艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗生存时间分析

目的 了解内江市艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗后生存时间现状,探讨不同治疗方案及基线CD4 +T淋巴细胞计数对生存时间的影响.方法 利用国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统抗病毒治疗内江市治疗数据信息,使用SPSS 17.0进行相关分析.结果 本研究纳入227例患者,截止到2011-12-31,共有40例研究对象死亡,其中92.5％ (37/40)死于艾滋病相关疾病.含AZT方案/d4T方案患者生存率差异无统计学意义,基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数不同,患者的生存期差异有统计学意义(x2=10.631,P＜0.01).结论 定期监测艾滋病感染人群的CD+ 4T淋巴细胞计数,定期随访观察他们的临床症状,早期对患者开展抗病毒治疗更有利于延长病人的生存时间.     

四川省艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生存时间分析

目的 了解四川省艾滋病抗病毒治疗人群基本特征及抗病毒治疗后生存时间.方法 利用国家DataFax 抗病毒治疗信息收集系统中四川省治疗数据信息,使用SPSS 13.0进行相关分析.结果 本研究纳入766例患者,基线CD4+ T≤200 个/mm3时开始抗病毒治疗的患者占68.6％( 526/766)；截止到2009年9月30日,共有114例研究对象死亡,其中82.5％ (94/114)死于艾滋病相关疾病,死于意外、自杀和其他原因的分别有4、3、12例；患者抗病毒治疗后1年的生存率为90％,2年生存率为85％,3年生存率为82％；含AZT方案/d4T方案患者生存率差异无统计学意义；艾滋病相关疾病死亡的94例中,有82例开始抗病毒治疗时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≤200 个/mm3,占87.2％,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数＞200个/mm3时开始治疗的患者占12.8％ (12/94).开始治疗时不同CD4+T淋巴细胞计数患者的生存期差异有统计学意义(x2=15.682,P＜0.01).结论 四川省抗病毒治疗患者的生存率变化趋势与全国水平基本一致,根据WHO最新修订的艾滋病抗病毒治疗纳入标准,需要提前感染者开始抗病毒治疗的时间.     

142例农村艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者免费抗病毒治疗效果及生存分析

目的 了解艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)接受国家免费抗病毒治疗后的依从性、免疫学变化和生存情况.方法 选择闻喜县2004年7月1日至2006年底所有纳入免费抗病毒治疗项目,且年满18周岁的HIV/AIDS纳入研究分析,所有患者在治疗前和治疗后的第0.5、1、2、3、6、9……个月均接受相关流行病学调查和实验室检查,监测服药依从性、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数变化和生存情况等.结果 病例平均随访时间为16.5个月[四分位距(IQR):15.5～20.8个月].经抗病毒治疗前,病例CD4+T淋巴细胞计数中位数值为154个/μl[四分位距(IQR):81～212个/μl];治疗后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均不同程度升高,治疗初3个月增长幅度最大,从基线水平的154个/μl上升到220个/μl(P<0.001),随后增长减缓,保持在相对稳定水平.相比基线CO4+T淋巴细胞计数≥100个/μl的病例,<100个/μl的病例治疗初3个月该细胞计数增长幅度更大.病例治疗后第3、12、24个月累计生存率分别为0.94、0.88和0.87,应用Cox比例风险回归模型做多因素分析发现,控制初始治疗方案(NVP组和EFV/IDV组)变量后,与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<50个/μl比较,≥50个/μl的病例存活时间更长,死亡危险比(HR)为0.21(95%CI:0.06～0.68).结论 抗病毒治疗对HIV/AIDS具有较好的免疫学治疗效果;患者治疗后生存时间与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平密切相关.     

