Persistent fetal vasculature associated with orbital lymphangioma.

Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), also known as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), is a failure of regression of the primary vitreous, which usually occurs in isolation. Orbital lymphangiomas present in early life with eyelid swelling or proptosis and are not associated with intraocular abnormalities. We report the case of a male infant with PHPV and ipsilateral orbital lymphangioma.     

永存原始玻璃体增生症晶状体后纤维血管膜组织病理学观察

目的 研究永存原始玻璃体增生症(PHPV)患者晶状体后纤维血管膜的组织病理学特点,以期探讨其可能发病机制.方法 实验研究.对手术获取的6例(6只眼)PHPV患者晶状体后纤维血管膜HE染色和PAS染色,光镜下观察;应用Ⅰ型胶原抗原、Ⅷ因子相关抗原、平滑肌肌动蛋白、上皮膜抗原、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、胶原纤维酸性蛋白及增殖细胞核抗原进行免疫组织化学染色,观察其组织病理学特点和细胞增殖情况;应用TUNEL染色法观察其细胞凋亡情况.结果 HE染色可见PHPV晶状体后纤维血管膜含有致密的纤维结缔组织,其中可见淋巴细胞、肥大细胞等炎性细胞;PAS染色该组织内含有大量黏多糖成分;免疫组织化学染色可见PHPV晶状体后纤维血管膜中存在Ⅰ型胶原、上皮组织、平滑肌组织、血管组织和神经组织,并存在大量增殖细胞;TUNEL染色证实纤维血管膜中存在凋亡细胞,晶状体后囊膜下亦存在凋亡的晶状体上皮细胞.结论 PHPV晶状体后纤维血管膜组织构成与原始玻璃体细胞构成存在一致性,其形成机制可能系晶状体后纤维血管组织过度增殖及退化不足.炎症因素在其退化过程中扮演重要角色.     

Role of the Norrie disease pseudoglioma gene in sprouting angiogenesis during development of the retinal vasculature

PURPOSE: To characterize developmental defects and the time course of Norrie disease in retinal and hyaloid vasculature during retinal development and to identify underlying molecular angiogenic pathways that may be affected in Norrie disease, exudative vitreoretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and Coats' disease. METHODS: Norrie disease pseudoglioma homologue (Ndph)-knockout mice were studied during retinal development at early postnatal (p) stages (p5, p10, p15, and p21). Histologic techniques, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analyses provided molecular data, and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) angiography and electroretinography (ERG) were used to obtain in vivo data. RESULTS: The data showed that regression of the hyaloid vasculature of Ndph-knockout mice occurred but was drastically delayed. The development of the superficial retinal vasculature was strongly delayed, whereas the deep retinal vasculature did not form because of the blockage of vessel outgrowth into the deep retinal layers. Subsequently, microaneurysm-like lesions formed. Several angiogenic factors were differentially transcribed during retinal development. Increased levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1alpha) and VEGFA, as well as a characteristic ERG pattern, confirmed hypoxic conditions in the inner retina of the Ndph-knockout mouse. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence for a crucial role of Norrin in hyaloid vessel regression and in sprouting angiogenesis during retinal vascular development, especially in the development of the deep retinal capillary networks. They also suggest an early and a late phase of Norrie disease and may provide an explanation for similar phenotypic features of allelic retinal diseases in mice and patients as secondary consequences of pathologic hypoxia.     

A novel mutation in the Norrie disease gene.

Norrie disease is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital blindness and in some cases mental retardation and deafness.(1) The variability of signs among patients often complicates diagnosis. Signs such as an ocular pseudoglioma, progressive deafness, and mental disturbance are considered classic features.(2) Only one third of patients with Norrie disease have sensorineural deafness, and approximately one half of the affected individuals exhibit mental retardation, often with psychotic features.(3) Histologic analysis has suggested that retinal dysgenesis occurs early in eye development and involves cells in the inner wall of the optic cup.(4) The gene associated with Norrie disease was identified in 1992. (5,6) We report a novel mutation identified in a patient in whom Norrie disease was diagnosed.     

Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous: Surgical Treatment

Instruments designed for pars plana vitrectomy can be used to manage selected complicated congenital cataracts such as those with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). We have applied closed-eye vitrectomy techniques through a limbal approach in seven eyes with PHPV. A clear pupillary space was achieved in all cases and two eyes achieved useful postoperative vision. The management of children with complicated congenital cataracts, such as with PHPV, is discussed.     

MANAGEMENT OF PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS

Instruments designed for pars plana vitrectomy can be used to manage selected complicated congenital cataracts such as those with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). We have applied closed-eye vitrectomy techniques through a limbal approach in seven eyes with PHPV. A clear pupillary space was achieved in all cases and two of the seven eyes achieved useful vision. The management of children with complicated congenital cataracts such as those with PHPV is discussed.     

23-G玻璃体手术治疗永存原始玻璃体增生症

目的分析23G微创玻璃体手术治疗永存原始玻璃体增生症的临床效果。方法永存原始玻璃体增生症患儿19名（19眼）,应用23G微创玻璃体手术系统行晶状体摘出联合玻璃体切除术,其中15例一期植入人工晶状体。术后随访6—36个月。观察术中、术后并发症,视力恢复及结构恢复情况。结果术中及术后均无明显的并发症;至随访期末,17眼（89．47％）视力有不同程度的提高,19例均获得了一定的视力,未发生因病情发展或因并发症而导致二次手术者。其中视力无变化者2眼,术中检查发现存在视网膜发育异常。结论应用23G微创玻璃体手术治疗永存原始玻璃体增生症是一种安全有效的方法,并发症少,术后反应轻,尽早手术可保护有用视力,防止并发症发生。     

Early morphogenesis of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and primary vitreous. The dog as an ontogenetic model

Observations on (postnatal) persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) in man and dog have been published previously. Up to the present, no evidence on the etiology of this entity was available. The hereditary occurrence of the disease in the Dobermann pinscher dog and the similarity of ocular development in mammals has provided a useful model in providing ontogenetic data. The present study deals with the early morphogenesis of PHTVL/PHPV, from day 25 to 44 post-coitum (D25-D44), in genetically affected dog fetuses. Normal beagle dog fetuses served as reference material, which has been described separately. At D30, the hyaloid system, including the tunica vasculosa lentis posterior, had developed further than in the reference fetuses. From that stage onward, a retrolental fibrovascular membrane developed. In some of the eyes of D37, posterior polar subcapsular cataracts and preretinal glial proliferations were observed. Capsular anomalies and distortions of the lens shape as seen in clinical PHTVL/PHPV were not observed, and are believed to be secondary entities. Extrapolation of some of the obtained data from dog to man is possible by the use of comparable gestational time scales. The anterior form of (PHTVL/PHPV) in man probably develops its main features in the period of approximately 43 to 66 days of pregnancy. Recently, anti-angiogenetic properties of normal vitreous have been described. This, and the fact that overdevelopment and subsequent incomplete regression of the hyaloid system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of PHTVL/PHPV, gives rise to the hypothesis that a changed amount or effectiveness of such (humoral) factors is an important factor in the etiology of this disease.     

Norrie病的临床研究进展

Norrie病是一种以视网膜发育不良和先天性或婴幼儿视力丧失为特征的X连锁隐性遗传性疾病。位于X染色体上的NDP基因突变可影响其编码的蛋白（norrin）cystine-knot结构域中关键的二硫键形成,从而呈现Norrie病临床表现,包括假神经胶质瘤样视网膜发育不良和晶状体后纤维增生等眼部表现,以及听力丧失、认知行为障碍和癫痫发作等眼外表现。产前诊断、早期视网膜激光光凝及玻璃体切除手术干预可在一定程度上改善Norrie病患者的病程。（国际眼科纵览,2021, 45：437-442）     

