HLA—DQA1,DQB1基因与特发性膜性肾病关联研究

为探讨上海地区特发性膜性肾病（ＩＭＮ）与ＨＬＡ－Ⅱ类基因的关联，本研究用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）及序列特异性寡核苷酸（ＳＳO）探针杂交方法，对３３例上海地区汉族ＩＭＮ患者及７０例同一地区 正常人作了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１、－ＤＱＢ１位点的等位基因分型，并比较其基因频率。结果表明：ＩＭＮ组ＤＯＡ１０１０１等位基因频率高于对照组，统计学处理有显著性差异（ＲＲ＝３．０４３，Ｐ＝０．００２，Ｐｃ－０．０１８）。ＤＱＢ１０６０４等位基因频率较对照组高，而ＤＱＢ１０３０１等位基因频率较对照组低，但统计学处理后差异均不显著（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐｃ＞０．０５），以上结果提示，１ＭＮ的发病机制可能与免疫遗传因素有关。     

Immunology of membranous nephropathy: from animal models to humans

Membranous nephropathy (MN), the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, is characterized by the deposition of subepithelial immune deposits that consist mainly of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and complement. Most of the cases are primary or idiopathic (iMN), while only approximately 25% of the cases are secondary to some known disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis B, drugs and malignancies. Most of our knowledge on the pathogenesis of iMN has relied upon old experimental models (i.e. Heymann nephritis) that have shown that immune deposits are formed in situ by the reaction of autoantibodies against the respective podocyte antigen. Recent findings indicate that podocyte proteins also act as an autoantigen in human iMN. The M‐type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the main target antigen, as it can be found in approximately 70% of iMN patients but only rarely in other glomerulonephritides. Podocytes damage in the experimental model of Heymann nephritis is complement‐mediated. In humans, the presence of complement within the subepithelial deposits is well established, but IgG4, which does not activate complement by classical or alternative pathways, represents the predominant subclass of IgG anti‐PLA2R. Some evidence suggests that IgG4 anti‐PLA2R autoantibodies can bind mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) and activate the lectin complement pathway. A genetic background for iMN has been demonstrated by genome‐wide association studies that have shown highly significant associations of the PLA2R1 and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQA1 loci with iMN. In addition to their diagnostic value, anti‐PLA2R antibodies may be useful to monitor disease activity and predict response to treatment.     

Helicobacter pylori antigen in the glomeruli of patients with membranous nephropathy

 Renal biopsy specimens from patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) were studied using immunohistochemical labelling to clarify the aetiological significance of Helicobacter pylori antigen in this disease. Sixteen specimens were examined, from 7 male and 9 female MN patients. Renal specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy and IgA nephropathy, and from autopsied patients without renal diseases were obtained as controls. Immunohistochemical labelling was performed using one polyclonal antibody and three monoclonal antibodies against H. pylori. Specimens from 11 of the MN patients revealed granular deposits along the glomerular capillary walls, which reacted positively with polyclonal antibody after trypsin pretreatment. None of the control specimens revealed positive labelling. The MN specimens showed no positive reaction with the primary antibody, which had been treated for immunoabsorption testing using sonicated H. pylori.We also determined H. pylori status in these MN patients histologically and/or serologically. Of the 11 patients whose glomeruli were positive for anti-H. pylori antibody, 7 were suitable for analysis, and all were regarded as positive for H. pylori infection. These results suggest that the presence of a specific antigen in the glomeruli of patients with MN and H. pylori infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of MN. Received: 18 October 1996 / Accepted: 3 March 1997     

足细胞抗原在人类膜性肾病治疗中的研究进展

膜性肾病(membranous nephropathy,MN)是一种器官特异性自身免疫病,发病机制是自身抗体结合足细胞靶抗原后激活补体导致肾小球滤过屏障损伤和蛋白尿.近年研究已发现中性肽链内切酶、M型磷脂酶A2受体(phospholipase A2 receptor,PLA2R)、醛糖还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶2、α烯醇化酶、1型血小板反应蛋白7A域等足细胞靶抗原.抗PLA2R抗体和肾组织PLA2R抗原是诊断和治疗MN的新兴生物标志物.     

