ECT评价超声微泡治疗小鼠肝癌 腹水转移皮下瘤的实验研究

目的研究67Ga ECT肿瘤显像评价低功率超声辐射微泡治疗小鼠肝癌腹水转移皮下瘤的生物学效应.方法 KM昆明种小鼠6只建立小鼠H22腹水转移皮下瘤模型,随机分为A、B、C三组.A组：单纯低功率超声治疗肿瘤;B组：微泡剂＋低功率超声治疗肿瘤.C组：正常对照组,观察三组动物抗瘤效应、组织学、免疫组化检测PCNA、CD34蛋白表达、67Ga ECT肿瘤显像.结果三组小鼠肿瘤处理前后体积变化及生长率比较,B组肿瘤治疗后体积明显被抑制及生长率下降.A、C二组比较：t=0.91,P＞0.05;B、C二组比较：t=2.95,P＜0.05.形态学改变：B组可见明显的肿瘤血管栓塞及肿瘤坏死.免疫组化检测：PCNA、CD34在C组、A组呈强阳性表达,而B组表达明显下降.A、B、C三组PCNA阳性指数（PI）分别为89.9%、37.4%、91.7%;CD34 MVD计数分别为78.4%、31.2%、77.1%.67Ga ECT肿瘤显像：B组：微泡剂＋低功率超声治疗前后,除肝脏部位放射性明显浓聚外,肝癌皮下瘤小鼠右侧前肢见明显放射性浓聚,用ROI技术计算比较,治疗后肿瘤部位放射性明显降低,下降46.2%.结论低功率超声辐射微泡治疗小鼠肝癌腹水转移皮下瘤,可以致肿瘤血管栓塞及抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖;67Ga ECT肿瘤显像评价低功率超声辐射微泡致肿瘤血管栓塞有一定作用.     

射频消融联合低频超声辐射微泡治疗肝癌的临床研究

目的 探讨RFA联合低频超声辐射微泡治疗肝癌的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年6月成都军区昆明总医院收治的25例行RFA联合低频超声辐射微泡治疗的肝癌患者的临床资料.患者在超声引导下行肝癌RFA治疗,RFA术后1周根据超声造影结果规划的治疗靶点行低频超声辐射治疗.患者术前、术后3个月、术后6个月行超声造影检查,并检测肝功能和血AFP水平.计量资料的比较采用配对t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 25例患者治疗后3个月,16例肿瘤缩小,平均体积较治疗前缩小30％;治疗后6个月,17例肿瘤缩小,平均体积较治疗前缩小50％;7例肿瘤有所缩小,但周边存留血流信号;1例肿瘤无缩小.25例患者AST、TBil、AFP治疗后3个月较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(t=23.51,13.79,257.07,P＜0.05);治疗后6个月ALT、AST、TBil、AFP均比治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义(t =5.67,27.19,21.02,333.46,P ＜0.05).随访6个月患者均无肿瘤局部复发,生命质量评分:84.0％(21/25)的患者良好,8.0％(2/25)较好,4.0％(1/25)一般,4.0％(1/25)较差.KPS评分:76.0％(19/25)的患者体力状况改善,20.0％(5/25)稳定,4.0％ (1/25)下降.两种评分与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(x2=41.600,18.960,P ＜0.05).结论 RFA联合低频超声辐射微泡治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤,可以缩小肿瘤体积,保护肝功能,治疗效果安全有效.     

63例原发性腹膜后肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的 总结原发性腹膜后肿瘤诊断和外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2007年3月63例经手术治疗且病理证实的原发性腹膜后肿瘤的临床表现、手术治疗、病理类型和随访结果.结果 63例中良性25例,恶性38例.主要临床表现为腹部包块,CT对良恶性判断的约登指数为85%,良性肿瘤完整切除率为88%,恶性肿瘤为68%,联合脏器切除占肿瘤完整切除总数的40%.肿瘤切除程度和病理类型与术后复发密切相关.良、恶性肿瘤完整切除的5年生存率分别为83.6%和27.3%.恶性肿瘤完整切除的患者平均随访36个月(5～168个月),53%局部复发,平均复发时间25个月(3～108个月),恶性肿瘤局部复发再手术完整切除率62.5%.全组有1例术后第1天腹腔内出血死亡.结论 应当重视临床表现争取早期诊断;影像学检查是判断手术范围的重要依据;肿瘤完整切除,必要时联合脏器切除是治疗本病的最佳手段;术后规律复查有助于及早发现复发肿瘤并争取再手术治疗.     