The ocular pathology of Norrie disease in a fetus of 11 weeks' gestational age

The ocular pathology of Norrie disease was studied for the first time in a fetus of 11 weeks' gestation, following prenatal diagnosis using genetic markers for Norrie disease and elective abortion. The eyes were histologically normal, with no evidence of primary neuroectodermal maldevelopment of the retina, previously postulated to be the cause of the ocular changes. We believe that the retinal and other manifestations of Norrie disease are the result of a primary abnormality of vascular proliferation, probably in relation to persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous after approximately 14 weeks' gestation. We postulate that the ocular and otological effects of Norrie disease may be due to a genetically mediated abnormality of secretion of, or sensitivity to, angiogenic growth factors at endodermal-neuroectodermal interfaces during fetal and postnatal development. Offprint requests to: M.A. Parsons     

永存原始玻璃体增生症的临床表现及晶状体后纤维血管膜的病理学特征

背景 永存原始玻璃体增生症(PHPV)为儿童的先天性眼部疾病,因为其临床表现无特异性,易误诊为先天性白内障,预后较差.以往对PHPV的临床特点研究较多,但对其组织病理学特点和免疫组织化学染色的特点报道很少. 目的 研究PHPV的临床表现和晶状体后纤维血管膜的组织病理学特点,为其病理机制研究提供依据.方法 采用回顾性系列病例研究方法,收集2005年5月至2014年12月诊治的6例6眼PHPV患者的临床资料,所有患眼均接受先天性白内障针吸联合前部玻璃体切割术,对术中获取的晶状体后纤维血管膜标本进行苏木精-伊红染色和过碘酸希夫染色,分析其组织病理学特点.采用Envision二步法行免疫组织化学染色,检测晶状体后纤维血管膜标本中波形蛋白(Vimentin)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、S-100、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、上皮膜抗原(EMA)、CD34和增生细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达情况.结果 6例患儿均于出生后发现单眼PHPV,主要临床表现类似于先天性白内障,其中5眼A型超声检查显示患眼眼轴短于对侧健眼,1眼伴眼球震颤、斜视和小角膜.6例患儿均行白内障针吸术联合前部玻璃体切割术,术中可见晶状体后囊膜后有白色纤维血管膜,其中2眼的纤维血管膜与玻璃体内纤维束相连.晶状体后囊膜纤维血管膜标本的组织病理学检查显示,纤维血管膜主要由疏松或黏液样结缔组织纤维、毛细血管或小静脉血管组成,有些病例内可见过碘酸希夫阳性染色物质、残留的透明状玻璃体动脉或分化的脂肪细胞.免疫组织化学检测显示,晶状体后囊膜纤维血管膜中可见短梭形或梭形细胞,具有纤维细胞的特点,部分细胞具有肌纤维母细胞的特征,增生活性较低.1例标本中可见纤维血管膜伸入晶状体囊膜内,导致晶状体和睫状体的发育异常.4例患儿随诊6～9年,术后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)分别为0.06、光感、0.05和0.07,眼压正常.结论 PHPV首诊多误诊为先天性白内障,术后BCVA较差.晶状体后纤维血管膜主要是由于原始玻璃体内中胚叶细胞持续增生和透明动脉不能退化所致,纤维血管膜的增生导致晶状体发育异常.     

Computed Tomography for Diagnosis of Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV)

Leucocoric eyes with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) were studied by computed tomography (CT). Maximum information was derived from use of an intravenous contrast agent and repetition of the scanning in the lateral decubitus position. Eight diagnostically helpful radiologic findings were noted, some for the first time. (1) Radiodense retrolental soft tissue can be demonstrated along Cloquet's canal. (2) The retrolental tissue enhances after administration of intravenous iodine-containing contrast material. (3) Congenital nonattachment of the retina is demonstrable by CT. (4) There may be localized or generalized increased radiodensity of the vitreous body. However, some minimally affected cases have vitreous chambers with normal attenuation values, and CT evidence for PHPV may be lacking in such patients. (5) There may also be layered, high density fluid (blood) in the retrohyaloid space, which shifts location in the lateral decubitus position. Thus far, this finding appears to be unique to PHPV, but computed scanning of other neonatal ocular conditions will be necessary before concluding it is pathognomonic. (6) There is absence of ocular and intraorbital calcification. (7) Abnormalities in configuration of the eyeball, including microphthalmos, can be demonstrated. (8) Retrobulbar tissues and other orbital structures appear normal, and the optic nerves appear normal or minimally reduced in size.     

