cervical carcinoma.

AIM: To report the outcome of 30 patients who underwent surgery after concomitant chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer with residual disease > or = 2 cm. METHODS: From 1988 to 2004, 143 patients with FIGO stage IB2-IVA cervical cancer underwent surgery after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Among them, 30 had a residual cervical tumour > or = 2 cm prior to surgery. Surgery consisted in a simple or radical hysterectomy (n=15) or in a pelvic exenteration (n=15). Endpoints were recurrence and distant metastasis rates, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 and 5 years. Analysis included FIGO stage, response to chemoradiation, para-aortic lymphatic status or type of surgery: palliative (remaining disease after surgery) or curative (no evidence of remaining disease after surgery). RESULTS: Surgery has been only palliative in 11 cases. Pelvic recurrences occurred in 8 patients after a median interval of 8.8 months. Distant metastases occurred in 8 patients after a median interval of 13 months. So far, 16 patients have died (53.3%). The 3-year and 5-year OS rates are 64.9% and 55.6%, respectively, for the 19 patients who had a curative surgery. The DFS rate is 50.8% at 3 and 5 years in this latter group. Overall 12 patients (40%) are alive and free of disease after a median follow-up of 32.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant surgery may improve the outcome of patients with bulky residual tumour after chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer, allowing a 5-year OS of 55.6% after curative intervention.