HIV-1包膜蛋白2G12和2F5中和表位的改造对假病毒形成及中和活性的影响

目的 研究HIV-1膜蛋白(Env)特定中和表位的改造对功能性假病毒形成及中和活性的影响.方法 采用环形诱变及Dpn I筛选的方法对Env进行定点突变,将2G12和2F5两个中和表位整合入不含该表位的BC亚型的Env上,比较改造对假病毒的形成情况及对2G12和2F5单抗的中和活性的影响.结果 对5株假病毒(BC02、BE03、BC04、BC05和BC12)的Env特定中和表位进行改造,其中BC04和BCl2的2G12表位改造后,不能形成假病毒,BC02、BC03和BC05增加2G12和2F5两个表位后,仍能够形成假病毒,且假病毒滴度较改造前无明显变化,改造后的BC03假病毒较改造前对单抗2G12和2175的中和活性均有所提高,而改造后的BE02和BC05假病毒较改造前对单抗2F5的中和活性增强,而对单抗2G12的中和活性无变化.结论 2G12中和表位部分位点的改造影响假病毒的形成,中和表位的增加能够提高单抗2G12的中和活性,为免疫原的优化提供了新思路.     

六株不同地区分离的H7N9流感病毒假病毒制备与生物学特性研究CSCD

目的 选择不同地区分离的H7N9亚型流感病毒代表株,制备各代表株的假病毒,为H7N9疫苗对不同地区毒株的免疫保护效果评价奠定基础.方法 通过对29株H7N9流感病毒血凝素（Hemagglutinin,HA）的氨基酸序列分析,获得6株不同地区H7N9亚型流感病毒代表株病毒;采用基于慢病毒载体的假病毒包装系统,以HA与神经氨酸酶（Neuraminidase,NA）作为包膜质粒,包装获得6株带有荧光素酶报告基因的假病毒;通过电镜负染、Western blot检测、感染MDCK后的荧光素酶读值和血凝试验等了解6株假病毒的生物学特性,通过血清交叉中和试验了解其在中和抗体检测中的应用情况.结果 筛选获得6株不同地区分离的H7N9流感病毒代表株并制备了相应的假病毒颗粒,电镜下可观察到典型的流感病毒形态,Western blot可检测到HA、NA和P24的表达;滴度测定结果显示6株假病毒对MDCK细胞的感染力为104- 105TCID50/50μl,血凝活性可达64- 512;SH1上海株H7N9 HA疫苗免疫血清针对6株流感假病毒100TCID50剂量的中和效力不同,提示6株假病毒可用于疫苗的交叉免疫效果评价.结论 成功获得6株H7N9不同地区代表株流感假病毒,为疫苗的免疫效果评价奠定了基础.     

人源抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型基因工程抗体的初步研究

目的 构建噬菌体抗体库,筛选抗HIV-1抗体Fab,并对其进行鉴定.方法 采集无症状、HIV-1抗体滴度较高的HIV-1感染者全血,分离淋巴细胞并提取总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增人轻链基因和重链Fd基因.运用噬菌体展示技术,构建噬菌体抗体库,经过3轮"吸附-洗脱-富集"筛选,将获得的克隆进行诱导表达,表达产物经ELISA检测,筛选阳性抗HIV-1 Fab克隆;对获得的克隆进行抗体基因序列测定并分析序列同源性和互补决定区(CDRs);对获得的阳性克隆与轻链克隆CL8进行链置换并检测链置换前后抗体亲和力的变化;对获得的克隆进行诱导表达及纯化,同时进行中和试验.结果 构建了库容为8×106的噬菌体抗体库;经3轮筛选,获得11株抗HIV-1 Fab克隆,测序和序列分析显示,获得了 10条轻链和8条重链,它们和已经申请专利的部分HIV-1 gp120抗体的基因序列有较高的同源性(轻链同源性为60%～90%;重链同源性为71%～85%);CDRs分析显示,11株抗体CDRHs均比较长(12～20aa);链置换后的抗体亲和力并没有明显的改进;Fab诱导表达量均大于10 mg/L,利用重组HIV-1假病毒系统进行中和试验,结果显示,3株Fab具有一定的中和作用.结论 成功获得抗HIV-1抗体Fab,为进一步对其进行研究和应用奠定基础.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1包膜糖蛋白进化对抗原表位及病毒亲嗜性的影响

