经胃造瘘管放置空肠营养管治疗老年上消化道穿孔13例

目的:探讨经胃造瘘管放置空肠营养管治疗上消化道穿孔老年患者的可行性及治疗价值.方法:将我院普外科2008-02/2012-07收治的38例消化道穿孔患者,根据其肠内营养方式分为2组,A组患者术后采用鼻饲管进行肠内营养,B组患者采用经胃造瘘放置空肠营养管术后予肠内营养.分析比较两组患者术后出现呼吸道、消化道及其他各类不适的比例.结果:B组患者术后排斥引流管心理、鼻咽部不适、异物感、置管营养期间恶心、呕吐、早起(<3d)下床活动及置管后严重咳嗽、咳痰、合并肺炎等发生率与A组患者比较有明显统计学意义(P=0.036);营养改善方面,两组手术后第9天与第1天比较白蛋白,前白蛋白等指标均明显升高(P=0.024;0.044),但二者第9天之间比较无明显差异(P>0.05).结论:采用经胃造瘘管置空肠营养管,术后早期行肠内营养,患者耐受性好,并发症低,尤其适合老年上消化道穿孔患者.     

空肠造瘘营养管与鼻空肠营养管在食管癌根治术中的应用

目的比较空肠造瘘营养管与鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养在食管癌根治术后的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析128例食管癌根治术后患者的治疗情况,其中52例采用空肠造瘘营养管行肠内营养治疗,76例采用鼻空肠营养管,比较两组之间的操作时间、营养管平均留置时间,观察患者术后导管相关的并发症,比较患者术后营养状况(均P<0.05)。结果空肠造瘘组与鼻空肠管组在有无并发症方面有差异,而且空肠造瘘组并发症发生率(7.69%)要明显低于鼻空肠组(26.31%),空肠造瘘组比鼻空肠管组更能提高患者的营养状况。结论空肠造瘘营养管相比于鼻空肠营养管在食管癌根治术后的应用更有优势。     

两种肠内营养方式对高血压脑出血术后重症患者的康复疗效比较

目的比较鼻空肠管与鼻胃管肠内营养对高血压脑出血术后重症患者的康复疗效。方法将高血压脑出血术后重症患者142例随机分为观察组与对照组各71例。观察组采用鼻空肠管肠内营养,对照组采用鼻胃管肠内营养,比较两种肠内营养方式对两组患者的康复疗效。结果治疗后观察组的白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白水平均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组胃潴留、反流误吸、恶心呕吐、吸入性肺炎的发生率明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组的GCS评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论鼻空肠管肠内营养比鼻胃管肠内营养更有效地改善高血压脑出血术后重症患者的营养状况,减少并发症,有利于促进康复和改善预后。     

早期空肠内营养在30例重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的观察经鼻空肠管肠内营养（EN）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的治疗作用。方法对经鼻空肠管EN30例（研究组）与肠外营养（PN）治疗SAP患者36例（对照组）在症状、体征、白细胞、血红蛋白、生化指标恢复的时间、体重、住院天数、及住院费用进行比较。结果经鼻空肠管EN治疗SAP在症状体征、体重、生化指标恢复时间、费用均较PN明显减少。结论EN对SAP的疗效优于PN，值得临床推广。     

胰十二指肠切除术后营养支持效果及安全性的Meta分析

目的评估各种不同术后营养方式(包括全肠外营养、早期口服营养、鼻空肠管早期肠内营养、胃造瘘管早期肠内营养及空肠造瘘管早期肠内营养)对胰十二指肠切除(PD)术后患者预后的影响。方法检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane Library中PD术后营养支持相关文献,检索时间为2007年-2017年。将文献中研究对象及样本量、术式及术后营养方式、住院时间、感染(包括术后肺部感染、切口感染)发生率、胰瘘(B/C级)发生率、胃排空障碍的发生率纳入采用汇总分析,并采用Rev Man5.3软件对术后全肠外营养与鼻空肠管早期肠内营养情况进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入11篇文献,4篇文献行Meta分析。横向比较发现不同营养途径支持的患者的住院天数无明显规律,纵向比较发现不同研究相同营养给予方式下患者的住院天数差异较大。在并发症方面,胃造瘘组的胰瘘发生率明显高于其他组(P值均0.01);空肠造瘘组的胃排空延迟障碍发生率均高于其他组(P值均0.01)。全肠外营养感染发生率为27.17%,低于口服营养组之外的其他组(40.63%、46.58%、33.64%),但差异无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。Meta分析结果显示,全肠外营养组与鼻空肠管早期肠内营养组在住院时间和胃排空延迟障碍、胰瘘、感染发生率方面的差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。结论 PD术后营养策略无明显优劣之分,临床可根据实践经验和患者具体情况制订合理的术后营养支持方案。     