2004-2012年济南市艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的了解济南市艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗情况,为进一步提高抗病毒治疗效果提供科学依据。方法利用国家艾滋病网络直报系统有关患者抗病毒治疗随访记录和相关检测信息,分析治疗患者的人口学特征、治疗方案、CD4＋T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量等相关信息。结果 2004-2012年济南市累计治疗218例艾滋病患者,治疗后生存时间中位数为18个月,QL~QΜ为7~32个月,治疗后前3个月内CD4＋T淋巴细胞数月均增加41.09个/μl,治疗1年后117例（84.2%）患者的病毒载量被抑制。基线CD4＋T细胞计数水平不同,生存曲线存在明显差异。结论治疗前基线CD4＋T淋巴细胞计数对治疗效果,尤其是生存时间影响较大,选定治疗时机尤为重要。     

云南省德宏州3103例艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗后生存分析

目的 了解云南省德宏州艾滋病患者接受国家免费抗病毒治疗后的生存情况.方法 采用回顾性研究,对德宏州2004年7月1日至2009年12月31日接受国家免费抗病毒治疗、入组抗病毒治疗时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数＜350个/μl、且年满16周岁的所有艾滋病患者进行分析.结果 共计3103例艾滋病患者开展了抗病毒治疗,平均年龄(36.0±9.9)岁,62.4%是男性,感染途径以经异性性传播为主(66.2%).病例平均随访治疗时间为21.7个月,绝大部分病例依从性＞90%,即平均每月漏服次数不足1～5次.抗病毒治疗后,第1、2、3、4、5年的累计生存率分别为0.95、0.94、0.93、0.92和0.92.Cox比例风险回归模型分析发现:在控制了年龄、性别、婚姻状况等因素的潜在混杂作用影响后,基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平以及传播途径与其生存时间之间存在统计学关联.基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数在200～350个/mm3之间死于艾滋病相关疾病的风险较基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数＜200个/mm3的艾滋病患者低(HR=0.16,95%Cl:0.09～0.28)、经母婴传播等途径(不包括经异性性传播途径)感染HIV的患者死于艾滋病相关疾病的风险较经静脉注射毒品途径感染HIV者低(HR=0.35,95%Cl:0.13～1.00).结论 免费抗病毒治疗显著提高了艾滋病患者的生存率,较早启动抗病毒治疗有望取得更好的生存效果.     

河南省2003—2009年艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生存状况分析

目的 了解河南省艾滋病患者接受抗病毒治疗后的生存状况及影响患者治疗后生存时间的因素.方法 利用国家成年人DataFax抗病毒治疗信息系统,收集2003-2009年全省抗病毒治疗者的生存、死亡信息,采用Cox比例风险回归模型对影响艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗生存时问的因素进行分析.结果 共收集24 669例有效接受抗病毒治疗的艾滋病患者流行病学信息,其中存活18 683例,死亡5986例.艾滋病患者总病死率从2003年的20.1/100人年降到2008年的5.1/100人年.艾滋病患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平不同、合并机会性感染情况不同的感染者生存曲线差异有统计学意义.多因素Cox回归分析显示,影响艾滋病患者生存时间的危险因素是:基线CD4+T淋巴细胞＜50 cells/μl(HR=4.4)、CD4+T淋巴细胞在50 ～ 199 cells/μl(HR=2.0)、血红蛋白＜90 g/L的中度贫血(HR=1.8)、基线合并机会性感染症状数多者死亡风险高(HR=1.7).其他影响艾滋病治疗者生存时间的危险因素为年龄≥60岁、男性、未婚或离异、谷丙转氨酶值较高、性传播或注射毒品传播(HR值分别为2.2、1.6、1.5、1.3、1.2).影响艾滋病患者治疗后生存时间的保护因素:开始抗病毒时间较早(HR=0.8)和抗病毒治疗前配偶也是HIV感染者(HR=0.8).结论 河南省艾滋病免费抗病毒治疗降低了艾滋病死亡率,延长患者的生存时间;需要进一步监测艾滋病患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞数量变化及机会性感染情况,及时开展艾滋病的抗病毒治疗.     