目的调查同一供体来源的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1感染不同个体后病毒包膜糖蛋白的变异、病毒侵入靶细胞能力以及包膜抗原主要中和表位的变化,为了解病毒感染规律及机体抗病毒免疫奠定基础。方法对病毒包膜糖蛋白基因序列进行基因离散分析;用包膜蛋白表达质粒与HIV-1骨架质粒共转染293T细胞构建包膜包膜假病毒,用假病毒感染HIV-1靶细胞U87．CD4．CCR5或U87．CD4．CXCR4细胞检测假病毒侵入靶细胞的能力及病毒亲嗜性;对包膜糖蛋白中已知的广谱中和抗体识别表位进行分析。结果24个有完整开放读码框的env基因克隆与河南省HIV-1毒株CNHN24的基因离散率为（7．91±0．78）％,与云南省分离毒株RIA2的基因离散率为（6．904-0．79）％。各可变区基因离散率呈现严重不均衡性,其中,VI／V2区的离散率最高,V4区的离散率次之,V3区离散率最小。包膜假病毒中既有CCR5亲嗜性和CXCR4亲嗜性的,也有双亲嗜性的包膜。而且上述包膜中主要中和表位IgGlbl2、2F5和4E10抗体识别表位保守,但447—52D抗体识别表位变异较大。结论同一来源的HIV包膜糖蛋自在4～7年间的不同受者体内发生了较大变异并影响了病毒侵入靶细胞的能力;主要广谱中和抗体的识别表位部分保守。     

H5N1禽流感病毒HA假病毒的构建及特性研究

目的 构建包膜蛋白为H5N1禽流感病毒HA蛋白的假病毒,对其生物学特性进行研究,并将其初步应用于H5N1禽流感病毒的血清检测.方法 将我国分离的高致病性H5N1禽流感病毒的HA基因插入真核表达质粒,得到pLP-HA,与假病毒构建体系的三种质粒pLP1,pLF2和pEmGFP,瞬时共转染人胚肾细胞293T,48 h收集假病毒上清,对其感染性,血凝活性进行测定,并应用于微量中和实验.同时,构建了优化HA基因的假病毒以及一株含有越南禽流感病毒HA基因的假病毒,进行比较.结果 电镜下观察到假病毒颗粒的存在;Western-Blot表明HA蛋白存在于假病毒颗粒中;HA假病毒与野生型活病毒的微量中和实验相比,两者结果具有很好的相关性.结论 成功构建了不同高致病性H5N1禽流感病毒HA蛋白的假病毒,所构建的假病毒可以应用于微量中和实验.研究发现不同禽流感病毒株HA蛋白假病毒的包装效率不同,并且真核表达优化基因并不能显著提高假病毒颗粒包装效率.     

人源抗狂犬病毒基因工程单链抗体的研究

目的 研制人源抗狂犬病毒基因工程抗体.方法 从具有高滴度狂犬病毒抗体的疫苗接种者采集外周血淋巴细胞,通过pHAL14载体和高效噬菌体系统构建人源抗狂犬病毒单链基因工程抗体库,经纯化的狂犬病毒aG株富集筛选,通过ELISA和IFA鉴定阳性抗体克隆并进行序列测定.利用IgG表达载体VH/VK双质粒系统瞬时转染293T细胞实现IgG抗体的分泌型表达,通过亲和力测定和中和试验鉴定IgG抗体功能.结果 成功地获得了6株抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白的人源单克隆抗体,非竞争ELISA显示6株抗体具有较高的亲和力,体外中和试验证实这6株人源单抗对狂犬病毒CVS株无中和活性,对aG株具有较强的中和活性.结论 从免疫库中获得了6株人源单克隆抗体,为狂犬病毒的鉴别诊断和治疗奠定了基础.     

重组假病毒与活病毒法在评价抗HIV-1病毒药物中的比较

目的对比重组假病毒法与活病毒法在评价抗HIV-1药物中的效果。方法将pSG3△env质粒和带有ENV基因的质粒B01共转染获得重组假病毒。用重组假病毒分别与不同稀释度的药物共孵育,根据相对荧光单位的不同分析计算EC50、ED50。在P3实验室用活病毒分别与不同稀释度的药物共孵育,根据细胞病变程度的不同分析计算EC50。结果用重组假病毒法和活病毒法分别检测抗HIV-1药物奈维拉平（NVP）,其EC50。分别是88．9nmol／L、89．5nmol／L,CV值分别是0和0．6％。用重组假病毒法和活病毒法分别检测抗HIV-1药物茚地那韦（IDV）,其EC50。分别是0．36umol／L、0．23umol／L,CV值分别是0和60％。用重组假病毒法检测抗HIV-1药物可以定量计算出ED50,IDV和NVP的ED50分别是70．6nmol／L和0．62umol／L,CV值分别是14．3％和9．7％。结论重组假病毒法可以用于对抗HIV-1药物的评价。计算EC50时,重组假病毒法与活病毒法的结果相差不超过2倍,但活病毒具有生物危害,而重组假病毒法的重复性较好,并且还可以定量计算出药物的ED50.     

