经胆道镜钬激光碎石治疗胆总管难取性残留结石

目的 探讨经胆道镜钬激光碎石治疗胆总管难取性残留结石的实用性及安全性。方法 15例胆道术后胆总管难取性残留结石患者接受经胆道镜钬激光碎石治疗，钬激光波长2.1um，脉冲能量0.6～1.5J／P，脉冲频率10Hz，脉冲宽度0.25us，光导纤维直径400um．观察治疗成功率及患者术后有无胆道出血、胆漏、发热等症状，并进行远期随访。结果 经1～2次胆道镜下钬激光碎石治疗，15例患者残石全部取尽，近期未出现并发症。13例获得随访，随访时间6～12个月，无结石复发和钬激光碎石相关的胆管狭窄出现。结论 经胆道镜钬激光碎石是治疗胆总管难取性残留结石的一种安全、有效的方法。     

超声引导微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石联合肾盏憩室颈切开治疗肾盏憩室结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石联合肾盏憩室颈切开治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院采用微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石联合肾盏憩室颈部狭窄切开治疗22例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料,总结肾盏憩室结石微创治疗的经验和对策。本组患者女性10例,男性12例;平均年龄35.6岁。其中肾上盏憩室结石10例,肾中盏憩室结石5例,肾结石合并肾盏憩室结石7例。采用B超定位引导直接穿刺结石所在之肾盏憩室,应用钬激光碎石,同时以钬激光切开憩室颈部狭窄。结果7例肾结石合并肾盏憩室结石患者中,5例行一期双通道取石,2例行二期经皮肾镜取石;余15例患者均一期微创经皮肾镜成功取石。术后复查22例均无结石残留。手术时间为25～120min,平均45min;术中出血15～80ml,平均35ml。无术后严重并发症发生,无中转开放手术病例,术后7～12d出院。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石创伤小,清除结石的同时可以应用钬激光行肾盏憩室颈部狭窄的切开,为有症状的肾盏憩室结石患者提供一种微创治疗的选择。     

硬性胆道镜在复杂性肝内胆管结石手术中的应用

目的探讨治疗复杂性肝内胆管结石、减少手术后残石率,提高疗效的临床治疗方式。方法开腹手术,切开胆总管,采用肾镜作为硬性胆道镜,连接碎石、取石、冲洗系统及器械进行碎石、取石。结果全组51例手术均获成功,无手术死亡,无术后胆道出血、胆漏等并发症,术后残留结石2例,均为Ⅲ级以上胆管小结石,随访3～27个月,无临床症状。结论经腹手术入路,采用硬性胆道镜治疗复杂性肝内胆管结石,术后残石率低,减少住院时间,降低住院费用,临床治疗效果好。     

钬激光碎石术在腹腔镜下胆道探查中的应用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜技术结合钬激光碎石治疗肝内外胆管结石的治疗效果及体会。方法回顾性分析2008年7月至2015年12月,采用纤维胆道镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肝内外胆管结石患者232例的临床资料,激光治疗功率6.4~9.6 W,频率8 Hz,能量800~1 200 mJ,观察患者的临床疗效和不良反应发生率。结果术中取石取净率72.3%(89/123),一期胆管缝合率37.4%(46/123),降低了胆管结石的残留率。结论腹腔镜胆道探查术中使用钬激光碎石术能有效地治疗肝内外胆管结石。     

经皮肾镜大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石疗效分析

目的：观察对复杂性的肾结石患者予以微造瘘下经皮肾镜行钬激光碎石的临床效果。方法自2008年11月～2012年11月以来,治疗的136例复杂性的肾结石患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果118例患者一期行单通道的碎石取石：在术后的5-7天予以泌尿系平片的复查,其中108例结石达到一次取净,其一期清石率约为79.4％（108/136）,其余10例为残留的小结石,予以体外的震波碎石。4例行中转开放式手术：其中2例患者术中出血较明显,以致视野模糊,经剥皮鞘后压迫5 min即好转,而继续操作却仍见出血,遂决定予以二期手术,而患者家属则要求实施开放式手术取石;其中2例由于通道迷失予以再次穿刺,但失败后中转为开放式手术。14例由于结石残留的较多行二期的碎石或者取石。其手术时间为105～220 min,（119.8＆#177;40.5）min。其术后住院为8～13天,（11.5＆#177;1.8）天。全部患者均未予双通道以及多通道的取石,均未出现肠管损伤或者胸膜损伤等临床并发症,均未出现穿刺失败,均未出现术中以及术后的大出血,没有输血,并且无一例出现术后的感染。136例经随访6～30个月,（19.5＆#177;8.5）月,有6例出现结石复发,经体外的震波碎石后均治愈。结论对复杂性的肾结石患者予以微造瘘下经皮肾镜行钬激光碎石,不仅高效安全,而且具有创伤小,与出血少,以及恢复快,和结石的清除率高等优点。     