经胃镜置放鼻空肠营养管治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的:观察重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者经胃镜置放鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养的疗效观察.方法:将50例患者随机分为2组:①全肠外营养(TPN)组26例,行常规治疗:禁食、胃肠减压、抑酸、抗炎、生长抑素、全肠外营养及对症治疗等;②肠内营养(EN)组24例,在常规治疗的基础上,入院后3d左右经胃镜置放鼻空肠营养管,逐渐停止肠外营...     

自制双腔管在重症急性胰腺炎肠内营养17例临床应用观察

重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）约占急性胰腺炎（AP）的30%，是一种严重的急腹症。病程长．费用高．并发症．死亡率高。全胃肠外营养（TPN）的应用大大降低了患者死亡率．但费用高．并发症多。肠内营养（EN）在国内外应用反映良好．主要方式为经鼻胃管．鼻肠管．胃造瘘管和空肠造瘘管。因存在胃液不能有效引流．或增加创伤、生活护理不便等问题。为此．我们研制出一种简便易行、安全有效的引流胃液与肠内营养合二为一的置管方法。     

鼻肠管及空肠营养性造口管早期肠内营养在上消化道肿瘤术后的临床应用比较分析

目的比较鼻肠管及空肠营养性造口管早期肠内营养在上消化道肿瘤术后的临床应用情况。方法在接受早期肠内营养的226例术后上消化道肿瘤患者中,148例采用鼻肠管,78例采用空肠营养性造口管。结果 226例上消化道肿瘤患者术后实施早期肠内营养效果良好。应用空肠营养性造口管的患者不良反应发生率较低(P<0.01)。结论不论是鼻肠管还是空肠营养性造口管,术后早期肠内营养具有保护胃肠黏膜屏障、促进肠道激素分泌、防止细菌易位、提高机体免疫功能等作用。空肠营养性造口管引起的不良反应较低。     

肠内生态营养对创伤后大鼠肠屏障功能的影响

目的:研究肠内生态营养对创伤后大鼠肠道屏障功能的影响.方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,即对照组、普通肠内营养组和肠内生态营养组.胃造瘘术后分别给予普通饲料、肠内营养剂和肠内生态营养剂7 d,检测小肠黏膜形态学参数和黏膜IgA ,CD3 ,CD4 和CD8 细胞数量.结果:肠内生态营养组的小肠绒毛高度(205.4 μmvs 177.7 μm,P＜0.05)、肠腺隐窝深度(99.4 μmvs 77.7 μm,P＜0.05)、黏膜厚度(299.9μm vs 267.0 μm,P＜0.05)以及绒毛表面积(10 321.5μm2 vs 8927.6 μm2,P＜0.05)均高于对照组,肠内生态营养组和普通肠内营养组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).肠内生态营养组大鼠小肠黏膜中IgA 细胞(21.2 vs 17.5,19.4,P＜0.05)和CD3 (24.2 vs 20.2,22.1,P＜0.05),CD4 (13.4vs 8.9,11.0,P＜0.05)、CD8 (18.7 vs 12.6,15.4,P＜0.05)细胞数均高于对照组和普通肠内营养组.结论:肠内生态营养能较好的改善创伤后大鼠的小肠机械屏障功能,促进小肠黏膜屏障功能的恢复,增强其肠道免疫功能.     

鼻胃管减压并鼻空肠管营养在重型脑出血患者中的应用价值

目的比较经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养与单纯经鼻空肠管营养2种肠内营养方式在重型脑出血患者中的应用效果。方法将56例重型脑出血患者分成两组进行肠内营养,一组采用经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养,另一组采用单纯经鼻空肠管营养。记录两组置管前及置管后第8天、第15天的营养情况,包括血清总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白含量。记录两组置管15d内并发症发生率,包括腹泻、反流、误吸及吸入性肺炎。用格拉斯哥预后评分表评定两组患者的预后情况。结果置管后第15天经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养组的总蛋白、前白蛋白的含量均高于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组(P<0.05)。经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养组15d内并发症发生率低于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组(P<0.05),两组的格拉斯哥预后评分显示经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管肠内营养组预后优于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在重型脑出血患者中使用经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管肠内营养更能改善其营养状况,减少并发症,更有利于患者康复。     

