肺癌筛查与早期诊断:从影像学到生物标志物的进展

降低肺癌死亡率最有效的方法是早诊断、早治疗,但目前尚未有理想的肺癌筛查和早诊模式。近年来,为了提高肺癌的早期诊断率,降低肺癌患者死亡率,延长生存期,越来越多的研究探索可行、有效的早期诊断策略,并开发了多种早期肺癌风险人群的筛查方法,包括影像学筛查、支气管镜检查、液体活检以及挥发性有机化合物等。本文就肺癌筛查与早期诊断的影像及生物标志物层面的研究进展作一综述。     

电磁导航支气管镜系统在呼吸系统疾病诊治中的应用现状与展望

支气管镜为获取肺外周病变(peripheral pulmonary lesions,PPL)的一种微创技术。传统支气管镜引导的经支气管肺活检(transbronchial lung biopsy,TBLB)在X线透视指导下进行,诊断率相对较低。电磁导航支气管镜(electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy,ENB)是近年来出现的一项新的微创诊断技术。其对PPL诊断率优于传统经支气管镜。多项研究已显示出ENB诊断PPL具有的可行性和安全性,并且显示出ENB在PP定位和治疗领域具有潜在的应用前景。该文就这一技术临床应用现状作一综述。     

126例肺癌经纤维支气管镜检查临床特点分析

目的 对126例肺癌经纤维支气管镜检查的临床特点进行分析,探讨纤维支气管镜检查对肺癌的诊断价值.方法 行常规纤维支气管镜检查,采用钳检、刷检及支气管肺泡灌洗技术,确定诊断和病理类型.结果 126例肺癌经纤维支气管镜病理确诊110例,其中中央型肺癌93例,周围型肺癌17例.16例纤维支气管镜病检假阴性,其中中央型肺癌4例,周围型肺癌12例,最后通过手术、淋巴结活检及CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检等确诊.其中,鳞癌占39.68%,腺癌占23.02%,小细胞癌占19.05%,其它类型占18.25%.结论 纤维支气管镜检查对肺癌患者的诊断具有重要价值,联合采用钳检、刷检及支气管肺泡灌洗技术,可提高镜检阳性率,为临床治疗提供依据.     

纤维支气管镜在肺癌诊断中的应用

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜检查在肺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析243例通过纤维支气管镜直视下支气管黏膜活检、经支气管肺活检、经支气管壁针吸活检肺内病变患者资料。结果：中心型肺癌134例，周围型47例；肺癌阳性181例，阴性19例；诊断率90．50％。结论：纤维支气管镜在肺癌诊断中是操作简便、可靠、实用性高的一种重要检查手段。     

纤维支气管镜在肺癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜检查在肺癌诊断中的应用价值. 方法: 回顾性分析243例通过纤维支气管镜直视下支气管黏膜活检、经支气管肺活检、经支气管壁针吸活检肺内病变患者资料. 结果:中心型肺癌134例,周围型47例;肺癌阳性181例,阴性19例;诊断率90.50 %.结论: 纤维支气管镜在肺癌诊断中是操作简便、可靠、实用性高的一种重要检查手段.     

磁导航技术在早期肺癌诊断中的应用

孤立性肺结节（SPNs）和肺内磨玻璃密度影（GGO）常为早期肺部疾患,尤其是早期肺癌的影像学表现,及时发现并诊断对临床正确处理及预后判断有着重要意义。目前常见的诊断方式包括支气管镜检查、EBUS-TBNA、EUS、CT引导下细针穿刺、胸腔镜下切除活检等,但普遍存在因准确定位困难导致诊断率不高或操作创伤性太大等缺点。一种新型实时电磁制导系统复合支气管镜检查克服了以上传统技术的缺点,为临床提供了微侵入式诊断肺部病变的优选方案,结合经支气管抽吸的快速现场细胞学评估安全并有效地提高了诊断效率。该项新技术今后不但在肺癌的早期诊断还在肺癌的精准治疗上有着广阔的应用前景。     

CT引导经皮肺穿刺40例报告

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的技术要点及临床应用价值。方法：选取40例肺内病变患者行CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检,回顾性总结CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检的技术要点及诊断价值。结果：穿刺成功率100％,诊断准确率97．5％,恶性肿瘤诊断率87．5％,并发症发生率12．5％。结论：CT引导经皮肺穿刺是一种安全有效的诊断方法,具有重要临床应用价值。     

CT引导经皮肺穿刺40例报告

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的技术要点及临床应用价值.方法:选取40例肺内病变患者行CT引导经皮肺穿剌活检,回顾性总结CT引导经皮肺穿剌活检的技术要点及诊断价值.结果:穿刺成功率100%,诊断准确率97.5%,恶性肿瘤诊断率87.5%,并发症发生率12.5%.结论:CT引导经皮肺穿刺是一种安全有效的诊断方法,具有重要临床应用价值.     