纤维胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝胆管结石的体会

目的总结分析纤维胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝胆管结石的临床经验。方法2009年1月至2013年6月，肝内外胆管结石76例，采用纤维胆道镜联合钬激光治疗。结果76例患者手术均取石成功。术后并发症9例，其中切口感染4例，肺部感染3例，胆漏2例，均治愈。术后随访6个月至3年，平均17个月，经B超或“T”管造影检查，未发现结石复发、残留及胆管狭窄。结论纤维胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝胆管结石具有创伤小、并发症少、取石率高、残石率低等优点，可同时发现并处理胆管狭窄。     

经胆道镜激光碎石治疗肝胆管结石

目的 :探讨经胆道镜结合Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ激光在直视下粉碎肝胆管手术后残余结石的有效性与安全性。方法 :12例患者中肝左叶内胆管结石 6例 ,肝右叶内胆管结石 3例 ,胆总管结石 3例。结石 1 0ｃｍ× 1 0ｃｍ× 1 0ｃｍ～ 2 0ｃｍ× 2 0ｃｍ× 2 0ｃｍ。在胆道内快速灌注流水的情况下 ,经腹部窦道用胆道镜插入直径为 0 3ｍｍ光纤贴近结石 ,Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ激光功率 30Ｗ ,每次照射 1ｓ ,反复脉冲式发射直至结石被击碎。用取石钳或取石网取出碎石。结果 :10例 1次碎石取净 ,2例因光纤缺乏柔软性 ,无法到达肝胆管术后残余石所在部位而失败。结论 :…     

经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石取石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 评价经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石取石治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果.方法 复杂性肾结石患者60例,其中完全鹿角形结石患肾为20例,不完全鹿角形结石31例,其中伴肾功能不全6例,孤立肾结石 2例,肾盏憩室结石8例.B超引导下经皮肾穿刺,建立F24标准通道,在F20.8肾镜下使用钬激光联合超声碎石取石.结果 一次取石为49例,二次取石为12例,单通道取石51例,双通道和三通道取石10例.结石清除率为81.7%.术中穿刺未损伤胸膜及腹腔脏器等;术后所有患者未输血,无发热、继发出血等并发症发生.手术时间60～150min,平均98min.碎石时间30～85 min,平均45 min.术后配合体外震波碎石治疗6例.结论 经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石取石具有微创、取石效率高、安全有效的特点,对于复杂性的肾结石的处理,能够缩短碎石时间,提高清石率,降低手术风险,减少术后并发症.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石380例报告

目的：探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院近年来收治的380例输尿管结石患者的临床资料。结果：380例输尿管结石的患者,经输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗,356例患者手术成功,成功率为93.68%。手术时间10～90min,平均45.3min;住院时间1～8d,平均3.7d;术后复查腹部平片,356例患者输尿管无结石残留,一期排石率为93.68%;24例患者输尿管有结石残留,经处理,结石排尽率为100.0%。继续随访6～24个月,平均12.3个月。B超提示患者结石无复发,输尿管无狭窄。结论：输尿管镜下钬激光技术治疗输尿管结石安全、有效,可作为输尿管结石的首选治疗方法,值得临床推广使用。     

