喂养方式与体格发育影响分析

目的:为提高母乳喂养率,了解喂养方式与民族、性别差异,探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格发育的影响。方法:对544例足月婴儿进行0~4个月时的喂养方式调查和生长监测,分别进行体重、身长、头围的比较。结果:0~4个月婴儿母乳喂养率为69.30%;其中,朝鲜族母乳喂养率为66.96%,汉族为69.93%。0~4个月母乳喂养方式的婴儿体重高于混合喂养及人工喂养,差异有显著性(P<0.05);2月龄母乳喂养与人工喂养组小儿身高有差异(P<0.05)。结论:母乳喂养对婴儿生长发育优于混合喂养及人工喂养。     

不同喂养方式对0～24月龄婴幼儿生长速率、生长水平的影响

目的了解哈尔滨市婴幼儿喂养方式,建立前瞻性队列观察不同喂养方式对婴幼儿体格发育的纵向影响。方法随机抽取哈尔滨市2009年7月1日—2010年7月1日出生的婴儿593例,监测婴幼儿0～24月龄的体重、身长、头围、喂养情况、家庭基本信息等。测量次数：共测查20次,包括出生3 d内、1岁内每月1次、1～2岁每3月1次。结果 593例研究对象中,男性293例（49.41%）,女性300例（50.59%）;男、女婴在社会人口学特征分布上差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。母乳喂养组267例（45.03%）,混合喂养组132例（22.26%）,人工喂养组194例（32.71%）。方差分析显示婴幼儿不同喂养方式对0～24月龄婴幼儿体重、身长、头围有不同影响。1月时体重均值人工喂养组〉混合喂养组〉母乳喂养组;7～24月龄体重均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,3组均值经方差分析差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对4～24月龄时身长有影响,7～24月龄体重均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2月龄时头围均值人工喂养组〉混合喂养组〉母乳喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;7月龄、9～24月龄时头围均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论母乳是婴幼儿生命早期最佳的天然食品,为婴幼儿提供了生命所需的必要营养物质,对婴幼儿生长速率增长有极大的促进作用。     

0～4月龄不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长速率及营养状况的影响

目的:探讨0~4月龄不同喂养方式对足月产单胎正常儿0~12月龄体格生长速率及营养状况的影响。方法:选取2007年7月1日~2008年7月31日在该院出生的211名足月产单胎正常儿为研究对象,按喂养方式分为两组,其中母乳喂养组115名、混合喂养组96名。将所有婴儿分为13个月龄组进行体重和身长测量,比较各项体格指标的增长值变化,评价每名婴儿在3、6、9、12月龄的营养状况(Kaup指数法)。结果:不同喂养方式婴儿体重增长值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),混合喂养组3月龄与12月龄身长增长值较母乳喂养组高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他月龄两组婴儿的身长增长值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两种喂养方式婴儿各月龄营养状况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:混合喂养可导致婴儿生长发育偏离健康母乳喂养婴儿,生后坚持母乳喂养对婴儿期达到最佳生长发育状态具有重要作用。     

不同喂养方式对6月龄婴儿健康状况的影响

目的 探讨不同喂养方式对6月龄婴儿健康状况的影响.方法 选择2013年6至9月来张家港市妇幼保健所儿童保健科门诊常规健康体检的6月龄婴儿为研究对象,将其分为母乳喂养组、人工喂养组、混合喂养组,分别测量婴儿体重、身长、头围、血红蛋白水平及骨密度情况,询问婴儿近2周的患病情况.结果 3组婴儿的体重、身长、头围差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).母乳喂养组血红蛋白均值低于混合喂养组、人工喂养组,差异有统计学意义(F=5.041,P＜0.05).母乳喂养组贫血发生率显著高于混合喂养组(x2=6.598,P＜0.05)和人工喂养组(x2=6.883,P＜0.05),混合喂养组与人工喂养组比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.000,P＞0.05).母乳喂养组骨矿质缺乏发生率显著高于人工喂养组(x2=9.387,P＜0.05);母乳喂养组与混合喂养组(x2 =3.755,P＞0.05),混合喂养组与人工喂养组(x2=1.154,P＞0.05)比较差异无统计学意义.母乳喂养组近2周患病率显著低于人工喂养组(x2 =5.561,P＜0.05)和混合喂养组(x2 =5.254,P＜0.05),混合喂养组与人工喂养组比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.001,P＞0.05).结论 应进一步加强健康教育,保护和促进母乳喂养,提高母乳喂养率.     