血管内皮抑素微泡联合聚焦超声抗结肠癌肿瘤血管生成的实验研究

目的评估靶向载血管内皮抑素微泡联合改良聚焦超声定向辐照抑制结肠皮下易位原位结肠癌肿瘤血管生成的治疗效果。方法将65只结肠皮下易位原位结肠癌肿瘤的Balb／c裸鼠模型随机分为5组,每组13只：A组为空白对照组,裸鼠肿瘤未行任何治疗组;B组为单纯超声辐照组,仅行超声辐照,未使用任何造影剂;C组为超声辐照联合SonoVue裸微泡治疗组;D组为超声辐照联合Targestar．SA裸微泡治疗组;E组为超声辐照联合包载血管内皮抑素的微泡治疗组。分别于辐照前、辐照后1、14和28d测量肿瘤体积,绘制肿瘤体积生长曲线。实时超声造影检查,脱机分析峰值强度（PI）、局部血容量（RBV）和局部血流量（RBF）等造影参数。实验结束后切除肿瘤组织行光镜及电镜病理学检查,并通过CD34免疫组织化学检测评估肿瘤坏死面积（NA）和微血管密度（MVD）。结果辐照前各组肿瘤体积的差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;辐照后28d,C组、D组和E组肿瘤体积明显小于A组和B组,且E组明显小于c组和D组（均P〈0．01）。辐照前各组PI、RBV和RBF的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;辐照后28d,C组、D组和E组PI、RBF和RBV较辐照前明显降低且明显低于A组和B组（均P〈0．05）,E组明显低于C组和D组（均P〈0．05）。电镜观察显示,C、D、E组肿瘤细胞核膜消失,核染色质溶聚,呈簇状不规则排列,线粒体空泡化和微血管内皮损伤出血,以E组最为明显,而A和B组鲜见。免疫组织化学染色显示,治疗后28d,E组肿瘤组织NA明显高于其他各组,而MVD则明显低于其他各组（均P〈0．01）。结论靶向载血管内皮抑素微泡联合改良聚焦超声定向辐照可以破坏结肠皮下易位原位结肠癌肿瘤微血管,并抑制肿瘤新生血管生成,增强结肠癌的治疗效果．将来可能是具有临床应用前景的结肠癌治疗新方法。     

低强度超声联合微泡治疗在肿瘤化疗及动脉溶栓研究进展

低强度超声联合微泡触发的声空化效应作用于组织器官后,会产生一系列生物学改变,为治疗疾病提供了新型、无创、高效的方案,具有广阔应用前景。本文对低强度超声联合微泡在肿瘤化疗及动脉溶栓方面的进展进行综述。     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原发性腹膜后肿瘤的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2006年6月我院收治的354例原发性腹膜后肿瘤患者的临床资料.结果 以腹痛、腹胀和腹部包块为主要症状.恶性占63.75%(204/320),以非霍奇金淋巴瘤和神经母细胞瘤为主; 良性占36.25%(116/320),以神经鞘膜瘤和平滑肌瘤为主. 肿瘤切除率恶性为50.98%(104/204),良性为61.21%(71/116). 除34例患者放弃治疗外,余均行手术治疗. 175例患者完全切除肿瘤,其中5例行血管重建,其余170例均顺利将血管分离或仅作了血管修补.145例患者因肿瘤浸润广泛或不能耐受血管置换手术等原因而只行肿瘤部分切除或取活检. 肿瘤完全切除患者随访1年,有132例局部复发,复发率为75.43%.结论 腹膜后肿瘤的早期诊断困难,B超和CT是诊断腹膜后肿瘤的重要手段.腹膜后肿瘤应尽可能手术完全切除,如有血管受累,应行血管重建,这对提高治愈率和延长患者的生存期极为有利.     