胆道镜下钬激光碎石术与液电碎石术治疗难取性肝胆管残余结石的疗效及并发症比较

目的比较胆道镜下钬激光碎石术与液电碎石术治疗难取性肝胆管残余结石的疗效及并发症。方法回顾性分析2012年06月至2014年5月,行胆道镜下钬激光碎石术的肝胆管结石患者65例的临床资料,同时纳入2010年06月至2012年5月行胆道镜下液电碎石术的肝胆管结石患者58例作为对照组。比较两组患者手术相关指标、疗效及并发症。结果两组患者手术均顺利完成。激光组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均显著低于液电组,差异有显著意义(均P0.05);但激光组的住院费用显著高于液电组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组患者的碎石成功率、结石取净率及并发症发生例数并无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论胆道镜下钬激光碎石术及液电碎石术治疗难取性肝胆管残余结石均安全有效,治疗效果无明显差异。与液电碎石术相比,钬激光碎石术的操作更快、创伤更小,但费用更高。     

Percutaneous transhepatic holmium laser lithotripsy for cholelithiasis and balloon dilation for common bile duct stone removal

Biliary lithiasis is common in clinical practice. We present the case of a 53-year-old man referred to our hospital with a history of biliary lithiasis. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed gallbladder stones and common bile duct stones. To avoid surgery, we opted to apply percutaneous transhepatic techniques to clear gallbladder and bile duct stones. This study reports our experience using these techniques, including percutaneous transhepatic holmium laser lithotripsy for cholelithiasis combined with balloon dilation to remove common bile duct stones and avoid open surgery.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石84例

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在治疗胆总管结石中的临床应用价值。方法 2008年5月—2011年5月,联合应用腹腔镜和纤维胆道镜行胆囊切除术、胆总管探查取石及T型管引流治疗胆总管结石病人84例,并回顾性分析手术时间、术后胆总管引流时间、术后住院天数、并发症等。结果 84例无中转开腹,平均手术时间120min;术后疼痛轻,无胆漏、胆道出血、急性胰腺炎、腹腔感染及胆道结石残留等并发症;术后住院时间5～7d(带T型管出院),T型管放置时间为4周。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石具有损伤小、痛苦轻及恢复快等优点,效果可靠,具有广泛的临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜联合内镜治疗肝外胆管结石的临床观察

目的：评价腹腔镜联合内镜治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2009-03～2012-04收治的67例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料（观察组）,行腹腔镜联合内镜手术治疗,同期行传统开腹手术的患者52例（对照组）,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间及并发症。结果：两组手术时间及术中出血量比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,而观察组患者胃肠功能恢复时间及住院时间显著短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组并发症发生率为6.9％,对照组为22.2％,两组比较具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。未发生其他严重并发症。结论：腹腔镜联合内镜治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效确切,具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Treatment of bile duct stones: value of laser lithotripsy delivered via percutaneous endoscopy

Extraction of stones from the bile ducts via standard endoscopic techniques, a percutaneous transhepatic approach, or a T-tube track can be unsuccessful. We report our preliminary experience with a combination of percutaneous cholangioscopy and dye laser lithotripsy. Flash lamp-excited dye laser (504 nm) lithotripsy delivered by percutaneous cholangioscopy (12 F) was evaluated in 13 patients with stones in the bile ducts. Conventional endoscopic treatment had not been attempted in 4 patients after hepaticojejunostomy and had failed in 3 patients after gastric bypass surgery or gastrectomy, and in 6 patients because of technical difficulties, i. e. due mainly to largeness of stones. In 12 patients a percutaneous transhepatic route was used. In 1 patient the T-tube track was used as access to the bile ducts. Laser lithotripsy resulted in successful fragmentation of stones in 12 patients (92%). The bile ducts cleared spontaneously in 2 patients only. Using additional techniques, i. e. sphincterotomy and stent insertion, the overall combined success rate for duct clearance after laser fragmentation was 100%. Four patients had a retrograde endoscopic sphincterotomy after failed attempts for stone removal at endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy. Two patients had an antegrade fluoroscopically monitored sphincterotomy. Bleeding complications occured in 2 patients. This accounted for a high rate (15%) of severe complications. The intrahepatic bleeding in 1 patient was due to an intrahepatic vessel injury by the 13-F sheath. The periampullary bleeding in the other patient occurred after an antegrade papillotomy. Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy proved to be an effective technique in patients with difficult bile duct stones. The main problem of a percutaneous approach is the complete removal of the fragmented stones, which requires additional procedures in most cases. The percutaneous access is time-consuming and bears a relatively high risk of major bleeding complications. It should therefore be restricted to cases in which conventional endoscopic procedures are impossible or unsuccessful. Correspondence to: H.-J. Brambs     

