Reconstructive methods in the treatment of soft tissue defects below the knee

The specificity of the lower leg is in sparse collateral blood flow of the skin cover in the middle and distal part, reduced subcutaneous tissue and the prominence of the front side of tibia immediately under the skin. These characteristics of the lower leg make the application of the standard plastic reconstructive principles, which have been applied in the other regions of the body to a certain degree impossible. The progress of anatomical knowledge in relation to vascularization of the tissue territories--angiosoma, and the anatomy of the vascular skin system of the lower leg, along with the technological progress represented by the application of the surgical microscope, new surgical instruments and suture materials, provides the reconstructive surgeon, not only with classic but also with the modern surgical methods in this region: microvascular transplantation of the tissue and the application of the fasciocutaneous reversible flaps. The aim of this study was to show the available reconstructive methods in the treatment of the lower leg soft tissue and to analyze its application in the management of war wounds in the injured from the civil war in the former Yugoslavia. On the basis of our experiences in the management of war wounds, especially of the lower leg with the tissue defects, we would like to point on the existence of the clear indications for the application of certain reconstructive methods depending on the size, localization and tissue defect structure, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available reconstructive procedures.     

War liver injuries

AIM: To provide a retrospective analysis of our results and experience in primary surgical treatment of subjects with war liver injuries. METHODS: From July 1991 to December 1999, 204 subjects with war liver injuries were treated. A total of 82.8% of the injured were with the liver injuries combined with the injuries of other organs. In 93.7%, the injuries were caused by fragments of explosive devices or bullets of various calibers. In 140 (68.6%) of the injured there were minor lesions (grade I to II), treated with simple repair or drainage. There were complex injuries of the liver (grade III-V) in 64 (31.4%) of the injured Those injuries required complex repair (hepatorrhaphy, hepatotomy, resection debridement, resection, packing alone). The technique ofperihepatic packing and planned reoperation had a crucial and life-saving role when severe bleeding was present. Routine peritoneal drainage was applied in all of the injured. Primary management of 74.0% of the injured was performed in war hospitals. RESULTS: After primary treatment, 72 (35.3%) of the injured were with postoperative complications. Reoperation was done in 66 injured. Total mortality rate in 204 injured was 18.1%. All the deceased had significant combined injuries. Mortality rates due to the liver injury of the grade III, IV and V were 16.6%, 70.0% and 83.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Complex liver injuries caused very high mortality rate and the management of the injured was delicate under war circumstances (if the injured reached the hospital alive). Our experience under war circumstances and with war surgeons of limited knowledge of the liver surgery and war surgery, confirmed that it was necessary to apply compressive abdominal packing alone or in combination with other techniques for hemostasis in the treatment of liver injuries grade III-V, resuscitation and rapid transportation to specialized hospitals.     

Microvascular free flaps and care of war injuries with tissue defects

BACKGROUND: War wounds caused by modern infantry weapons or explosive devices are very often associated with the defects of soft and bone tissue. According to their structure, tissue defects can be simple or complex. In accordance with war surgical doctrine, at the Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns of the Military Medical Academy, free flaps were used in the treatment of 108 patients with large tissue defects. With the aim of closing war wounds, covering deep structures, or making the preconditions for reconstruction of deep structures, free flaps were applied in primary, delayed, or secondary term. The main criteria for using free flaps were general condition of the wounded, extent, location, and structure of tissue defects. The aim was also to point out the advantages and disadvantages of the application of free flaps in the treatment of war wounds. METHODS: One hundred and eleven microvascular free flaps were applied, both simple and complex, for closing the war wounds with extensive tissue defects. The main criteria for the application of free flaps were: general condition of the wounded, size, localization, and structure of tissue defects. For the extensive defects of the tissue, as well as for severely contaminated wounds latissimus dorsi free flaps were used. For tissue defects of distal parts of the lower extremities, scapular free flaps were preferred. While using free tissue transfer for recompensation of bone defects, free vascularized fibular grafts were applied, and in skin and bone defects complex free osteoseptocutaneous fibular, free osteoseptocutaneous radial forearm, and free skin-bone scapular flaps were used. RESULTS: After free flap transfer 16 (14.4%) revisions were performed, and after 8 unsuccessful revisions another free flaps were utilized in 3 (37.5%) patients, and cross leg flaps in 5 (62.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The treatment of war wounds with large tissue defects by the application of free microvascular flaps provided shorter wound-closing period, earlier beginning of physical therapy, as well as the treatment of great number of patients with the extensive tissue defects in the conditions of massive influx of the wounded.     