骨与软组织恶性肿瘤的介入综合治疗 ——影像学诊断与影响疗效因素研究

目的探讨骨与软组织恶性肿瘤影像学诊断和介入综合治疗方法选择、疗效和预后。方法58例经骨穿活检或手术病理证实的骨与软组织恶性肿瘤,全部经肿瘤局部供血动脉灌注化疗或超选择肿瘤血管栓塞,随访4个月至12年,局部灌注化疗19例,超选择肿瘤血管术前栓塞8例,灌注化疗加超选择肿瘤血管栓塞31例;共行介入治疗78疗次。结果影像学诊断与病理结果符合率为70.73%;介入治疗后近期临床改善80.65%,保肢率为73%;局部灌注加栓塞在疗效上优于局部单纯化疗灌注(P<0.05)。结合手术瘤骨切除、瘤骨灭活或截肢以及免疫增强等综合治疗,2年生存率73.2%。结论骨与软组织恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、早期局部介入治疗结合手术等综合治疗对增加保肢率,改善生活质量,提高5年生存率具有重要意义,是值得探索和完善的治疗方法。     

原发性十二指肠肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原发性十二指肠肿瘤的诊断和术式选择.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2001-2007年间124例原发性十二指肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中良性肿瘤10例,恶性肿瘤114例.结果 本组原发性十二指肠肿瘤常见的临床表现有上腹痛、黄疸、体重下降以及纳差等.肿瘤位于十二指肠球部9例(7.3%),降部107例(86.3%),水平部7例(5.7%),升部1例(0.8%).术前纤维内镜确诊率为90.5%,ERCP确诊率为94.1%,超声内镜确诊率为100%,胃肠气钡双重造影发现率为78.6%,MRI发现率为80.5%,CT发现率为75.7%,B超发现率为40.6%.10例原发性十二指肠良性肿瘤中5例行肿瘤局部切除术,2例行标准胰十二指肠切除术,1例行十二指肠节段切除术,2例未手术,5年生存率为100%;114例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤中47例行标准胰十二指肠切除术,3例行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术,5年生存率为35.8%;6例行局部肿瘤切除术,12例行十二指肠节段切除术,5年生存率为16.7%;22例行旁路手术,均死于术后5～16个月;2例行支架介入术,2例行经皮肝胆道穿刺引流术,死于术后3～11个月;其余未手术,死于术后1～11个月.结论 原发性十二指肠肿瘤缺乏特异性临床表现,经内镜、超声内镜以及ERCP等联合检查可提高术前诊断率.对良性肿瘤可行局部肿瘤切除术或十二指肠节段切除术,对恶性肿瘤首选胰十二指肠切除术,对晚期肿瘤患者可采用旁路手术以提高生存率及生存质量.     

超声介导载药微泡靶向治疗肿瘤的研究进展

超声介导载药微泡靶向药物释放（UTMD）是一种新兴的靶向给药方法,以声学微泡包裹药物后,经局部超声辐照,可实现缓释及靶向给药的双重作用。同时,超声辐照可促进组织细胞内吞作用并产生声孔作用,在不破坏细胞的情况下增加靶组织对药物的摄取。UTMD为治疗肿瘤等疾病提供了一种安全且可有效减少全身不良反应的给药方法。本文对UTMD应用于肿瘤治疗的作用机制、研究及应用进展进行综述。     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤23例临床分析

目的　探讨原发性腹膜后肿瘤的诊断和治疗。方法　对 1996～ 2 0 0 3年收治 2 3例原发性腹膜后肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果　腹膜后肿瘤恶性以纤维肉瘤多见 ,良性以纤维瘤多见 ,其中手术治疗 2 1例 ,完整切除 11例 ( 5 4.7% )。恶性肿瘤切除 6例 ,占恶性肿瘤的 5 0 %。结论　原发性腹膜后肿瘤治疗以手术为主 ,对复发性肿瘤应争取再次手术。B型超声和CT是主要的诊断手段。     