The value of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in the management of bile duct stones

We evaluated the role of biliary extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in treating 70 symptomatic patients with bile duct stones in whom endoscopic or percutaneous radiologic attempts at basket extraction had failed. Forty-four patients had common bile and/or common hepatic duct stones, 21 patients had cystic duct stones, and five patients had intrahepatic duct stones. A total of 43 patients (61%) had complete elimination of stone fragments during the initial treatment period. If patients in whom stones were successfully fragmented yet not totally eliminated on initial hospital treatment but who were asymptomatic at follow-up times of 8-22 months are included, the overall successful treatment rate was 83%. Stones were cleared in 26 of 44 common bile/hepatic duct stone patients, spontaneously in seven patients and after endoscopic or percutaneous radiologic intervention in 19 patients. Fifteen (71%) of 21 patients had cystic duct stones successfully cleared. The fragments in two of five patients with intrahepatic duct stones also were cleared. Five patients (7%) had minor side effects. Seven (10%) of 70 patients went on to have surgery. Complications after 30 days occurred in five patients (7%); two required repeated endoscopy with fragment extraction, two required placement of an endoprosthesis, and one died. We conclude that biliary extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is valuable as an adjuvant to standard interventional techniques for removing bile duct stones.     

嵌顿性胆总管或胆囊管结石的介入性综合治疗

目的 评价多种介入性取石技术综合应用于１组患有嵌顿性胆管结石,且被视为手术高危病人的治疗效果。方法 ９例（男２例,女７例,平均年龄５０．７岁）患者中,６例曾有接受内窥镜下取石失败或手术直视下取石再复发的病史;在发生部位上,计有７例胆总管结石,１例胆囊管结石,１例胆总管合并胆囊管残端结石;多发性结石５例,单发性结石４例;最大结石直径约为３．０ｃｍ。在处理方法上,建立经皮肝胆管和内窥镜下经十二指肠逆向     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路疾病293例

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路疾病的方法与疗效。方法中下段输尿管结石及输尿管狭窄经尿道逆行输尿管镜下钬激光治疗;上段输尿管结石、肾结石及输尿管狭窄经皮肾穿刺建立工作通道后,顺行输尿管镜下钬激光治疗。结果输尿管结石单次碎石成功率为92.6%（150/162）,肾结石碎石成功率为93.8%（61/65）。52例输尿管狭窄中,35例狭窄段消失;10例较治疗前狭窄处管腔增宽;4例狭窄段无变化;3例较治疗前狭窄加重输尿管扩张或肾积水加重,患者临床症状无明显改善,行Ⅱ期输尿管狭窄段切除、端端吻合或离断式肾盂输尿管成型术,术后无输尿管狭窄。单纯输尿管息肉14例均一次治愈。发生并发症9例。结论输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路疾病安全、微创、有效、并发症少。     

Gallstone lithotripsy: in vitro comparison of fragmentation with a tunable-dye laser and an ultrasonic wire.

Large bile duct stones require fragmentation prior to extraction through the papilla or through a percutaneous tract. This can be attempted with dissolution therapy, crushing baskets, or lithotripsy. Lithotripsy can be accomplished safely and effectively with tunable-dye laser energy delivered through a flexible, 1-F optical fiber under endoscopic or fluoroscopic guidance, but laser technology is very costly. A prototype, flexible ball-tipped wire coupled to an ultrasonic generator via a piezoelectric crystal has been developed for sonolysis of atheroma and thrombus in humans. The purpose of this experiment was to compare human gallstone fragmentation in vitro with a tunable-dye laser and this prototype wire to see if the less expensive ultrasound device might provide an alternative to costly laser technology. Gallstones from 17 patients were subjected to lithotripsy in a water bath with each device until completely fragmented or 60 seconds had elapsed. Neither device effectively fragmented cholesterol stones under these conditions. The ultrasonic wire completely fragmented 57% of bilirubinate stones in 60 seconds. The tunable-dye laser completely fragmented 100% of bilirubinate stones in less than 35 seconds (P = .04). Tunable-dye laser lithotripsy appears superior to the ultrasonic device for percutaneous treatment of bile duct stones.