内江市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果影响因素分析

目的探讨HIV感染者及艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗效果的影响因素。方法选择中国疾病预防控制信息系统中录入在案的内江市2011-2015年首次进行抗病毒治疗的315例HIV/AIDS患者作为研究对象,收集一般人口学特征信息、治疗方案、漏服情况、临床分期、基线及治疗不同时间后的CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数水平,使用Excel 2003建立数据库,根据治疗1年后CD4细胞计数是否升高100 cells/μl分为升高组与非升高组,采用探索性病例对照研究记录相关信息,采用SPSS 21.0统计软件对可能影响CD4细胞计数升高的因素进行卡方分析、Logistic回归分析。结果 315例研究对象中有289例随访满12个月,157例治疗12个月后CD4细胞计数升高100 cells/μl,基线CD4细胞计数、临床分期、漏服情况与抗病毒治疗后CD4细胞计数升高有相关性,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,临床Ⅲ期、漏服是危险因素,基线CD4200 cells/μl是保护因素(P0.05)。结论基线CD4细胞计数、临床分期、漏服情况是影响HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗后CD4淋巴细胞计数升高程度的相关因素,在临床实践中应加强重视,科学有效地发挥抗病毒治疗的效果。     

湖北省接受艾滋病HAART患者CD4+T淋巴细胞变化趋势及影响因素

目的 分析湖北省接受艾滋病HAART患者CD4⁺T淋巴细胞变化趋势及影响因素。 方法 筛选2012年1月1日以后接受HAART的成年患者,利用一般线性模型、重复测量方差分析来分析患者的基线、治疗后6、12个月的CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数情况及影响因素。 结果 1 843例研究对象基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数均值为(218.94±143.96)个/μl,接受HAART后6个月为(334.31±188.62)个/μl,12个月后为(382.79±204.44)个/μl,差异有统计学意义(F=6 856.98,P=0.000)。影响HAART治疗后CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数上升的主要因素是:性别、开始治疗年龄、WHO临床分期、初始治疗方案、基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数。受性别、基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数、开始治疗年龄、初始治疗方案等影响,治疗后CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数随时间推移呈线性上升趋势;其中,女性、开始治疗年龄越小、基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数越高、初始治疗方案含二线药物的患者上升较快。受WHO临床分期因素影响,治疗后CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数随时间推移上升趋势符合二次方曲线方程,WHO临床分期越靠前,上升速度较快。 结论 湖北省艾滋病患者接受HAART后CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数上升受多种因素影响,建议针对不同的患者及早开展HAART,提高抗病毒治疗的效果和患者生命质量。     

布拖县抗病毒治疗艾滋病病人死亡因素分析

目的探讨艾滋病抗病毒治疗病人死亡主要因素,提高抗病毒治疗质量,降低病死率。方法采用国家艾滋病抗病毒治疗数据库相关数据,对当地历年抗病毒治疗病死人员基本信息、生存时间、CD4淋巴细胞计数用SPSS 18.0软件统计分析。结果2005-2012年共计1 722名艾滋病病人接受抗病毒治疗,其中因艾滋病相关疾病死亡141人,累计病死率为8.19%;死亡的患者平均生存452 d,40.42%(57/141)在抗病毒治疗第1 a死亡。死亡患者基线CD4淋巴细胞计数分组比较生存时间差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论当地抗病毒治疗病人病死率呈上升趋势,死亡主要发生在治疗的第1 a,基线CD4淋巴细胞计数与病人生存时间相关。     

淮安市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的评估淮安市人类免疫缺陷病毒(感染者)/艾滋病(患者)(HIV/AIDS)实施免费抗病毒治疗的效果。方法收集2005—2013年在淮安市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS的资料,分析治疗前后不同时间的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数以及治疗后病毒抑制率。结果共214例HIV/AIDS接受抗病毒治疗,在治194例,死亡20例。治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞平均值为(170.1±117.3)个/μl,治疗后3、6个月和1、2、3、4、5年与治疗前相比,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均有增加(P0.05)。治疗1年后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数较基线平均增加146.7个/μl,病毒抑制率为81.48%。有94例更换过抗病毒治疗药物,换药原因主要为药物不良。结论淮安市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果较好,可以有效抑制病毒复制,重建免疫功能,提高患者生存质量。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.