肺癌术前病理诊断方法的临床研究

目的:探讨肺癌术前病理诊断的主要方法及其应用价值。方法:分析本院2000年1月~2005年1月585例手术治疗肺癌患者的临床病理资料,总结术前病理诊断的方法与结果。结果:585例肺癌患者中,术前病理确诊529例,占90.4%。其中痰脱落细胞检查阳性率24.3%(68/280),纤维支气管镜检查阳性率56.7%(267/471),经皮穿刺肺活检阳性率91.5%(238/260)。结论:外科治疗肺癌患者术前明确病理诊断主要依靠纤维支气管镜检查、经皮穿刺肺活检;经皮穿刺肺活检是提高周围型肺癌术前病理确诊率的可靠检查手段。     

CT引导下经皮肺及纵隔穿刺细胞学评价

目的评价针吸细胞学在CT引导下经皮肺及纵隔穿刺中的诊断价值,探讨提高细胞学诊断阳性率的方法.方法 CT引导下,对经皮肺及纵隔穿刺标本行细胞学检查,常规制片,HE染色,光镜下诊断,并与相应活检组织学对照分析.结果肺穿刺141例,细胞学诊断恶性病变83例,良性病变24例,细胞学确诊率75.89%(107/141).原发纵隔肿物穿刺10例,仅一例确诊.结论 CT引导下针吸细胞学诊断是临床诊断治疗的重要依据,可提高肺癌的早期诊断率,同时结合组织病理学检查可减少假阴性诊断.     

Indications and developments of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of lung cancer

The term video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is used to describe a modern minimally invasive surgical technique that nowadays represents a valid alternative to open procedures (i.e., thoracotomy) for many chest diseases. The VATS approach is presently used in many intrathoracic disorders, but while well established in benign chest disease, its role continues to evolve regarding the management of lung cancer. It is currently considered for the evaluation and treatment of suspected (or known) pleural effusion and in the diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary nodules, and it has a complementary role to standard cervical mediastinoscopy in the invasive staging of mediastinal lymph nodes. It has also become an accepted approach for resection of peripheral early-stage lung cancer (stage I) in many centers worldwide and considerable experience has been accumulated in respect to this field, but absolute indications have yet to be firmly defined. This paper reviews indications and current data regarding minimally invasive approaches for the staging and treatment of lung cancer.     

超声引导下对老龄肺肿块组织学活检的诊断优势

目的:分析老年人周围性肺肿块的超声图像特征以及超声引导下组织学活检的取材过程,探讨超声引导定位的安全性及风险预防,以提高超声引导下肺周围性肿块穿刺活检的成功率。方法:我院门诊及住院患者57例,其中男性43例,女性14例,年龄60-79岁,平均73.5岁。57例老年患者中合并慢性阻塞性肺病31例（占54%）,合并心脑血管病49例（占86%）,合并糖尿病等27例（占47%）。孤立性病灶48例,多发病灶9例。病灶＞5cm 7例,3-5cm 21例,＜3cm 29例。全程在超声实时监测引导下完成肺周围性肿块穿刺组织学活检。结果:全部病例取材过程顺利,标本满意,成功率100%。未出现并发症。病理分型鳞癌28例,腺癌19例,小细胞癌6例,鳞腺混合癌3例,未定型1例。结论:肺癌是常见的老年恶性肿瘤之一,随着社会人口的老龄化,老年肺癌发病率逐年增加。在超声引导下以微创的方式对老年患者肺部周围性肿块获取病理组织学诊断,是一种安全可靠的方法。老年患者本身基础疾病多,耐受性较差,存在器官老化基础功能减退等生理、病理方面的因素,本研究结果显示超声引导下定位准确,严格控制穿刺深度,组织切割精准无误,因而避免损伤周围组织结构,在超声引导下进行周围性肺肿块的穿刺活检,最显著的优势在于穿刺全过程均可直观的动态显示,术中可以在直视下准确把握进针角度、进针深度,确保对靶目标取材准确无误。克服了盲目性,避免了针下结构不清、并发症难以控制的缺点。提高了超声引导下肺周围性病变穿刺活检的成功率。为老年人平稳安全的完成肺肿块组织学穿刺活检及时进行诊断与治疗提供了重要依据。     

A bronchial-airway gene-expression classifier to improve the diagnosis of lung cancer: Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis

Bronchoscopy is the safest procedure for lung cancer diagnosis when an invasive evaluation is required after imaging procedures. However, its sensitivity is relatively low, especially for small and peripheral lesions. We assessed benefits and costs of introducing a bronchial gene-expression classifier (BGC) to improve the performance of bronchoscopy and the overall diagnostic process for early detection of lung cancer. We used discrete-event simulation to compare clinical and economic outcomes of two different strategies with the standard practice in former and current smokers with indeterminate nodules: (i) location-based strategy—integrated the BGC to the bronchoscopy indication; (ii) simplified strategy—extended use of bronchoscopy plus BGC also on small and peripheral lesions. Outcomes modeled were rate of invasive procedures, quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs), costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Compared to the standard practice, the location-based strategy (i) reduced absolute rate of invasive procedures by 3.3% without increasing costs at the current BGC market price. It resulted in savings when the BGC price was less than $3,000. The simplified strategy (ii) reduced absolute rate of invasive procedures by 10% and improved quality-adjusted life expectancy, producing an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $10,109 per QALY. In patients with indeterminate nodules, both BGC strategies reduced unnecessary invasive procedures at high risk of adverse events. Moreover, compared to the standard practice, the simplified use of BGC for central and peripheral lesions resulted in larger QALYs gains at acceptable cost. The location-based is cost-saving if the price of classifier declines.     

Advances in lung cancer screening and early detection

Lung cancer is associated with a heavy cancer-related burden in terms of patients’ physical and mental health worldwide. Two randomized controlled trials, the US-National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON), indicated that low-dose CT (LDCT) screening results in a statistically significant decrease in mortality in patients with lung cancer, LDCT has become the standard approach for lung cancer screening. However, many issues in lung cancer screening remain unresolved, such as the screening criteria, high false-positive rate, and radiation exposure. This review first summarizes recent studies on lung cancer screening from the US, Europe, and Asia, and discusses risk-based selection for screening and the related issues. Second, an overview of novel techniques for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, including artificial intelligence and molecular biomarker-based screening, is presented. Third, current explorations of strategies for suspected malignancy are summarized. Overall, this review aims to help clinicians understand recent progress in lung cancer screening and alleviate the burden of lung cancer.     

肺小结节胸腔镜手术常见定位方法研究进展

肺癌是如今全球发病率及死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,手术切除是肺癌的主要治疗手段。得益于医学影像设备硬件和软件技术的日益进步,肺小结节诊断、治疗与随诊的影像学检查水平一直在不断地提高。电视辅助胸腔镜手术逐渐成为肺小结节诊疗的常规治疗方式,具有微创、住院时间短、并发症少等特点。本文就当前肺小结节的研究热点,综合评价定位肺小结节的各种技术手段,着重于术中超声在肺小结节临床诊疗中的应用作一综述,并对其临床意义进行客观性评价。     

Lung cancer screening--where we are in 2004 (take home messages)

The best prognosis for lung cancer can be expected by diagnosis at an early stage of the disease. Long-term survival may be improved by increasing the number of early-stage diagnoses. At the present time, three different screening tools for lung cancer are available: Low-dose CT scanning, sputum analysis and fluorescence bronchoscopy. Each of these tools has a different screening target. Low-dose CT scanning focusses on small pulmonary nodules, sputum analysis has the potential of detecting lung cancer of the central airways, and fluorescence bronchoscopy can identify pre-malignancy, carcinoma in situ and minimally invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The best way forward appears to be a combination of all techniques. Sputum analysis can be used to define a better-characterised risk population, and subsequently this population can undergo low-dose CT and fluorescence bronchoscopy.     

Preinvasive disease of the airway

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung arises from preinvasive progenitors in the central airways. The archetypal model appears to be a stepwise morphological progression until there is invasion of the basement membrane. However, not every lesion appears to follow this course and many individuals can have stable disease, or indeed regress to normal epithelium. From our increased understanding of the molecular pathology it is becoming apparent that the respiratory epithelium accumulates progressive genetic and epigenetic insults in response to carcinogens. Still, little is known about how to predict those ‘at risk’ of progression, and it is likely that in the future molecular signatures will underpin prediction models of developing invasive lung cancer. Currently, autofluorescence bronchoscopy gives us the ability to follow the natural history of these lesions, with the prospect that detecting and treating lesions early may improve survival. However, treatment remains controversial, and radical therapies are offered to individuals with carcinoma in situ who may never develop invasive cancer. This has paved the way for the use of minimally invasive bronchoscopic treatments, which, while apparently effective, have not been tested in randomised controlled trials. In this paper we describe the known biology and natural history of preinvasive lesions and review the current treatment strategies.