Atrioventricular canal defects

Opinion statement Atrioventricular (AV) canal defects should be diagnosed by means of echocardiography. Infants with complete AV canal defects should undergo intracardiac surgical repair before pulmonary vascular obstructive disease develops, preferably before 6 months of age. Repair of partial AV canal defects or primum atrial septal defects can be postponed until 18 to 36 months of age if the patient does not have pulmonary hypertension or growth failure. The one- and two-patch techniques can both provide excellent results with a low mortality rate in repair of complete AV canal defects. Repair of the cleft mitral valve at the time of initial surgery is advised to preserve long-term mitral valve function. Tetralogy of Fallot with AV canal defect can also be repaired but at an older age and with a greater incidence of reoperation. Unbalanced AV canal defects associated with a hypoplastic ventricle may necessitate initial pulmonary artery banding and a subsequent decision about the suitability of two-ventricle repair. If ventricular septation is unsuitable, a single-ventricle path is chosen. Bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis and, eventually, the Fontan procedure are used.     

两种根管长度测量方法对根管充填质量的影响

目的 探讨两种根管长度测量方法对根管充填质量的影响.方法 随机选择需行根管治疗术的单根管恒前牙352颗,随机分为A、B两组,A组采用TRRY根管测量仪测量根管长度,根管预备后加试主尖摄牙片,侧方加压充填根管,摄牙片;B组采用根管器械探测法测量根管长度,根管预备后加试主尖摄牙片,侧方加压充填根管,摄牙片.结果 在实际工作长度±1.0 范围内,TRRY测量准确率为94.32%,根管器械探测法测量准确率为78.40%,两种方法差异显著(P<0.01).适充率:A组90.37%,B组75.82%,两种方法充填根管X片结果差异显著(P<0.01),A组明显优于B组.结论 用TRRY根管测量仪加试主尖摄牙片的方法可明显提高根管充填的质量,值得临床推广应用.     

Functional correlates of anal canal anatomy: puborectalis muscle and anal canal pressure

BACKGROUND: Resting and squeeze pressures in the anal canal are thought to reflect the contributions of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) and the external anal sphincter (EAS) respectively. Role of the puborectalis muscle (PRM) in the genesis of anal canal pressure is not known. OBJECTIVES: To determine the functional correlates of anal canal anatomy. METHODS: Seventeen asymptomatic nulliparous women were studied using simultaneous 3D ultrasound images and manometry of the anal canal. Ultrasound images were recorded using a transducer placed at the vaginal introitus and pressures were recorded with a side-hole manometry catheter using a station (every 5 mm) pull-through technique. Pressures were recorded at rest and during voluntary squeeze. RESULTS: Anal canal high pressure zone was 39 +/- 1 mm in length. The IAS, EAS, and PRM were clearly visualized in the ultrasound images. EAS was located in the distal (length 19 +/- 1 mm) and PRM in the proximal part (length 18 +/- 1 mm) of the anal canal. The station pull-through technique revealed increases in pressure with voluntary squeeze in the proximal as well as distal parts of the anal canal. Proximal anal canal pressure, located in the PRM zone, showed greater circumferential asymmetry than the distal anal canal pressure, located in the EAS zone. CONCLUSIONS: (1) PRM contributes to the squeeze pressure in the proximal part of the anal canal and EAS to the distal anal canal. (2) PRM squeeze-related increase in anal canal pressure might be important in the anal continence mechanism.     

Melanoma of the anal canal

Summary and Conclusions Anorectal melanoma is a relatively rare condition. In all, a little over 100 cases have been reported in medical literature. The author’s case is of special interest because the patient survived 70 months following radical abdominoperineal resection. Generalized metastases were present in this case as in all other reported fatal cases. Pigmented lesions of the anal canal should arouse suspicion of a melanoma. Biopsy should be done only with the cold knife. The importance of routine pathologic study of all anorectal tissue removed at operations cannot be overemphasized. The proper treatment of anorectal melanoma is radical abdominoperineal resection. Prophylactic ilioinguinal node dissection bilaterally or aorto-ilio-pelvic node dissection still remain equivocal procedures. Read at the meeting of the Pennsylvania Proctologic Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1959.