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)L2肽免疫小鼠诱导的抗体水平与保护作用的关系研究

目的 检测HPV-58 L2 11～200 AA肽在动物体内对HPV的保护效果,并分析疫苗诱导的抗体滴度或中和抗体滴度与疫苗保护作用之间的对应关系.方法 利用大肠杆菌表达HPV-58L2 11～200 AA肽,纯化目的 蛋白并与铝佐剂吸附后免疫小鼠,利用小鼠HPV-58假病毒感染模型检测不同剂量的免疫原对小鼠的保护作用.通过ELISA和假病毒中和抗体检测方法 检测免疫血清中的总抗体水平和中和抗体水平,分析具有保护作用的抗体或中和抗体滴度.结果 当蛋白免疫剂量为8μg时,能够完全保护小鼠不受HPV假病毒的感染.小鼠免疫血清中的中和抗体水平较低,利用已建立的假病毒中和试验方法 检测不到血清中的中和抗体.而利用ELISA检测血清中的总抗体水平结果 显示,免疫血清中的总抗体水平与疫苗的保护效果之间存在对应关系,当抗体滴度大于等于1:25 000时,小鼠体内检测不到荧光信号,能够保护机体不受假病毒的感染.结论 HPV-58 L2 11～200 AA肽能够保护小鼠不受假病毒的感染,L2 11～200 AA肽具有较好的疫苗发展前景,其引发的总抗体水平可以作为评价保护效果的间接指标.     

一种新型冠状病毒假病毒的制备及初步应用

目的 制备一种新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)假病毒,并将其应用于抗体中和能力检测和抗体广谱性评估.方法 整合2种近期出现的SARS-CoV-2变异病毒株(20A.EU1和B1.1.7)刺突(spike,S)蛋白的突变序列、以及对胞浆区肽段19个氨基酸进行局部缺失突变,构建突变型S蛋白表达质粒,转染293T细胞进行...     

五株EV71病毒毒力、免疫原性与基因组比较分析

目的对5株EV71分离株(LCH01、LCH02、BJ01、BJ02、AH01)进行毒力、免疫原性和基因组的比较分析。方法分别用5株EV71分离株攻击Balb/c乳鼠,比较毒力差异;免疫6～8周龄Balb/c小鼠后收集血清,ELISA检测抗体效价,微量中和实验检测中和抗体效价;反转录获得5株EV71的全长cDNA进行全基因组测序;最后,用CLC Main Workbench 5.5软件对序列进行比较分析。结果通过对VP1基因的比较分析发现,这5株EV71分离株均为C4a亚型。1周龄Balb/c小鼠经脑部注射LCH01株,表现出后肢瘫痪和后继死亡;而注射其它4株EV71的小鼠在观察了14 d之后仍然存活。5株EV71血清抗体效价为210～211,中和抗体效价为27～28,无显著差异。LCH01毒株与其它几株序列相比,在5′-NTR、3′-NTR、3D等处均有明显差异。结论这5株EV71分离株为近几年流行的C4a亚型,具有较高的免疫原性;LCH01毒株的毒力高于其它几株,从基因组水平上找到了差异序列,这为EV71疫苗评价和致病机制研究提供了实验数据和实验材料。     

Cross-clade neutralization patterns among HIV-1 strains from the six major clades of the pandemic evaluated and compared in two different models

A panel of paired primary virus isolates and envelope pseudoviruses from sixty strains representing six HIV-1 clades was tested for neutralization using pooled, clade-specific plasma in two prominently utilized neutralization platforms: a primary isolate assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and a pseudovirus assay using a reporter epithelial cell line. Using the PMBC assay, pairing of the antibody pool against homologous clade viruses generated the highest geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer in 4 out of 6 clades tested, and neutralization patterns showed numerous examples of reciprocal cross-recognition between antibody and viruses of specific clade pairs. In the pseudovirus assay, cross-clade neutralization was more limited, with fewer distinct cross-clade relationships evident. The clade C antibody pool was broadly cross-reactive, neutralizing the greatest number of viruses in both assays. These data highlight the importance of the neutralization assay format employed and suggest that clade C envelopes merit further evaluation for the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies.     