Pathogenesis of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in mice lacking the arf tumor suppressor gene

PURPOSE: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is an idiopathic developmental eye disease associated with failed involution of the hyaloid vasculature. The present work addressed the pathogenesis of PHPV in a mouse model that replicates many aspects of the human disease. METHODS: Ophthalmoscopic and histologic analyses documented pathologic processes in eyes of mice lacking the Arf gene compared with Ink4a-deficient and wild-type control animals. Immunohistochemical staining, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR demonstrated the expression of relevant gene products. Arf gene expression was determined by in situ hybridization using wholemounts of wild-type mouse eyes and by immunofluorescence staining for green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Arf(+/GFP) heterozygous knock-in mouse eyes. RESULTS: Abnormalities in Arf(-/-) mice mimicked those found in patients with severe PHPV. The mice had microphthalmia; fibrovascular, retrolental tissue containing retinal pigment epithelial cells and remnants of the hyaloid vascular system; posterior lens capsule destruction with lens degeneration and opacity; and severe retinal dysplasia and detachment. Eyes of mice lacking the overlapping Ink4a gene were normal. Arf was selectively expressed in perivascular cells within the vitreous of the postnatal eye. Cells composing the retrolental mass in Arf(-/-) mice expressed the Arf promoter. The remnant hyaloid vessels expressed Flk-1. Its ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), was expressed in the retrolental tissue and the adjacent dysplastic neuroretina. CONCLUSIONS: Arf(-/-) mice have features that accurately mimic severe PHPV. In the HVS, Arf expression in perivascular cells may block their accumulation or repress Vegf expression to promote HVS involution and prevent PHPV.     

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. A clinicopathologic study of 62 cases and review of the literature

This is a clinicopathologic study of 62 cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). The cases were divided into two main groups. Group 1 consisted of 55 unilateral cases not associated with any systemic abnormalities, including 36 eyes (58%) which were considered “pure cases” (Group 1A) and 19 (31%) which disclosed other ocular abnormalities in addition to PHPV (Group 1B). Group 2 consisted of 7 (11%) bilateral cases of PHPV accompanied by other ocular and systemic malformations. The most common presenting clinical signs are leukocoria, microphthalmia and cataract. The main histopathologic features of this condition are outlined, including those responsible for the disastrous to the eye (retinal detachment, glaucoma, phthisis bulbi). Several clinical entities, usually mistaken for or associated with PHPV, such as retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, retinal dysplasia, trisomy 13 syndrome, and falciform retinal folds are discussed briefly.     

Phacoanaphylactoid reaction in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Three cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) showing a ruptured lens capsule and a phacoanaphylactoid reaction are presented. In two cases, there was evidence that the lens had been clinically clear in the presence of a ruptured capsule and posterior cortical granulomatous reaction. The capsular rupture and granulomatous reaction can begin in utero, as shown by the third case, a premature who died at one day of age. It is suggested that a phacoanaphylactoid reaction can contribute to the lens swelling, cataract, and anterior chamber narrowing which often initiate the downhill course in eyes with PHPV. The immunological implications of this reaction are discussed.     

Approach to cataract with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a congenital anomaly in which the hyaloid vasculature persists beyond fetal life. In cases in which cataract is associated with PHPV, intraoperative bleeding is a potential complication during cataract surgery. The pars plana approach along with endocoagulation has been used in such cases. We describe an alternative approach using a Fugo plasma blade via an anterior route. This approach provides better control over the posterior capsulotomy along with minimal traction over the retina and, most important, hemostasis during surgery.     