Vascularized fibular grafts in the reconstruction of bone defects caused by war injuries

The efficiency of the vascularized fibular graft application in the reconstruction of diaphyseal defects of the long bone of extremities caused by war injuries was prospectively investigated in the group of 33 patients in the period 1991-1996, during the war in the former Yugoslavia. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative procedures were systematized. Early and late complications in donor and recipient regions were shown. The primary success was 63.6% and the total one was 93.9%. The efficiency of the vascularized fibular graft in the treatment of bone defects caused by war injuries could be compared with bone defects caused by trauma or by resection of malignant tumors.     

头颈部体表创伤性缺损的急诊显微修复重建

目的:回顾分析1998年10月至2006年10月收治的20例人体头颈部开放性复杂创伤引起的皮肤软组织、喉、气管、食管、甲状腺、血管、神经等完全或不完全性损伤病人.方法:本组20例均在急诊状态下开展Ⅰ期手术显微修复重建或再造,其中16例面部皮肤软组织缺损均采用股前外侧游离的穿支皮瓣修复;3例下唇部分缺损均采用局部唇皮瓣修复重建;1例颈前雷管炸伤致颈前皮肤软组织及喉、气管、食管、甲状腺等完全或不完全破裂缺损者,采用带血管蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣Ⅰ期修复喉、气管、食管、甲状腺等.结果:20例术后皮瓣均全部成活,外观符合人体形态美学要求,皮瓣感觉良好,功能基本恢复.随访3年～6年,患者均对远期功能及形态恢复满意.结论:人体头颈部开放性复杂创伤的处理原则主要是早期处理:彻底清创,依次处理骨、喉、气管、食管、甲状腺、血管、神经、皮肤并急诊Ⅰ期妥善完成修复最为理想,防治感染,注意早期功能康复训练,严格遵守正确的整形外科治疗原则:用最简便的手术方法来达到最好的效果,能简不繁,能近不远,能带蒂则不吻合血管,供区尽可能隐蔽,力求安全可靠.     

War injuries of blood vessels of the extremities

Treatment results of 200 injured with the lesions of 282 magistral blood vessels were analyzed. All were combat injuries, and the majority was caused by the fragments of explosive device. The mechanisms of such the injuries produced large defects of soft tissues as well as the high level of the wound contamination, which aggravated reconstructive procedures and increased the risk of infection. In the majority of cases anatomic reconstruction of the artery was performed, and the ligature was used only in the case of graft infection and in the injuries of one artery of the lower leg or the forearm. The majority of injuries was solved by lateral suture or patch plastic, since postoperative constriction caused by those methods did not cause greater hemodynamic disorders due to the size of venous lumen. The duration of ischemic interval was of the utmost importance for the favorable final result of the treatment, as well as the adequate debridement of the wound, good soft-tissue cover of the reconstructed blood vessel and precise atraumatic technique. Total percentage of amputations was 14.5%, and all were involving the lower extremities, and were mostly caused by popliteal artery lesion.     

周围血管损伤的诊断和治疗

周围血管损伤的诊断主要依靠病史和临床检查。必要时可以辅助以彩色多谱勒超声检查和血管造影。急救原则：首先是止血、抗休克、挽救生命,其次修复血管、重建血循环、保存肢体,兼顾功能。血管损伤修复的方法：侧壁修补、端一端吻合、端一侧吻合、侧一侧吻合以及局部缺损等方法。血管缺损修复的方法：游离血管、屈曲关节、血管交叉缝合法、利用损伤的动脉移植、静脉移植、旁路血管移植和带血管蒂的轴型皮瓣游离移植。血管移植的材料：自体血管、人造血管、人脐带血管以及用塑料管作暂时性动脉分流。     