经皮脾穿刺CO2门静脉造影术的临床应用

目的 初步探索经皮脾穿刺CO2门静脉造影的安全性、造影效果及其临床使用价值。方法20例患者(男15例、女5例)，原发性肝癌14例，转移性肝癌5例，肝硬化1例，以26G超细针在B超引导或透视定位下经皮穿刺至脾内，行CO2-DSA。结果17例清晰显示门静脉4级以上分支，图像质量优；2例门静脉主干阻塞，门静脉分流显示清晰，1例失败。术中7例患者无任何不适，10例患者有轻中度腹部不适，2例有恶心感，1例腹痛，B超示脾包膜下血肿。结论经皮细针穿刺脾实质CO2造影可以清晰显示门静脉结构，方法简单、快捷、创伤小，患者耐受性好，安全性高，可在临床推广使用。     

Clinical outcome after surgery on schwannomas in the extremities

BACKGROUND Schwannoma is a benign, encapsulated and slowly growing tumor originating from Schwann cells and is rarely seen in the peripheral nerve system. Typical symptoms are soreness, radiating pain and sensory loss combined with a soft tissue mass.AIM To evaluate pre-and postoperative symptoms in patients operated for schwannomas in the extremities and investigate the rate of malignant transformation.METHODS In this single center retrospective study design, all patients who had surgery for a benign schwannoma in the extremities from May 1997 to January 2018 were included. The location of the tumor in the extremities was divided into five groups; forearm, arm, shoulder, thigh and leg including foot. The locations of the tumor in the nerves were also categorized as either; proximal, distal, minor or major nerve. During the pre-and postoperative clinical evaluation, symptoms were classified as paresthesia, local pain, radiating pain, swelling, impairment of mobility/strength and asymptomatic tumors that were found incidentally(with magnetic resonance imaging). The patients were evaluated after surgery using the following categories: Asymptomatic or symptomatic patients(radiating and/or local pain) and those with complications. The follow up period was from the time of surgery until last examination of the particular physician. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors for postoperative significant symptoms at follow-up.RESULTS We identified 858 cases from the institutional pathology register. We excluded cases with duplicate diagnoses(n = 407), pathology not including schwannomas(n = 157), lesions involving the torso, spine and neck(n = 150) leaving 144 patients for further analysis. In this group 99 patients underwent surgery and there were five complications recorded: 2 infections(treated with antibiotics) and 3 nerve palsies(2 involving the radial nerve and one involving the median nerve) that recovered spontaneously. At the end of follow-up, 1.4 mo(range 0.5-76) postoperatively, we recorded a post-operative decrease in clinical symptoms: Local pain 76%(6/25), radiating pain 97%(2/45), swelling 20%(8/10). Symptoms of paresthesia increased by 2.8%(37/36) and there was no change in motor weakness before and after surgery 1%(1/1). Multivariate analysis showed that tumors located within minor nerves had a significantly higher prevalence of postoperative symptoms compared with tumors in major nerves(odds ratio: 2.63; confidence intervals: 1.22-6.42, P = 0.029). One patient with schwannoma diagnosed by needle biopsy was diagnosed to have malignant transformation diagnosed in the surgically removed tumor. No local recurrences were reported.CONCLUSION Surgery of schwannomas can be conducted with low risk of postoperative complications, acceptable decrease in clinical symptoms and risk of malignant transformation is low.     

胃癌合并胃间质瘤的诊治体会

目的 探讨胃癌合并胃间质瘤的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2009年12月18例胃癌合并胃间质瘤患者的临床资料.结果 本组18例患者均无特异性临床表现,术前确诊1例,术中确诊3例,术后确诊14例.胃癌病灶大小平均为(3.3±2.3)cm,胃间质瘤病灶大小平均为(0.9±0.5)cm.胃间质瘤病灶处于低度危险性16例,中度危险性2例.所有病例手术顺利,术后1、3、5年总体生存率分别为88%、63%和36%.结论 胃癌合并胃间质瘤的临床表现无特异性,其中胃间质瘤多为早期病灶,恶性程度低,采取以手术为主的综合治疗,预后主要取决于胃癌病灶.

