传染病世界疫情简报

1禽流感与人禽流感 中国禽流感疫情：2005年10月19日，内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市赛罕区巴彦镇腾家营村一珍禽养殖场发生H5N1禽流感疫情。此次疫情造成2600羽禽只死亡。11月6日卫生部新闻发言人通报了湖南省湘潭县3例不明原因肺炎病人的有关情况，专家综合分析认为这3例目前诊断为不明原因肺炎，但不能排除人感染H5N1禽流感可能，目前世界卫生组织专家正在协助调查此次事件。11月6日，辽宁省新市蒙古族自治县大阪镇朝寺村、锦州市南站新区大岭村、锦州市北宁市养殖户饲养的鸡出现死亡，11月9日经国家禽流感参考实验室确诊。疫情为H5N1亚型高致病禽流感。疫点周围3公里范围内扑杀家禽300万只。11月2日湖北省京山县养殖户饲养的家禽发生H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感疫情，此次疫情涉及2个乡镇，共死亡家禽2500只。11月6日，安徽省淮南市田家庵区曹庵镇范圩村养殖户饲养的家禽发生H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感疫情，死亡家禽800只，扑杀家禽126185只，受威胁区紧急免疫家禽279699只。     

郑州市10例人感染H7N9禽流感病例分析

目的分析郑州市报告的人感染H7N9禽流感病例的临床与流行病学特征。方法收集2017年1～5月郑州市报告的10例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例的临床及流行病学资料,采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 10例确诊病例中死亡3例,病死率为30%;病例呈散发,无聚集性疫情报告;病例大多以发热为首发症状,主要临床表现有发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难等,肺部影像学检查表现为一侧或双侧肺炎,4例病人有胸腔积液;就诊次数中位数3次(3～5次),发病到确诊日期间隔中位时间为8 d(6～19 d);均在冬春季节发病;发病年龄平均为52. 1岁,以中老年人为主,男女比例为9∶1,7例病例来自农村地区; 10例病例中8例在发病前2周内有禽类接触史; 295名密切接触者中5人出现低热、咳嗽症状,咽拭子检测结果显示H7N9禽流感病毒核酸均呈阴性。结论中老年男性是人感染H7N9禽流感的高危人群,暂未发现人传人的证据,冬春季是高发季节,活禽市场暴露或活禽接触是人感染H7N9禽流感发病的危险因素。     

我们为什么要重视"禽流感"

7月6日,国家禽流感参考实验室最终确诊,发生在安微省巢湖市居巢区的鸡只死亡,为H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感。10月25日,国家禽流感参考实验室确诊为H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。专家认为,湖南湘潭县高致病性禽流感疫情初步怀疑为水禽带毒所致。禽流感,可以形象地理解为鸡鸭类的“感冒”,主要在禽类中传染,鸡鸭等感染后会产生呼吸、神经等系统和全身中毒症状。因此过去一度把它称为“鸡瘟”。但今天的科学发现已经证明,禽流感根本不是“鸡瘟”。当这种情况发生在人和禽共同感染时,就会     

人禽流感诊疗方案（2005版修订版）

人禽流行性感冒（以下称人禽流感）是由禽甲型流感病毒某些亚型中的一些毒株引起的急性呼吸道传染病。早在1981年，美国即有禽流感病毒H7N7感染人类引起结膜炎的报道。1997年，我国香港特别行政区发生H5N1型人禽流感，导致6人死亡，在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。近年来，人们又先后获得了H9N2、H7N2、H7N3亚型禽流感病毒感染人类的证据，荷兰、越南、泰国、柬埔寨、印尼及我国相继出现了人禽流感病例。尽管目前人禽流感只是在局部地区出现，但是，考虑到人类对禽流感病毒普遍缺乏免疫力、人类感染H5N1型禽流感病毒后的高病死率以及可能出现的病毒变异等，     

炭疽病诊断治疗与处置方案（2005年版）

人禽流行性感冒（以下称人禽流感）是由禽甲型流感病毒某些亚型中的一些毒株引起的急性呼吸道传染病。早在1981年，美国即有禽流感病毒H7N7感染人类引起结膜炎的报道。1997年，我国香港特别行政区发生H5N1型人禽流感，导致6人死亡，在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。近年来，人们又先后获得了H9N2、H7N2、H7N3亚型禽流感病毒感染人类的证据，荷兰、越南、泰国、柬埔寨、印尼及我国相继出现了人禽流感病例。     

坏消息

11月9日，在陕西省靖边县人民医院开展支援工作的苏州大学附属第二医院妇产科副主任医师史明，倒在宿舍卫生间里，经抢救无效去世。这一天，距离他圆满完成援陕任务只剩4天。年仅38岁的他，死因初步认定为劳累过度导致的心源性猝死。10月19日，国家卫生计生委向世界卫生组织通报新增2例人感染H7N9禽流感实验室确诊病例。第一例为乌鲁木齐市一名44岁女性，她于9月4日发病、9月9日死亡，该病例具有活禽暴露史。第二例为北京市一名7岁女童，她于9月16日发病，病情轻微。     

人禽流行性感冒

人禽流行性感冒（以下称人禽流感）是由禽甲型流感病毒某些亚型中的一些毒株引起的思性呼吸道传染病。早在1981年，美国即有禽流感病毒H7N7感染人类引起结膜炎的报道。1997年，我国香港特别行政区发生H5N1型人禽流感，导致6人死亡，在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。近年来，人们又先后获得了H9N2、H7N2、H7N3亚型禽流感病毒感染人类的证据，荷兰、越南、泰国、柬埔寨、印尼及我国相继出现了人禽流感病例。     

人禽流感诊疗方案

人禽流行性感冒（以下称人禽流感）是由禽甲型流感病毒某些亚型中的一些毒株引起的急性呼吸道传染病。早在1981年，美国即有禽流感病毒H7N7感染人类引起结膜炎的报道。1997年，我国香港特别行政区发生H5N1型人禽流感，导致6人死亡，在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。近年来，人们又先后获得了H9N2、H7N2、H7N3亚型禽流感病毒感染人类的证据，荷兰、越南、泰国、柬埔寨、印尼及我国相继出现了人禽流感病例。     

2005年5至6月份传染病世界疫情简报

印度尼西亚对Banten省Tangerang地区猪感染H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的情况进行了3次抽样调查。第一次调查于2005年2月23日在Legok小区的Babat村进行,10份猪鼻拭子标本中5份H5N1阳性：第二次调查于2005年4月14日在Panongan小区的Rancaiyuh村进行,10份猪鼻拭子标本中6份H5N1阳性;第三次调查于2005年4月26日在Legok小区的Babat村进行,6份猪鼻拭子标本中1份H5N1阳性。但猪均未出现禽流感的临床症状。该结果证实了猪是禽流感病毒的又一宿主。从2004年12月16日到2005年6月8日,东亚实验室证实的人禽流感病总数达到56例,     

WHO通报越南禽流感发病情况

2010年4月6日和9日,越南国家卫生与流行病研究所又确诊2例新增人H5N1型禽流感病例。第一例确诊病例是1名BacKan省NhuCo地区的22岁男子,于2010年3月28日出现临床症状,由于病情加重而入院接受治疗。其确诊时间为2010年4月3日。流行病学调查表明患者家乡及其周边地区有病死家禽。第2例患者是一个居住同一地区的2岁女孩,2010年4月3日出现临床症状。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.