Plastic surgery in the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma

Surgery is still the most effective treatment modality of skin melanoma. The margins of excision are determined by the thickness of primary tumor. From January 1999 to December 2001, 99 patients (57 male and 42 female, of the average age 55), were surgically treated at the Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns of the Military Medical Academy. The most usual localization of the primary tumor was the back (23.23%), followed by the forearm, and the lower leg. Regarding the clinical type of the melanoma, nodular melanoma dominated (62.62%). Microscopic staging of the melanoma (classification according to Clark and Breslow), showed that the majority of patients already suffered from the advanced primary disease, which called for radical excision and the choice of reconstructive methods in the closure of post-excision defects. The reconstructive plastic surgical methods enabled the closure of post-excision tissue defects, regardless of their size, structure, and localization. During the closure of post-excision defects, direct wound closure or split skin draft was performed in 76.76% of patients. Flaps were applied in 19.19% of patients with the primary melanoma of the head, face, foot, and hand. The sufficiency of the available reconstructive procedures makes plastic surgery irreplaceable in the surgical treatment of the primary melanoma of the skin.     

Management of war burns of the lower leg using free flaps

Free flaps are used in the surgical treatment of burns for wound closure where the burn is too deep, and in case, when after necrotic tissue excision, the bones, tendons, nerves, and blood vessels remain bare. Covering of the exposed structures is commonly performed in the primary delayed, or in the secondary wound treatment. The possibilities of covering the defects of the lower leg with local flaps are limited. Free flaps are used when all the possibilities of the other reconstructive procedures have been exhausted. The defect of the soft tissue of the lower leg was covered with free flaps in the injured soldiers with deep burns, treated at the Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade. In one patient the wound closing was performed immediately after excision of necrotic tissues, and in the other two in the secondary management. The application of free microvascular flaps enabled the closure of large post excision defects of the lower leg in one operation. Our experience in the treatment of these soldiers point to the possibility of coverage of the exposed deep structures with free flaps as early as possible.     

Ballistic fractures during the 2003 Gulf conflict--early prognosis and high complication rate

BACKGROUND: Ballistic fractures are devastating injuries often necessitating extensive reconstructive surgery or amputation, particularly if associated with high-energy transfer wounds. Infective complications are common, particularly in the austere environment encountered in war. We present the management and early outcome of these injuries with reference to the mechanism of injury and bony injury. METHOD: Data on ballistic fractures was collected prospectively during the 'war-fighting' phase of the 2003 Gulf Conflict, between 19th March and 20th May. Fractures were scored using the Red Cross Fracture classification and early outcome analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients, with 50 ballistic fractures, were treated by British military surgeons. Patients were predominantly Iraqi (90%) and 50 per cent of ballistic fractures were caused by bullets. Seventeen upper limb fractures and 33 lower limb fractures were sustained. There were seven traumatic amputations, and a further 2 limbs were amputated primarily. Methods of primary stabilisation for the remaining 41 fractures were: external fixation (22%), POP (14.5%), K-wires (14.5%) traction (10%), and no stabilisation (39%). Seven individuals were evacuated early after primary surgery, hence 43 ballistic fractures were available for follow-up. 13/43 (30%) of wounds became infected, 5/43 (11.5%) were deep infections necessitating surgical drainage. There were 4 late amputations (9.5%), 3 of which had initially been managed by external fixation. Infection occurred significantly more often in gunshot fractures (10/21, 48%), wounds closed primarily against the principles of war surgery (415, 80%) and intra-articular fractures (3/3, 100%) (p=0.022, 0.024 and 0.023 respectively). Differing methods of stabilisation had no bearing on the rate of postoperative infection. CONCLUSION: Ballistic fractures remain a challenge for trauma surgeons in times of war and still have a poor prognosis. Further work is required to determine the optimal treatment of these injuries during conflicts. In addition, there still seems to be a continued need to re-learn the principles of war surgery in order to minimise complications and optimise functional recovery.     