Abstract：

Objective To study the diagnosis and treatment of synchronous gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor in 18 cases. Methods Clinical data of 18 cases of synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor from January 1996 to December 2009 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Clinical features of all cases were atypical. There was 1 case diagnosed preoperatively, 3 cases diagnosed intraoperatively and 14 cases diagnosed postoperatively. The mean size of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor was (3.3±2.3) cm and (0.9 ±0.5) cm respectively. There were 16 cases of gastric stromal tumor in low risk of malignance and 2 cases in moderate risk of malignance. All cases were operated without complications and the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rate was 88.2%, 63.2% and 36. 1% respectively. Conclusions Clinical features of synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor are atypical, in this series most gastric stromal tumors are in early stage and of low risk of malignance. The prognosis of patients with synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor mainly depends on gastric cancer.     

超声引导下经锁骨下静脉植入输液港的可行性

目的 观察超声引导下经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉（SCV）植入输液港的可行性。方法 选取196接受输液港植入术的恶性肿瘤患者,其中98例于超声引导下（超声组）、98例于DSA引导下经SCV植入输液港（DSA组）;对比2组总穿刺次数、一次性穿刺成功率,以及术中、术后（随访12个月）并发症发生率。结果 超声组总穿刺次数100次、一次性穿刺成功率97.96%(96/98),DSA组总穿刺次数117次、一次性穿刺成功率89.80%(88/98);超声组总穿刺次数少于DSA组（P=0.02）,一次性穿刺成功率高于DSA组（P=0.02）。超声组1例术中出现心律失常,DSA组术中臂丛神经损伤3例、误穿动脉2例、气胸2例;术后随访12个月,超声组2例发生导管异常,DSA组4例静脉血栓形成、3例导管异常、2例切口感染、2例输液座外露;超声组术中及术后并发症发生率均低于DSA组（P均<0.05）。结论 超声引导下经SCV植入输液港穿刺成功率高、并发症发生率低,具有高度可行性。     

实时三维超声造影评估肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的初步探讨

目的初步探讨实时三维超声造影(RT-3D-CEUS)用于评估肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的价值。方法对2014年4月至7月在中山大学附属第三医院行肝移植的18例受者进行29例次彩色多普勒超声(彩超)、二维灰阶超声造影(2D-CEUS)和RT-3D-CEUS检查。RT-3D-CEUS的成功率并评价其图像质量及诊断肝动脉并发症情况。结果 29例次检查中,RT-3D-CEUS检查成功率93%(27/29)。RT-3D-CEUS的图像质量评分,3分14例次,2分13例次,1分2例次。采用RT 3D-CEUS诊断肝动脉狭窄6例,其中4例为RT-3D-CEUS发现,后经CTA证实;2例在检查前已经由CTA或DSA诊断肝动脉吻合口狭窄。结论 RT-3D-CEUS检查能获得直观、清晰的肝动脉图像,用于评估肝移植术后肝动脉并发症具有临床应用价值。     

射频消融肝脏恶性肿瘤并发症的防治

目的探讨肝恶性肿瘤射频消融术中、术后并发症的预防和治疗. 方法 1999年10月～2003年3月,353例经病理和临床证实为原发性肝癌、继发性肝恶性肿瘤者进行452例次射频消融治疗,其中经皮肝穿刺治疗344例,开腹术中进行9例.未手术原发性肝癌198例,肝癌术后复发81例,继发性肝恶性肿瘤74例.定期随访,了解与手术相关的近、远期并发症. 结果发生并发症12例,其中电极皮肤灼伤2例,气胸1例,右胸腔积液1例,腔静脉血栓1例,右肝管损伤狭窄1例,胃损伤外瘘1例,肝左外叶胆管外瘘1例,单纯肝脓肿1例,肝脓肿致升结肠外瘘1例,肝脓肿致十二指肠、肝、右胸腔内瘘1例,内出血1例.并发症发生率2.65%(12/452),并发症相关死亡率8.33%(1/12). 结论射频消融是一种微创治疗,但对于肝门区、肝表面和与空腔脏器贴近的部位,尤其是有腹腔手术史且空腔脏器与肝脏相粘连者,经皮肝穿刺射频治疗有一定危险性.术前适应证选择恰当,术中仔细操作,术后加强监护、预防感染、止血等,一些并发症是可以有效预防和治疗的.     

Utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of liver tumors.

In this study the utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of 98 consecutive patients with liver and gastrointestinal tumors was assessed. All patients had preoperative work-up including ultrasound study of the liver as well as selective hepatic arteriography (50 patients) and computerized tomography of the liver (45 patients). At surgery, inspection and palpation of the liver as well as operative ultrasound examination were performed in all cases. Fifty-six patients were known to have liver tumors before operation, while 42 patients had their liver examined as part of the treatment of a primary gastrointestinal malignancy. A total of 126 liver tumors were found in 58 patients, all of whom were confirmed histologically. Eighteen nodules unsuspected before operation were found at surgery--nine by inspection and palpation of the liver, and nine others that were nonpalpable were found by operative ultrasound only. Eighteen lesions that were missed by all diagnostic modalities were found as secondary lesions on pathologic examination of the resected specimens. In addition to diagnostic applications, operative ultrasound was useful in localizing nodules and permitting guided biopsies deep in the hepatic parenchyma. In eight cases, segmental resections were performed with operative ultrasound to localize the plane of section and to catheterize the intrahepatic portal vein branch afferent to the tumor in order to perform balloon catheter occlusion of the vessel for control of bleeding. Operative ultrasound was found to be important in the surgical management of 19 of 98 patients (19%).     

酒精局部注射大鼠肝种植性肿瘤与肺转移关系的实验研究

目的探讨无水酒精局部注射肝肿瘤与肺转移的关系。方法将４７只大鼠分３组,酒精瘤内注射组（１６只）、盐水瘤内注射组（１５只）和对照组（１６只）。肝种植肿瘤后１０天,经腹按分组方法处理后２０分钟,切除肝肿瘤及其边缘５ｍｍ的肝组织,再饲养大鼠１０天剖杀。结果肝肿瘤标本组织学观察：酒精瘤内注射组和盐水瘤内注射组瘤组织块侵破肝静脉或肿瘤血管分别为３１％（５／１６）和２７％（４／１５）,明显高于无此现象的对照组。３组肿瘤血管或肝静脉瘤栓检出率分别为７５％（１２／１６）、６７％（１０／１５）和２５％（４／１６）,酒精瘤内注射组和盐水瘤内注射组显著高于对照组。肝肿瘤切除１０天后剖杀大鼠,３组肺转移结节数分别为３０±１４（１６例）、３３±１９（１５例）和１３±８（１１例）,酒精瘤内注射组和盐水瘤内注射组明显高于对照组。结论无水酒精瘤内注射可促进肿瘤细胞侵入血管和肺转移,其原因与瘤内注射增加肿瘤内压力有关。     

彩色多普勒超声在布加综合征诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对布加综合征的诊断价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声,分析34例布加综合征二维超声及血流声像图特点。结果 34例布加综合征中,直接征象显示下腔静脉膈膜型狭窄7例(20.6%),肝静脉或下腔静脉隧道型狭窄或闭塞18例(52.9%),下腔静脉内血栓或肿瘤4例(11.8%),外压型布加综合征5例(14.7%),均在超声下得到很好的显示;而间接征象主要表现为肝硬化和肝静脉间交通支,发生率分别为76.5%(26例)和91.2%(31例)。结论彩色多普勒超声能够明确显示布加综合征受累血管病变部位、范围、类型,可为临床诊疗提供可靠的诊断信息。而间接征象的出现可为诊断提供辅助证据。