膜性肾病肾活检组织中TRPC6和podocalyxin表达改变及其意义

目的检测膜性肾病(membranous nephropathy,MN)患者肾活检组织中肾小球足细胞瞬时受体电位阳离子通道蛋白6(transient receptor potential cation channel 6,TRPC6)和podocalyxin的表达和分布,探讨足细胞蛋白TRPC6和podocalyxin在MN蛋白尿发生中的作用。方法采用常规组织病理以及免疫组化检查,并行免疫荧光双套色染色于激光共聚焦显微镜下观察TRPC6、podocalyxin在各组肾组织中表达及分布的改变,以计算机图像分析系统进行半定量分析。结果对照组肾组织podocalyxin沿肾小球毛细血管壁连续均匀分布,阳性荧光信号表达强,MN组表达减弱,且分布不均或节段性缺失,部分呈点状、短线状不连续分布,肾病综合征组较非肾病综合征组减弱更明显;TRPC6在对照组肾小球有一定的表达,沿肾小球基膜呈均匀连续线型分布,MN组TRPC6荧光强度有不同程度增强,且呈点状、团块状不均匀分布,肾病综合征组较非肾病综合征组更明显。结论 TRPC6和podocalyxin在正常肾组织沿肾小球基膜呈连续线状均匀分布;MN患者肾小球内TRPC6表达增加,podocalyxin表达减少,且分布形式亦发生变化,提示TRPC6和podocalyxin等足细胞相关蛋白表达改变及分布异常可能是MN蛋白尿发生的重要病理机制。     

HLA-DRB and -DQB1 alleles in Polish patients with hepatitis B associated membranous nephropathy

Abstract: We have studied the HLA-DRB and -DQB1 alleles of 42 paediatric patients who have suffered from membranous nephropathy associated with a hepatitis B infection (HBVMN). These patients were all from the Gdansk area of Northern Poland and the disease was diagnosed by light and electron microscopy. The control population consisted of 55 healthy children, approximately age matched, from schools in Gdansk. In addition we have also analysed 40 patients chronically infected with hepatitis B, without any renal involvement, as hepatitis B disease controls. The HLA alleles were defined using PCR/SSP. As idiopathic membranous nephropathy and low responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine have been found to be associated with DR3 in Caucasoids, our hypothesis was that the HBVMN patients would show an increase in DR3. Our results indicate that, although there is a small increase in the frequency of DRBl*0301 in the HBVMN patients (16/42 38%) when compared to the healthy controls (15/55 31%), this does not approach significance. There is a significant increase in the frequency of DQBl*0303 in the HBVMN patients vs the healthy controls, after correction for the number of antigens detected ( P ) (13/42 vs 2/55, RR=11.6, P =0.0007, P _c=0.02). A similar increase in DQBl*0303 is seen in the HBVMN patients when compared to the hepatitis controls (13/42 vs 4/40) but this is only significant before correction (RR=4.3, P =0.04).     

Differential diagnosis of membranous nephropathy with autoantibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor 1

Membranous nephropathy (MN) accounts for most cases of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Recently, studies on the underlying pathomechanisms led to the identification of the podocyte M-type receptor for secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA₂R1) as a target antigen of circulating autoantibodies.Autoantibodies to PLA₂R1 may not only play a role in the development of primary MN, but also serve as a marker for diagnosis, disease activity and therapy monitoring. Antibody detection is crucial to discriminate between patients with primary MN and those with a secondary form of the disease, as both forms require different diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies. Standardized test systems based on recombinant PLA₂R1 allow for the sensitive and specific analysis of anti-PLA₂R1 autoantibodies. Further research into pathogenic mechanisms and other disease markers can pave the way for improved patient care.     

Prognostic significance of glomerular and tubulointerstitial morphometry in idiopathic membranous nephropathy

The purpose of our study was to investigate the prognostic value of clinical and pathological, in particular glomerular and tubulointerstitial morphometric variables in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). We prospectively followed 60 Caucasian patients diagnosed with idiopathic membranous nephropathy for at least 2 years or until primary outcome (≥50% permanent decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate or death). Glomerular and tubulointerstitial morphometric variables at the time of renal biopsy were analyzed with respect to this outcome. Univariate analysis revealed that significant negative prognostic factors for this outcome were higher cholesterol and smaller albumin concentrations, higher creatinine and maximal 24-h proteinuria, higher grade of nephroangiosclerosis, higher glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerulopathy index, higher interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy percentage and higher injury score. In multivariate analysis, only the maximal 24-h proteinuria and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy percentage were independent predictors of this outcome. The results suggest that morphometric analysis, mainly quantitative measurement of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy percentage, injury score, glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerulopathy index could be used as an additional method for risk stratification of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.     