序贯邻指皮瓣联合鱼际皮瓣修复陈旧性多手指指尖软组织缺损

目的探讨修复陈旧性多手指指尖软组织缺损的手术治疗方法。方法 2012年1月—2017年6月,滨州医学院烟台附属医院应用序贯邻指皮瓣联合鱼际皮瓣修复受伤时间2周以上的陈旧性多手指指尖软组织缺损的12例患者,其中男性8例,女性4例;年龄35~56岁,平均47.3岁。致伤原因:电锯伤5例,重物压伤4例,撕脱伤2例,冻伤1例。所有患者均有不同程度多个手指(2个手指以上,拇指除外)的指尖软组织缺损,缺损范围为0.5cm×1.3cm~1.4cm×2.3cm。术前所有患者X线检查示存在不同程度的多个手指指尖软组织或骨质的缺损,根据皮肤软组织缺损的大小,在大鱼际处及邻指指背部设计并切取皮瓣,靠近大鱼际的受伤手指行鱼际皮瓣修复。术后定期对12例患者进行随访,观察患者皮瓣的外观、功能、感觉及存活情况。结果 12例移植皮瓣均成活,伤口均I期愈合。对12例患者采用电话随访和门诊复查随访的方式,随访3个月~2年,平均随访时间1.4年。12例患者移植皮瓣完全覆盖缺损,未见坏死、磨损及破溃发生,未出现切口瘢痕挛缩,感觉功能有一定程度的恢复,患者对于移植的皮瓣感到满意。结论序贯邻指皮瓣联合鱼际皮瓣修复陈旧性多手指指尖软组织缺损是一种可行的方法,具有操作简单、外形美观,保留了手指的长度,无需显微外科技术、存活率高及功能良好的优点。     

Vitreoretinal surgery in war injuries of the eye

Results of vitreoretinal surgeries of 647 severe penetrating injuries of the eye, sustained during the war operations in the territory of former Yugoslavia, in the period from 01.07.1991. to 31.12.1998. were analyzed in the paper. A total of 558 pars plana vitrectomies, 459 intrabulbar foreign bodies' extractions and 360 surgeries of traumatic retinal detachments (89 in the conventional way) were performed at the Clinic of Ophthalmology--Department for Vitreoretinal Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. Certain innovations in the surgical treatment of the severely injured eye with the damage of posterior eye segment, as well as the lens, were presented. In those cases, (simultaneously with pars plana vitrectomy, and extraction of retained intrabulbar foreign body), the primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation was also performed, particularly posterior chamber IOL implantation following lensectomy, as well as phacoemulsification.     

唇颏部损伤的急诊美容修复

目的总结唇颏部损伤急诊处理与美容修复的经验。方法回顾性总结2004年9月~2014年12月收治的137例185处唇颏部损伤患者的临床资料,男性89例,女性48例,年龄1~52岁,平均12.2岁。遵照医学美学和整形美容外科原则,不刻意强调清创时机,采用高压冲洗技术彻底清创;若无皮肤软组织缺损,采用新的缝合技术分层严密缝合,针距和边距0.2cm;若有皮肤软组织缺损,按照"宁近勿远,宁简勿繁"的修复原则,分别选择各种皮瓣修复;注重康复治疗。结果本组137例185处伤口,139处不伴组织缺损的伤口美容缝合后伤口一期愈合;38处伴组织缺损的伤口,以29个局部皮瓣、9个皮下蒂皮瓣和3个黏膜瓣修复,各组织瓣均100%成活,伤口一期愈合;5处延期修复的伤口,2处直接缝合,3处伴组织缺损者以局部皮瓣修复,伤口均一期愈合。所有伤口外形均良好,患者满意。术后3~12个月随访121例167处伤口,绝大多数瘢痕较轻,效果良好。结论在唇颏部损伤急诊处理中,遵照"创伤美容修复"理念,充分运用美学理论和整形美容外科技术,实施及时准确的治疗,即能实现美容修复的目标。     

桥式交叉吻合皮瓣游离移植修复下肢大面积皮肤缺损

目的：探讨桥式交叉吻合皮瓣游离移植修复小腿及足部大面积皮肤缺损的手术适应证、技巧、方法及注意事项,以提高手术成功率。方法：对我科2007—04—2012—12所做的桥式交叉吻合游离皮瓣52例进行回顾性总结。所有患者均为一侧小腿或足部大面积皮肤缺损,创面清创后解剖游离对侧小腿胫后动、静脉为血管蒂,切取胸脐皮瓣或股前外侧皮瓣游离移植覆盖创面,双小腿在合适位置以组合式外固定架固定,皮瓣血管蒂与对侧胫后动静脉吻合,蒂部制成皮管,术后25～30d断蒂。结果：除一例皮瓣远端约1／3坏死外,余皮瓣全部顺利成活。质地柔软,外形良好,患肢功能满意。结论：对伤肢无可供血管蒂、常规局部皮瓣转移或交腿皮瓣无法覆盖的创面,桥式交叉吻合游离皮瓣转移修复不失为一种较好的修复方法。     