南宁市母乳喂养对生长发育及疾病影响的随访研究

目的:观察纯母乳喂养对婴儿的生长发育、健康状况等方面的影响。方法:在南宁市纳入125名纯母乳喂养和200名人工喂养的婴儿进行随访观察,分别在出生、28天、3个月、6个月及12个月进行发育监测,监测内容包括:婴儿的体重、身长、头围以及疾病率情况。比较两种喂养方式在不同时期对体重、身长、头围及健康状况的影响,分析两种喂养方式的婴儿生长发育及疾病发展。结果:母乳喂养组的体重、身长和头围的发育随着月龄的增长逐渐增加(P<0.05);男婴至3月龄时,体重达出生时1.94倍,身长增至1.26倍;至12月龄时体重达出生时2.87倍,而身长增至1.54倍。女婴跟男婴生长发育规律相似。母乳喂养与人工喂养比较,在28天时,人工喂养组的身高、体重、头围均高于母乳喂养喂养组(P<0.05),在其他时期未见差异。母乳喂养组出现独坐、爬行、扶站等运动情况要早于人工喂养组(P<0.05)。在6个月内,母乳喂养组,婴儿肺炎患病率为14.4%,腹泻患病率为3.2%;人工喂养组,肺炎患病率为31.5%,腹泻患病率为15.5%(P<0.05)。结论:母乳喂养与人工喂养对生长发育影响无差别,但在运动发育方面,母乳喂养要优于人工喂养;并且在6个月内,母乳喂养能降低婴儿常见疾病的患病率;建议在婴儿6个月内坚持纯母乳喂养,减少疾病的发生,促进生长和运动发育。     

42天婴儿喂养方式与体格发育及营养状况的相关性研究

目的探讨不同喂养方式对42天婴儿身长体重及营养状况的影响,为指导婴儿合理喂养提供依据。方法 2017年全年在我中心进行健康体检的2 376例42天婴儿,调查其生后喂养方式,按照喂养方式分为母乳喂养、混合喂养和人工喂养,测量身长、体重,采用身长的体重法评价营养状况。结果 42天婴儿母乳喂养率为66.5%。母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组42天时体重增长分别为1.75 kg、1.61 kg和1.69 kg,身长增长分别为6.46 cm、6.24 cm和6.47 cm。母乳喂养组42天时的身长增长值和体重增长值均明显高于混合喂养组(P0.05)。42天时混合喂养组有偏瘦倾向的婴儿所占比例最高(14.9%),母乳喂养组最低(10.4%)。母乳喂养组有偏胖倾向的婴儿所占比例最高(14.8%),人工喂养组最低(7.3%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 42天母乳喂养率尚有待提高。母乳喂养可以很好地促进婴儿身长体重的增长,但并没有使42天婴儿发生超重肥胖的风险降低。混合喂养婴儿42天时生长发育较差。     