Higher frequencies of circulating ICOS+, IL-21+ T follicular helper cells and plasma cells in patients with new-onset membranous nephropathy

Background: T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells are known to regulate humoral immune responses. This study is aimed at examining the putative contribution of different subsets of circulating of TFH cells and B cells to membranous nephropathy (MN).

Methods: A total of 45?MN patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were examined for the number of TFH cells and B cells by flow cytometry. The level of 24-h urinary protein and eGFR were calculated, and the level of serum cytokines was examined. The potential association among these measures was analyzed.

Results: Compared to the HCs, MN patients had significantly higher numbers of circulating CD4⁺CXCR5⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD154⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺IL-21⁺, and CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD28⁺ TFH cells, as well as IgD⁺CD27^?CD19⁺ and CD138⁺CD19⁺ B cells. However, the number of IgD⁺CD27⁺CD19⁺ B cells was significantly lower in MN patients than in the HC. The levels of serum IL-21, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in MN patients than in the HC. Furthermore, the numbers of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD154⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺IL-21⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD28⁺ TFH cells, CD138⁺CD19⁺ B cells, and the level of sera IL-21 were negatively correlated with the values of eGFR, but positively correlated with the levels of 24-h urinary proteins. Following treatment, the numbers of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD154⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺IL-21⁺, CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD28⁺ TFH cells, CD138⁺CD19⁺ B cells, and the levels of IL-21 were significantly reduced. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were noticeably increased after treatment.

Conclusions: Data suggest that activated TFH and plasma cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of MN.     

Characterization of autoantibodies in primary membranous nephropathy and their clinical significance

Introduction: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of a nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults. The identification of target antigens in MN in the last decade has had a major impact on the clinical approach to these patients.

Areas covered: Since the discoveries in animal models in the 1980s that circulating autoantibodies induce disease upon in situ binding to glomerular podocytes, many attempts have been undertaken to define the human antigens responsible for disease induction. Only in 2009 was Phospholipase A₂ Receptor 1 described as the major antigen responsible for MN onset in about 70% of patients. Subsequently, in 2014, Thrombospondin Type-1 Domain-Containing 7A was identified as a second antigen, accounting for 2–3% of patients with MN. The knowledge of the role of these antibodies in MN has improved the diagnosis and management of patients and helped to better define the need for immunosuppressive treatment.

Expert commentary: These discoveries over the last 10 years in the discipline of nephrology have clearly shown the improvements a better understanding of disease pathogenesis can bring for patient care.     

特发性膜性肾病患者血清抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与尿中IgG4检测的临床意义

目的：探讨特发性膜性肾病（IMN）患者血清抗磷脂酶A2受体（PLA2R）抗体及尿IgG4检测的临床意义。方法：将90例膜性肾病（MN）患者按照病理类型分为特发性膜性肾病（IMN）组（52例）和继发性膜性肾病（SMN）组（38例）;另选同期体检健康者35例作为对照组。检测各组血清抗PLA2R抗体表达和尿IgG4水平;分析治疗后不同转归的IMN患者之间的血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率及尿IgG4水平差异。结果：IMN组的血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率及尿IgG4水平均明显高于SMN组和对照组（P＜0.05）;SMN组的尿IgG4水平明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率与对照组差异无显著统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后,IMN缓解组的血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率明显低于未缓解组（P＜0.05）,治疗后尿IgG4水平较本组治疗前及未缓解组治疗后均降低（P＜0.05）,而治疗后未缓解组的尿IgG4水平较治疗前不降反升（P＜0.05）;IMN复发患者的血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率及尿IgG4水平均明显高于无复发者（P＜0.05）。结论：IMN患者血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率和尿IgG4水平明显升高,其变化与IMN的病情及远期结局均有关,二者联合检测有助于IMN的诊断、病情活动及预后评估。     

Clinicopathologic characteristics and steroid response of IgM nephropathy in children presenting with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

There is no detailed information on clinical and immunopathologic features of immunoglobulin M nephropathy (IgMN) in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in Pakistan. We reviewed our native renal biopsies over 15 years (July 1995-July 2010) and identified 135 cases of IgMN in nephrotic children (≤17 years). Their demographic, clinical and immunopathologic data were retrieved from biopsy reports and case notes. Mean age of this cohort was 7.6 ± 4.2 years. Males were 92 (68.1%) and females were 43 (31.9%). Steroid-dependent NS was seen in 88 (65.2%) cases and steroid-resistant NS in 47 (34.2%). Hematuria was found in 42 cases (31.2%) and hypertension in 27 (19.5%). The most common morphologic change was glomerular mesangial proliferation, found in 89 (65.9%) biopsies. Minor changes were seen in 46 (34.1%) cases and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 37 (27.4%). Immunofluorescence microscopy showed diffuse mesangial positivity of IgM in all cases. C3 and C1q were found in 72 (53.3%) and 40 (29.7%) cases, respectively. Our results show that IgMN is a fairly common cause of INS in children in Pakistan. It shows a spectrum of morphologic changes ranging from minor changes to FSGS.     

