耳硬化症的CT诊断

目的：明确耳硬化症的ＣＴ表现,评价ＣＴ对该病的的诊断价值。材料与方法;报告临床确诊的耳硬化症７例,其中４例手术证实,４例中３例为病理证实。结果：７例中１例ＣＴ无异常表现;３例ＣＴ表现为窗型,见卵圆窗与蹬骨底板增厚度,密度增高,１例卵圆窗变窄;窗后型３便,主要表现为耳蜗骨迷路（骨包囊）骨质吸收破坏。结论：ＣＴ在耳硬化症病灶的发现和分型方面非常有效,对治疗方案的选择有指导意义。     

Nonotosclerotic ankylosis of the stapedial footplate

A woman with a long history of chronic otitis media had a stapedectomy after a surgical diagnosis of otosclerosis. In the histologic study of the temporal bones, done after her death four years later, the main portion of the stapes footplate was present but fractured and no otosclerosis was present. New celluluar bone which simulated otosclerosis filled the anterior oval window niche and was continuous with the middle ear surface of the footplate fragments. The new bone extended anteriorly to overlie a tympanosclerotic focus and inferiorly was continuous with the periosteum of the middle ear. At least part of the new bone formation occurred after stapedectomy. This may explain the poor long-term results frequently encountered when a stapedectomy is done on patients with tympanosclerotic fixation of the stapes footplate.     

The otodystrophies: diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

The imaging evaluation of hearing loss is usually focused on inflammatory entities, especially chronic otitis/ cholesteatoma and cerebellopontine angles lesions, particularly acoustic tumors. This discussion concerns several developmental and acquired entities. The developmental entities referred to as the otodystrophies include otosclerosis, Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, and osteogenisis imperfecta. Otosyphilis and postradiation temporal bone changes are also included because of the overlapping imaging appearances.     

高分辨率CT骨密度测量诊断前庭窗型耳硬化症

目的 探讨应用高分辨率CT(HRCT)骨密度测量法诊断耳硬化症的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的30例耳硬化症患者(耳硬化组)和32名正常对照者(对照组), 将ROI置于前庭窗前区进行骨密度CT值测量, 并对耳硬化患者进行语频气导和气骨导差听力测试。采用两样本t检验对硬化耳和正常耳骨密度平均CT值进行统计学分析、采用Pearson相关系数分析对耳硬化组平均CT值和听力水平进行分析, 并采用ROC曲线分析检测应用CT值诊断耳硬化症的效能。结果 硬化组前庭前区CT值范围462.81-2285.00 HU, 平均(1372.82±76.50)HU, 对照组前庭前区CT值范围1801.71~2680.55 HU, 平均(2171.42±23.53)HU, 耳硬化组平均CT值明显低于正常组(P <0.0001);硬化耳平均CT值与语频气导阈值(r=0.18, P=0.19)、与气骨导差(r=-0.01, P=0.93)均无明显相关性。采用平均CT值鉴别耳硬化症的ROC曲线下面积为0.88(P <0.05), 诊断阈值为1938.29 HU, 诊断的敏感度为80.7%, 特异度为90.6%。结论 骨密度测量对于诊断耳硬化症具有重要应用价值, 但其对听力评估的应用有待进一步研究。     

MDCT对耳硬化症术前评估的探讨

目的评估MDCT在术前耳硬化症诊断中的作用。方法收集经手术病理证实为耳硬化症、且CT扫描采用螺旋模式的病例共15例。扫描层厚为0.625mm,进床速度为1.2mm/rot,螺距为1:1。双侧分别小视野骨算法重建,重建视野为9.6cm,重建层厚为0.625mm,重建间隔为0.2mm。结果15例共30耳显示异常。仅前庭窗异常14耳,表现为前庭窗扩大或狭小。前庭窗及蜗窗同时受累共6耳。主要累及耳蜗周围迷路骨质10耳,表现为耳蜗骨迷路边缘不整,呈条片状密度减低或双环状改变。MPR交互重建充分显示了所有重要解剖结构的位置、形态:其中3耳为颈静脉球高位;所有病例均无面神经管水平段低位及面神经管裂,均无蜗导水管扩大及颈静脉球或颈动脉管裂。结论MDCT可以正确诊断耳硬化症,MPR重建可充分显示颞骨解剖及变异,有利于制定正确的手术计划。     

The aging ear

Otosclerosis begins in the second and third decades of life but usually does not produce a hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Chalky white plaques in the tympanic membrane may be benign, but when associated with hearing loss may point to tympanosclerosis. Presbycusis is the most common cause of hearing loss. Unilateral hearing loss raises the specter of acoustic neuroma.     

Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis

The rationale for medical therapy for otospongiosis is to slow down and eventually stop the phase of bone resorption. There is some increase in the incidence of stapedial otospongiosis in a low‐fluoride area compared with a high‐fluoride area. Sodium fluoride treatment has a role to play in preventing the onset and progression of hearing loss in patients suffering from otosclerosis. Sodium fluoride therapy has been shown to have some beneficial effect on dizziness associated with otosclerosis. In view of the possibility of systemic side effects of sodium fluoride therapy, a regular follow up of patients is warranted. Biphosphonates can be used as an alternative treatment to sodium fluoride in cases where the patient is intolerant to sodium fluoride therapy. Hearing aid is also a treatment option, but it does not halt the disease process.     

Imaging of the windows of the temporal bone

Imaging of the window of the temporal bone has became an important tool in the analysis of hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus in a context of trauma, malformation, otosclerosis, and chronic otitis media. A good knowledge of the anatomy and a good technical procedure are necessary for making an efficient diagnosis. The increased thickness of the footplate may be delineated in otosclerosis, chronic otitis media, malformation, when it is measured at 0.7 mm or more in horizontal computed tomography (CT) sections. The traumatic displacement of the stapes, particularly within the labyrinths, is easily diagnosed in horizontal CT section. Imaging of the round window is now very important for the detection of otosclerotic foci, congenital stenosis, and perilymphatic fistula with or without fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the high-resolution T2 plays an important role in the detection of a small amount of fluid in the round window recess, confirming the traumatic perilymphatic fistula without fracture.     

Otosclerosis. Treating progressive hearing loss in young adults.

When a patient presents with bilateral progressive hearing loss and has a family history of hearing loss, otosclerosis should be placed high on the list of possible causes. Primary care physicians should determined whether the hearing loss is conductive or sensorineural with otologic examination and tuning-fork evaluation. Unless there is an obvious reversible cause for the progressive hearing loss, the patient should be referred to an otolaryngologist for more intensive otologic and audiologic examination. The patient's principal concern is the ability to hear and comprehend the spoken word in normal circumstances. Fortunately, most patients can be rehabilitated with surgery or a hearing aid. Fluoride treatment may have a significant role in preventing further hearing loss from otosclerosis.     

Clinical Diagnosis of Fungous Diseases

Hearing problems in children must be diagnosed early in order to prevent deafness in later life.

Tests for determining deafness in children less than five years old should be conducted by trained personnel. Audiometric studies are usually reliable and valuable in testing hearing in older children.

A study of school children in Nebraska showed conduction deafness to he the most common type of hearing loss. Removal of obstructive tonsils and adenoids resulted in marked improvement in hearing.

Other types of hearing loss encountered in the study included perception and mixed-type deafness. One case of otosclerosis was observed.     

Peripheral facial palsy in middle ear surgery: case report and review of literature

We present a case of a patient who experienced right facial palsy after being operated for otosclerosis. Seventeen years before our patient had yet undergone the same operation on the contralateral ear and had presented a facial palsy. We also report another case of facial palsy and middle ear damage after an operation for otosclerosis. Facial palsy is a rare complication of middle ear surgery. It is probably caused by a viral relapse and it recedes after few weeks if a proper therapy is administrated to the patient. Thus we deem it is useless to perform immediately advanced, invasive and expensive tests. On the contrary we believe that it is useful, in those cases in which an otosclerotic patient has a history of herpes simplex virus infection, to administer a preventive antiviral therapy before the operation.     