母乳喂养和人工喂养对新生儿体格发育、营养状况的影响研究

目的探讨母乳喂养和人工喂养对新生儿体格发育、营养状况的影响。方法选取2017年1月-2017年12月期间在鄂东医疗集团黄石市妇幼保健院正常出生的200例健康新生儿,根据新生儿父母选择喂养方式不同,将其分为母乳喂养组78例和人工喂养组122例。新生儿出生后均随访6个月,观察两组新生儿的身长、体质量、头围变化情况,采用考普氏指数(Kaup)和相关血生化检测结果判断两组新生儿的营养状况,并对数据进行统计学分析。结果截至出生6个月随访期末,母乳喂养组随访成功率96. 15%(75/78),人工喂养组随访成功率95. 90%(117/122);随访出生3个月时母乳喂养组体质量(6 404. 2±425. 3) g、身长(61. 2±2. 6) cm、头围(37. 4±1. 5) cm、Kaup指数正常率92. 00%(69/75)分别高于人工喂养组(6 253. 5±405. 8) g、(60. 4±2. 3) cm、(36. 9±1. 3) cm、81. 20%(95/117),差异均有统计学意义(均P0. 05),但随访出生6个月时两组上述体格指标、Kaup指数正常率、血HGB、PA表达相较差异均无显著差异,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论母乳喂养在新生儿0～3月龄阶段效果优于人工喂养,随月龄增加至6月龄,两种喂养方式对新生儿体格发育、营养状况影响趋于接近。     

不同喂养方式对4月龄婴儿体格发育的影响

目的:探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格发育的影响。方法:选择健康婴儿304例,根据出生后前4个月喂养方式分为母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组,测量4月龄时的体重、身长和血骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)。结果:3组婴儿的体重和身长差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组婴儿佝偻病发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),母乳喂养组与人工喂养组佝偻病发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:不同喂养方式对4月龄婴儿体重、身长影响差异不大;母乳喂养婴儿补充维生素D不合理,佝偻病发生率会增加,倡导母乳喂养的同时需要合理添加维生素D。     

不同喂养方式对0～2岁婴幼儿生长发育的影响

[目的]探讨不同喂养方式对0～2岁婴幼儿生长发育的影响.[方法]健康婴儿650名依据其生后前4个月的喂养方式分为母乳喂养组、部分母乳喂养组和人工喂养组,自生后30 d起进行前瞻性的纵向观察,并在生后的3月、6月、9月、12月、18月、24月龄时观测其体重和身长,用单因素方差分析进行各组间的比较.[结果]三组婴儿的体重和身长在3月、6月龄时差异无显著性(P>0.05),但9～24月龄婴幼儿的体重和身长母乳喂养组低于人工喂养组,差异有显著性(P<0.05).部分母乳喂养组婴幼儿的体重和身长介于母乳喂养组与人工喂养组之间.[结论]与人工喂养相比,母乳喂养的婴幼儿6月龄以后生长速度减缓,两者的生长模式可能存在差异,但三组儿童均在正常生长发育范围之内.     

深圳市母乳喂养现状及对儿童生长发育的影响

【目的】了解深圳市母乳喂养现状及影响因素，以及对2岁以下儿童生长发育的影响。【方法】专人负责，统一表格、标准和要求，进行统一规定的儿童体格检查和母亲喂养方式的1人1表问卷调查。【结果】小于4月龄儿童母乳喂养率为66．69蹦，纯母乳喂养率为46．5％，混合喂养为12．4％。影响母乳喂养的主要因素为产妇的营养状况，哺乳方式，习惯，哺乳时的生理和心理状况，以及有无缺乳家族史。母乳喂养组的～6月龄婴儿体重以及女婴身长均明显大于混合喂养组和人工喂养组（P〈0．05或0．01），母乳喂养婴儿独坐，叫爸妈的发育时间明显早于人工喂养儿（P均〈0．01）;母乳喂养组支气管炎及肺炎的发病率明显低于人工喂养组（P〈0．05）。而不同喂养方式的婴儿血红蛋白、血红细胞数，婴儿独走发育时间，婴儿感冒、腹泻、佝偻病的发病率等，差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。[结论]母乳喂养对婴儿早期的体重身长、运动和语言发育优于人工喂养，且有利于婴儿肺炎和支气管炎的防治，应大力提倡科学母乳喂养，提高母乳喂养率和喂养质量。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.