2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的中医用药规律分析

目的分析和了解中医药治疗2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的用药规律。方法选用维普咨询中文科技期刊数据库（1989-2009）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）（1979-2009）、万方数据库（1982-2009）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）（1990-2009）、中文生物医学期刊数据库（CMCC/CMCI）（1994-2009）为资料源,对中医药治疗2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的随机对照文献的用药规律进行统计分析。结果检索到有效文献223篇,共涉及138种中药,用药频次居于前10位的是黄芪、丹参、山茱萸、山药、生地黄、川芎、茯苓、当归、益母草、大黄。药类频次统计显示,益气药居于首位,活血、养阴、收涩、清热、利水渗湿、破血逐瘀药也占了相当大的比重。结论 2型糖尿病肾病III期的中医用药多以益气养阴活血药为主,同时辅以清热、淡渗利湿、收涩固摄、化瘀泄浊、疏风解表等药,并结合临床常用经验方或药对,取得了良好的疗效。     

Ultrastructural quantitation of atubular and hypertrophic glomeruli in rats with lithium-induced chronic nephropathy

Summary The very heterogeneous population of glomeruli in rats with lithium-induced chronic nephropathy which includes small glomeruli without connection to a proximal tubule (atubular glomeruli) and large hypertropic glomeruli with connection to a normal proximal tubule, was studied at the ultrastructural level, using stereological methods. After 8 weeks of lithium treatment followed by 8 weeks without lithium the hypertrophic glomeruli showed no changes in their relative ultrastructural composition, including normal mesangium, basement membrane-like material and peripheral basement membrane. The absolute quantities of each component were, however, increased due to the increased volume of the glomeruli. The atubular glomeruli had increased volume fractions of mesangium, peripheral basement membrane, basement membrane-like material and epithelium, whereas the absolute quantities were decreased due to the decreased volume. The thickness of the basement membrane was within normal limits in the group of hypertrophic glomeruli but increased by 31% above controls in the group of atubular glomeruli. Both groups of glomeruli in lithium-treated animals showed normal mean foot process width, but with a slightly abnormal distribution. The atubular glomeruli showed a disproportionate large decrease in peripheral filtration surface and capillary length, compared with the reduction in glomerular volume, whereas the hypertrophic glomeruli showed changes in proportion with the increased volume.     

特发性膜性肾病患者血清PLA2R抗体的检测技术及意义

特发性膜性肾病(idiopathic membranous nephropathy, IMN),即原发性膜性肾病,易发生在40岁以上男性群体中。IMN诊断的主要依据为临床表现及肾活检病理改变,后者是一种有创检测,对患者有一定影响。自肾小球足细胞表面M型磷脂酶A2受体(phospholipase A2 receptor, PLA2R)发现以来,相关领域对IMN的发病机制有了新的认识。随着对PLA2R抗体研究的不断深入,发现其不仅可以作为IMN的诊断指标,而且有助于判断疾病活动情况及疗效监测。该文就抗PLA2R抗体检测技术在IMN中的研究进展作一简要综述。     

T-lymphocyte activation in IgA nephropathy: Serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor level,interleukin 2 production,and interleukin 2 receptor expression by cultured lymphocytes