The importance of antibody isotype in HIV-1 virus capture assay and in TZM-bl neutralization

The binding of murine IgM mAbs to five different clades of HIV-1 was examined using a modified ELISA-based virus capture assay. Two murine multispecific IgM mAbs that exhibit both lipid and gp41 epitope specificities, and one murine IgM mAb that exhibits lipid-binding specificity, were utilized. The binding of the IgG and the IgM isotypes of human mAb 2F5 to clades A through AE were also evaluated. The binding of 2F5 to HIV-1 was dependent upon the antibody isotype. Monoclonal IgM antibodies bound significantly lower amounts of HIV-1 than the corresponding IgG isotype. Although murine IgM mAbs bound HIV-1 to varying degrees in the virus capture assay, they failed to neutralize HIV-1 in a TZM-bl pseudovirus assay. In contrast, 2F5-IgM mAb bound certain HIV-1 isolates, and also neutralized them, although not as efficiently as the 2F5-IgG isotype. Studies on the relationship between virus binding and neutralization in a TZM-bl pseudovirus assay indicated that in most cases, mAbs that exhibited neutralization also bound the virus.     

Polyvalent HIV-1 Env vaccine formulations delivered by the DNA priming plus protein boosting approach are effective in generating neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from subtypes A, B, C, D and E

A major challenge in developing an HIV-1 vaccine is to identify immunogens and their delivery methods that can elicit broad neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates of different genetic subtypes. Recently, we demonstrated that priming with DNA vaccines expressing primary HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) followed by recombinant Env protein boosting was successful in generating positive neutralizing antibody responses against a clade B primary HIV-1 isolate, JR-FL, that was not easily neutralized. In the current study, we examined whether the DNA priming plus recombinant protein boosting approach delivering a polyvalent primary Env formulation was able to generate neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 viral isolates from various genetic subtypes. New Zealand White rabbits were first immunized with DNA vaccines expressing one, three or eight primary HIV-1 gp120 antigens delivered by a gene gun followed by recombinant gp120 protein boosting. Neutralizing antibody responses were examined by two independently executed neutralization assays: the first one was a single round infection neutralization assay against a panel of 10 primary HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A, B, C and E and the second one used the PhenoSense assay against a panel of 12 pseudovirues expressing primary HIV-1 Env antigens from subtypes A, B, C, D and E as well as 2 pseudoviruses expressing the Env antigens from MN and NL4-3 viruses. Rabbit sera immunized with the DNA priming plus protein boosting approach, but not DNA vaccine alone or Env protein alone, were capable of neutralizing 7 of 10 viruses in the first assay and 12 of 14 viruses in the second assay. More importantly, sera immunized with the polyvalent Env antigens were able to neutralize a significantly higher percentage of viruses than the sera immunized with the monovalent antigens. Our results suggest that DNA priming followed by recombinant Env protein boosting can be used to deliver polyvalent Env-antigen-based HIV-1 vaccines to elicit neutralizing antibody responses against viruses with diverse genetic sequence variations.     

HIV-1膜抗原部分糖基化位点改造对免疫原性及假病毒形成的影响

目的 研究HIV-1膜蛋白(Env)特定糖基化位点改造对Env免疫原性及功能性假病毒形成能力的影响.方法 采用环形诱变,DpnⅠ筛选的方法对Env进行定点突变,单周期感染试验检测功能性假病毒形成能力,免疫小鼠,利用假病毒中和试验与ELISPOT分别检测突变对中和抗体和T细胞分泌Env特异的IFN-γ的影响.结果 N197Q突变体使Env诱导中和抗体的能力提高而诱导T细胞分泌Env特异的IFN-γ的能力降低,并使Env不能形成功能性假病毒;G2突变体(N624Q,N637Q)诱导的中和抗体能更好地中和假病毒74-2,仉中和假病毒Wt的能力下降,对Env诱导T细胞分泌Env特异的IFN-γ的能力和功能性假病毒形成无明显影响.结论 特定糖基化位点的改造影响假病毒的形成及Env的免疫原性.     

Reactivity of human sera in a sensitive, high-throughput pseudovirus-based papillomavirus neutralization assay for HPV16 and HPV18

Sensitive high-throughput neutralization assays, based upon pseudoviruses carrying a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene, were developed and validated for human papillomavirus (HPV)16, HPV18, and bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1). SEAP pseudoviruses were produced by transient transfection of codon-modified papillomavirus structural genes into an SV40 T antigen expressing line derived from 293 cells, yielding sufficient pseudovirus from one flask for thousands of titrations. In a 96-well plate format, in this initial characterization, the assay was reproducible and appears to be as sensitive as, but more specific than, a standard papillomavirus-like particle (VLP)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralization assay detected type-specific HPV16 or HPV18 neutralizing antibodies (titers of 160-10240) in sera of the majority of a group of women infected with the corresponding HPV type, but not in virgin women. Sera from HPV16 VLP vaccinees had high anti-HPV16 neutralizing titers (mean: 45000; range: 5120-163840), but no anti-HPV18 neutralizing activity. The SEAP pseudovirus-based neutralization assay should be a practical method for quantifying potentially protective antibody responses in HPV natural history and prophylactic vaccine studies.     