Right iliac bone pathological fracture mimicking acute appendicitis

Simple bone cyst (SBC) also known as unicameral bone cyst is a benign, radiolucent bone lesion that is seen commonly in childhood. These lesions are usually found incidentally although pain and swelling can be seen. The most common complication is a pathological fracture, and this is often the cause of presentation. Here, we present a 22-year-old male with right lower quadrant pain due to SBC related pathological fracture of right iliac bone which is mimicking acute appendicitis.     

Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis

The surgical management for otosclerosis has evolved from stapes mobilisation to total extraction of the footplate, the so called ‘stapedectomy’, to a small hole in the stapes footplate, the ‘stapedotomy’. The aim of stapes surgery is to restore the vibration of fluids within the cochlear canal. Revision stapedectomy should be approached with caution. Stapedectomy can lead to some minor and other more serious complications.     

Desmoplastic fibroma

This benign bone tumor is locally invasive and has a high rate of recurrence. Three-quarters of cases present before age 30. The characteristic plain film finding is a centrally located lytic lesion, usually in the metaphysis or metadiaphyseal region of a long bone. Treatment is surgical.     

Polyostotic Paget disease involving bones of the upper extremity

Paget disease of bone (PD) is a common skeletal disease. It is usually polyostotic and most frequently involves the pelvis, femur, spine, skull, and tibia. The bones of the upper extremity in poly- or monostotic PD are rarely affected. A patient with PD involving the third left metacarpal bone and carpal bones of the right hand is described.     

骨吸收与骨形成

骨吸收通常与破骨细胞相伴随。破骨细胞性骨吸收是在骨的微环境内进行的复杂分子生物学反应过程。自从20世纪80年代初明确了破骨细胞来源于骨髓干细胞以后,方有可能对骨的破坏机理进行深入研究。成骨细胞是骨形成过程中的重要功能细胞,其主要功能是分泌骨基质(包括胶原及糖蛋白)及进行合成。成骨细胞还参与破骨细胞性骨吸收的调节,两者是骨代谢过程中的重要核心细胞。本文对骨吸收与骨形成过程及其相互关联做了较为全面的阐述。     

Hypercalcemia in malignant disease

Hypercalcemia is a common and serious complication of neoplastic disease. It may occur in association with a variety of tumors and usually indicates a lack of tumor control. Early symptoms are nonspecific, involving several organ systems in a syndrome that may progress rapidly to death. The pathophysiology of hypercalcemia is complex and not fully understood. Research continues on local mechanisms of bone destruction at sites of bone metastases and the identification of humoral tumor-derived osteolytic factors. The therapeutic approach to hypercalcemia should be sequential, dictated more by clinical symptoms than by absolute calcium levels. The diversity of measures and agents used in the therapy of hypercalcemia of malignancy reflects the multiple mechanisms involved. The therapeutic maneuvers outlined usually yield temporary success and must be accompanied by specific antitumor therapy, the ultimate treatment for the hypercalcemia of neoplastic disease.     

静磁场对骨改建的生物学研究进展

骨是牙齿的基石,无论对于种植体植入还是正畸牙移动,骨量不足及成骨细胞功能活性下降通常是困扰医生的难题。近年来,随着磁性材料的不断优化升级,静磁场（static magnetic field, SMF）逐渐被用于骨组织工程,通过外界静磁场的促进作用以调动骨组织的生长潜力,从而解决骨量不足及成骨细胞功能活性下降的问题,并达到稳定而持久的预后效果。关于静磁场对人体的作用,以及静磁场对骨组织和骨细胞的生物学效应,近年来学者们做了大量的研究。本文就静磁场对骨组织和骨细胞的生物学研究进展做一综述。     

Bone labelling on micro-magnetic resonance images

The study of trabecular bone is receiving increasing interest within the medical community working in the field of skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis. Quantification of trabecular bone structure usually requires as a starting point a correct segmentation of the trabecular network. We have developed a probabilistic relaxation labelling technique, which uses local features of the trabecular bone images to improve segmentation. Tests on synthetic images show that bone labelling performs a more accurate segmentation than conventional techniques such as thresholding, especially by preserving the connectivity of the trabecular network. Tests on acquired data show that porosity values obtained after segmentation are in good agreement with experimental values obtained by weighing the bone samples.