Early morphogenesis of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV)

This study provides scanning electron microscopic observations on the early morphogenesis of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) in canine fetuses at days 28 35 postcoitum (D28 and D35). From previous studies regarding PHTVL/PHPV it is known that a retrolental plaque of fibrovascular tissue is present in eyes of affected canine fetuses from the D33 stage. The contribution of vitreous cells to the formation of the plaque is supported by the results of this study. The lens capsules at the stages described were not found to contain abnormalities such as transparent (thinner) parts or rents, as have been described for postnatal cases of PHTVL/PHPV. These findings support the hypothesis that the capsular anomalies observed in postnatal patients are secondary entities.     

Critical period for retinoic acid-induced developmental abnormalities of the vitreous in mouse fetuses

To elucidate the underlying developmental mechanisms of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) in humans, we investigated a mouse model for PHPV induced by retinoic acid. We treated C57BL/6NJcl mice at various stages of pregnancy (gestation days 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) with the teratogen retinoic acid, which affects the migration of neural crest cells. Untreated pregnant mice served as a control group. The eyes of the fetuses were examined histologically on day 18 on gestation. Developmental abnormalities of the vitreous were defined as the presence of excessive mesenchymal tissue in the vitreous cavity. The incidence of developmental abnormalities of the vitreous in all groups, except for those treated on day 12 of pregnancy, significantly exceeded that in the control group (P<0.01). The histological characteristics of the observed vitreous abnormalities in mice resembled those found in PHPV clinically. Retinoic acid-induced abnormalities in mice can serve as an experimental model for PHPV by environmental factors. Results suggest that the critical period for these retinoic acid-induced abnormalities was during days 7 to 11 of gestation, which corresponds to a critical period of 2.5 to 7 weeks of gestation for PHPV in humans.     

Neurologic abnormalities associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

BACKGROUND: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is usually a unilateral ocular abnormality not associated with other systemic findings. We describe 16 patients, 7 with unilateral and 9 with bilateral PHPV, in whom significant neurologic abnormalities were identified. METHODS: The clinical records of 16 children referred to the Visually Impaired Program at a university-affiliated children's hospital in Vancouver were studied from 1970 to 1996. Further investigations, including electroencephalography, computed tomography and pediatric neurologic evaluation, were performed to ascertain neurologic deficits. RESULTS: Neurologic abnormalities were identified in three of the children with unilateral PHPV (hemiparesis, impaired coordination and homonymous hemianopia) and seven of the children with bilateral PHPV (ataxia, impaired coordination, hypotonia, spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly and deafness). INTERPRETATION: The possibility of underlying neurologic abnormality should be considered in patients with PHPV, particularly those with bilateral disease. Referral to a pediatric neurologist may be appropriate.     

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with myopia: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a congenital disorder that manifests a range of ocular anomalies, including leukocoria, microphthalmia, cataract, and a retrolental fibrovascular membrane. In general, the prognosis for visual acuity with PHPV has been poor. A recent report on six patients who have myopia associated with PHPV showed that these patients were not microphthalmic, did not manifest leukocoria, and showed a mean visual acuity at final followup of 20/160. CASE REPORT: The case of a 3-year-old boy with myopic PHPV of the left eye is presented. Full-time wear of the cycloplegic refraction, combined with patching of the non-amblyopic eye, resulted in an improvement in visual acuity. RESULTS: PHPV with myopia may constitute a distinct subtype of PHPV. Patients with myopic PHPV tend to seek treatment later than patients with anterior or posterior PHPV as a result of the lack of microphthalmia and leukocoria. These individuals do not show the long-term complications, such as secondary glaucoma and intraocular hemorrhages, associated with PHPV. CONCLUSION: The acuity improvement in this case of myopic PHPV suggests that a more conservative approach to its surgical management may be appropriate while pursuing refractive correction and amblyopia therapy to attain the best acuity possible.