Virolysis and in vitro neutralization of HIV-1 by humanized monoclonal antibody hNM-01

Antibody humanization by transplanting the complimentarity determining region (CDR) to a human framework aims to reduce the response of the human immune system against a foreign molecule during passive immunization. We transferred the CDR from the murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) NM-01 to a human IgG frame. The humanized NM-01 (hNM-01) recognizes the same epitope on Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope as its murine progenitor, but with greater efficiency, and shows enhanced neutralization of HIV-1. We have shown that this increase in reactivity may be attributed to residue 4 of the humanized kappa chain, where the presence of a methionine residue rather than the murine leucine appears to promote a more advantageous conformation of the antigen-binding site, perhaps via packing interactions with the V(kappa) CDR1. The capacity of humanized NM-01 to neutralize direct clinical isolates was also examined with the expectation that hNM-01 will prove suitable for development as a therapeutic agent. This reshaped antibody reacted with several clinical isolates of HIV-1 tested. Moreover, we proved the ability of this antibody of its activation of complement by flow cytometry and electron microscopy analysis. Although hNM-01 alone was capable of neutralizing HIV-1, the presence of complement enhanced neutralization. The enhancement of complement activation was also observed in hNM-01 than murine progenitor. This finding supports a potential role for antibody-dependent complement-mediated virolysis and more effective neutralization in HIV-1 therapy.     

携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的单轮感染活性HIV假病毒的建立及其活性检测

目的构建携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的HIV假病毒载体,并研究该载体包装的HIV假病毒的感染活性,为进一步进行HIV生物学研究与中和抗体实验室评价搭建安全的技术平台.方法将增强型绿色荧光蛋白（enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP）基因插入到骨架质粒pNL43 Luc R-E-的nef基因读码框,获得携带EGFP基因的质粒pNL43 EGFP R-E-;通过将pNL43 EGFP R-E-与编码HIV膜蛋白的质粒共转染293T细胞,收集上清,获得携带EGFP基因的HIV假病毒.该假病毒感染CD4^＋CCR5^＋的HOS细胞后可表达绿色荧光,这样通过流式细胞仪可测定表达绿色荧光的细胞数与细胞感染率.结果携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的HIV假病毒感染CD4^＋CCR5^＋的HOS细胞后,被感染的细胞可以表达绿色荧光蛋白,细胞的感染率与病毒加入量呈线性关系.结论获得了携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的HIV假病毒载体,并建立了具有单轮感染活性的HIV假病毒感染的检测方法.     

Induction of high levels of antibodies recognizing the neutralizing epitope ELDKWA and the D- or K-position-mutated epitopes by candidate epitope vaccines against HIV-1

Monoclonal antibody 2F5 recognizing the ELDKWA epitope on HIV-1 gp41 has a significant neutralization potency against 90% of the investigated viruses of African, Asian, American, and European strains, but the antibody responses to the epitope 2F5 in HIV-1-infected individuals were very low. We attempted to induce high levels of epitope-specific antibodies to ELDKWA and its three mutated epitopes by candidate epitope vaccines. The four candidate epitope vaccines all induced strong antibody responses at dilutions from about 1:6,400 to 1:25,600. We tested the cross-reactions between these antisera and four epitope peptides. The ELDKWA-specific antisera showed strong cross-reactivity with three neutralizing-resistant mutated epitopes which contain changes in the D or K positions of the epitope sequence. Virus variants containing these changes could escape neutralization by monoclonal antibody 2F5. In immunoblotting analysis, the ELDKWA, ELDEWA, and ELEKWA epitope specific antibodies all recognized rsgp41 which confirms that the antibodies against both mutated epitopes, ELDEWA and ELEKWA, could cross-react with the native epitope on rsgp41. Although it is not clear whether the polyclonal antibodies induced by the ELDKWA epitope vaccine could neutralize the mutated viruses containing these mutated epitopes, it is conceivable that epitope vaccines based on mutated epitopes could induce strong antibody responses with predefined epitope specificity to neutralize mutated viruse containing the mutated epitope. An epitope vaccine, using different epitopes including mutated epitopes, could provide a new concept for developing a new vaccine against HIV-1.