The present study was undertaken to examine the T-lymphocyte activation in IgA nephropathy. Serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2R) levels were studied in 29 IgA nephritic patients, 17 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (non-IgA nephropathy), and 30 healthy controls during an infection-free period. No difference in serum sIL2R level was demonstrated among these three groups of subjects. However, the serum sIL2R levels of IgA nephritic patient rose significantly during clinical exacerbation with synpharyngitic macroscopic hematuria and the serum sIL2R levels fell when hematuria subsided. Mitogen-stimulated cellular interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) expression, sIL2R release, and interleukin 2 (IL2) production were also examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured for 24–48 hr in 21 patients with IgA nephropathy, 17 patients with chronic glomerulonephritides, and 17 healthy controls. The total cellular IL2R expression and sIL2R release did not differ among these three groups of subjects. However, the individual T-cell subsets bearing IL2R were distinctly different between IgA nephritic patients and the other two groups of controls. IgA nephritic patients had increased activated CD4+ lymphocytes and reduced activated CD8+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, IL2 production in response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen stimulation was increased in lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy. The IL2 production did not correlate with the quantities of cellular and sIL2R yet the cellular IL2R expression paralleled the sIL2R released by cultured lymphocytes. Our present study suggests that the T lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy have a defect in overproduction of IL2 and increased activated T helper-cell subset upon mitogenic stimulation. Serum measurement of sIL2R could potentially be useful in monitoring the disease activity.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者颈椎矢状位曲度变化及影响因素分析

目的　总结48例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者的影像学资料,分析AIS侧凸患者颈椎矢状位曲度变化特点及其影响因素。 方法 AIS患者拍摄站立位脊柱全长正侧位X片以及左右侧屈位片（Bending相）。测量并记录中立位及左右Bending相冠状位Cobb角、颈椎矢状位曲度（C2~7 Cobb角）、胸椎后凸角（T5~12 Cobb角, TK）、腰椎前凸角（L1~5 Cobb角, LL）、骨盆入射角(Pelvic Incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(Sacrum Slop,SS)、骨盆倾斜角(Pelvic Tilt,PT)、C7~S1 及C2~7 SVA (Sagittal Vertical Axis)。26例健康青少年志愿者拍摄脊柱全长正侧位片,记录C2~7 Cobb角。应用两变量相关性分析及t检验作为主要统计方法。 结果 AIS患者颈椎矢状位曲度异常发生率75.0%,后凸发生率47.9%,失平衡发生率10.4%,失平衡者均合并颈椎后凸。AIS患者PI-LL<10°者占所有AIS患者的62.5%。AIS患者与健康青少年相比,C2~7 Cobb角显著性增大（P=0.008）。AIS患者中颈椎后凸组,T5-12 Cobb角显著降低（P =0.011）。胸椎后凸角度<30°组C2~7 Cobb角显著增大（P=0.021）。C2~7 Cobb角与T5~12 Cobb角成负相关(P =0.009）,与L1~5 Cobb角成正相关（P=0.005）。C2~7 Cobb角与冠状位Cobb角度、PI、SS、PT、C7~S1 SVA及Lenke分型未见相关性（P＞0.05）。 结论 AIS患者颈椎矢状位曲度异常者比例高于正常青少年,且多为后凸型。颈椎矢状位曲度与胸椎后凸角度、腰椎前凸角度相关,而与胸腰椎冠状位角度及骨盆指数无关。     

血管紧张素原基因M235T分子变异与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

目的　探讨血管紧张素原（ａｎｇｉｏｔｅｎｓｉｎｏｇｅｎ , Ａ Ｇ Ｔ） 基因 Ｍ２３５ Ｔ 分子变异与中国人无肾病并发症的２ 型糖尿病（ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ ｍ ｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ , Ｄ Ｍ） 、２ 型糖尿病肾病（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃ ｎｅｐｈｒｏｐａｔｈｙ , Ｄ Ｎ） 的关系。方法　用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ及 Ｒ Ｆ Ｌ Ｐ 方法对８４ 例 Ｄ Ｍ、９６ 例 Ｄ Ｎ 及９８ 名正常对照进行了 Ａ Ｇ Ｔ 基因 Ｍ２３５ Ｔ 多态性的检测。结果　 Ｄ Ｎ 组 Ｔ 等位基因频率０８２ , Ｔ Ｔ 基因型频率０７０ ,与对照组（０６３ ,０４３） 比较有显著差异（ Ｐ＝ ０００３ , Ｐ＝００００４） ;校正了 Ｄ Ｎ 的几种危险因素后, Ｔ Ｔ 基因型对 Ｄ Ｎ 的 Ｏ Ｒ 为３４７（９５ ％ Ｃ Ｉ 为１５１ ～７９４ , Ｐ＝０００３３） 。 Ｄ Ｍ 组基因型频率分布与对照组比较无显著差异（ Ｐ＞ ００５） 。结论　 Ａ Ｇ Ｔ 基因 Ｔ Ｔ 型可能是中国人群２ 型糖尿病肾病的独立危险因素之一。