颜面部动物咬伤伤口美容缝合处置进展

颜面部动物咬伤较常见,近年研究表明对颜面部动物咬伤的伤口进行Ⅰ期美容缝合,不会增加伤口感染率,且可提高美容效果和患者满意度.因此,对于颜面部动物咬伤的伤口推荐早期整形外科治疗.笔者就颜面部动物咬伤的特点和伤情评估、伤口清创技术、美容缝合技术及各部位动物咬伤美容缝合伤口等方面进行综述,为颜面部动物咬伤的美容缝合伤口处置提...     

交通事故致下肢大面积皮肤撕脱伤的治疗

目的 探讨交通事故致下肢大面积皮肤撕脱伤的治疗。方法 回顾分析我科收治的30例（34处）交通事故致下肢大面积皮肤撕脱伤的诊治。本组8例截肢;7例皮肤原位缝合;2例中厚皮片游离植皮;10例（12处）去脂全厚皮片开窗回植;1例皮下置管引流,加压包扎;1例穿刺抽吸加压包扎;1例I期腓肠神经营养逆行岛状皮瓣转移;1例自体表皮细胞复合同种异体皮肤覆盖创面。同时处理合并损伤。结果 平均随访21个月。本组1期全部/大部皮片和皮瓣成活共23处,成功率67.6%。4例大面积皮片坏死,Ⅱ期行局部皮瓣或肌皮瓣转移,全厚皮片、皮瓣或肌皮瓣成活后功能良好。结论 准确判断伤情和正确选用创面修复方法是确保治疗成功的关键。     

应用多种皮瓣修复手指创伤后组织缺损

目的手指创伤后所致的组织缺损,不仅破坏了局部的美学形态,更影响局部功能。本研究对于手指外伤的早期组织修复进行探讨。方法将整形外科技术应用于手部创伤的早期治疗中,应用各种皮瓣修复皮肤缺损45例。结果45例均获早期修复,手指的形态和功能均获得了良好的修复。结论早期应用皮瓣转移修复手指创伤性组织缺损,可较好地恢复功能、防止畸形发生。     

Virtual reality simulator for osteotomy and fusion involving the musculoskeletal system.

In this study, the three-dimensional virtual reality simulation system described herein provides preoperative simulation to verify that the osteotomy and fusion procedures chosen to treat musculoskeletal defects are appropriate. The system also provides an excellent means of training surgeons in new operations without putting patients at risk, and may be especially useful for difficult surgical procedures often performed in orthopedics, craniofacial disease, or plastic and reconstructive surgery departments. The system can be used to teach intern and train resident doctors, and is a planning tool for visiting staff.     

Elbow arthrodesis after war injuries

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure that results in fusion of the joint and bony ankylosis. With this operation, we can achieve satisfactory function of the limb in cases in which options for different treatments no longer exist. Severe joint destruction, joint infections, and nonunions, as well as complex war injuries (with large bone and soft tissue defects), are indications for arthrodesis. The elbow is the most susceptible joint of the upper limb to war injury. Between 1992 and 1995, we performed elbow arthrodesis for nine patients in our department after war injuries. As analysis of our results shows, elbow arthrodesis, although a rarely performed surgical procedure, is the best treatment for patients with complex war injuries of the elbow. For arthrodesis, we used external fixation in combination with internal fixation (cancellous bone screw) and additional autologous cancellous bone grafts.     

The treatment of gunshot wounds of the hand

During the war in Afghanistan gunshot hand injuries came to 12% of all wounded among Soviet servicemen. At the stages of specialized medical care the vast wounds, crushes or amputations of hand were 49%, hand injuries accompanied by traumata of other anatomical zones were 42%. The gravity, concomitant and multiorgan character of the injuries required that the conservative and active methods of treatment, as well as the expert appreciation of that category of wounded should be developed and improved. Field surgeons frequently performed primary operations accompanied with the elements of the specialized medical care. The experience shows that the local purulent complications during the primary surgical management of wounds performed without elements of specialized medical care were up to 29,5%, and in primary reconstructive operations--12.4%. Osteomyelitis was correspondingly recorded at 11.1% and 3.2% of cases. The efficiency of treatment was growing when microsurgical technique was used.