急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入术后心肌内出血的相关因素分析

目的 评估中国人群中急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)介入手术后心肌内出血(IMH)的发病率,并探究IMH 形成的相关预测因素,为STEMI 治疗和预后提供个体化的诊疗措施.方法 该观察队列研究是在成功心肌再灌注STEMI 的患者中进行的,其心脏磁共振(CMR)检查为急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后(5.71±...     

The contribution of intramyocardial hemorrhage to the "no-reflow phenomenon": a study performed by cardiac magnetic resonance

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is sometimes complicated by microvascular damage and hemorrhage. Hemoglobin degradation products have magnetic susceptibility effects which help in detecting hemorrhagic AMI by T₂‐weighted cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images. Objectives: To investigate the possibility to detect intramyocardial hemorrhage after AMI and to assess its contribution to the delayed hypoenhanced core on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR, a feature traditionally referred to as microvascular obstruction. Methods: Consecutive patients with AMI who underwent PCI and CMR were investigated. Hypointense zones T₂‐weighted images were labelled as “hemorrhagic” AMI. Areas of late hypoenhancement on LGE CMR were considered as regions of persistent microvascular damage (PMD). Only transmural AMI were considered. Results: A total number of 108 transmural AMI patients were eventually enrolled and divided into two groups according to the presence of hypoenhancement on T₂ images. Thirty‐two patients showed an hypointense stria within the high signal intensity zone on T₂‐weighted images; all these patients showed midmural PMD on LGE. Among the remaining 76 patients, only 14 (18.4%) showed PMD in the subendocardial region. The angiographic outcome was worse in patients with hemorrhagic AMI, with a lower prevalence of TIMI 3 (65.6% vs. 96.1%, P = 0.017) and higher prevalence of myocardial blush grade 0 (84.4% vs. 13.2%, P < 0.001) post‐PCI. Conclusions: T₂‐weighted CMR in reperfused AMI allows identification of hemorrhage, related to PMD areas on LGE images and to a worse reperfusion profile on angiography. These features open new avenues of investigation for prognostic assessment of reperfused AMI. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1120‐1129)     

Intramyocardial dissecting hematoma: Two case reports and a meta‐analysis of the literature

Until recently, diagnosis of intramyocardial dissecting hematoma (IDH) was performed during necropsy or at surgery. During the recent years, echocardiography has permitted clinical suspicion, which usually needed confirmation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we tried to define clinical and imaging features of IDH and predictors of mortality. We searched the literature for proven cases of IDH and analyzed them together with 2 of our cases. A total of 40 cases of IDH (2 our original and 38 literature cases) were included. Mean age was 60. In 32 cases, IDH was a complication of myocardial infarction (MI), in 66% anterior, a mean time from symptoms to diagnosis was 9 days. Thirty‐eight % underwent surgery. In‐hospital mortality was 23%. Multivariate analysis showed that the strongest independent predictor of mortality (42%) was EF < 35%; in patients with age >60, mortality risk was 44%; and in the presence of MI or late diagnosis (>24 hours since symptoms started), mortality risk was 50%. In summary, IDH is a diagnostic challenge. A high level of suspicion is needed for prompt diagnosis. Management of these patients is based on individual clinical and imaging parameters. Low EF, age > 60, and late diagnosis, all are predictors of in‐hospital mortality.     

Infarct Related Intramyocardial Dissection

Dissecting intramyocardial hematoma is a rare mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). We describe four patients who sustained an acute inferior / inferoposterior MI, developed a new pansystolic murmur, and hemodynamically deteriorated in the first week following infarction. Two-dimensional echocardiography identified a complex rupture that dissected across the inferior portion of the interventricular septum, tunneled through right ventricular (RV) myocardium, and reentered the cavity of the RV. Color flow Doppler was particularly valuable in identifying the serpiginous course of the dissections as well as the entry and exit points. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated markedly increased right heart filling pressures, multivessel coronary artery disease, and evidence of the ventricular septal rupture. One patient died prior to surgery, and the other three expired within 24 hours of attempted surgical repair. We conclude that intramyocardial dissection is a complication of inferior / inferoposterior MI that can be rapidly diagnosed by echocardiography.     

Dissecting Intramyocardial Hematoma: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, Outcomes and Delineation by Echocardiography

Background: In large necropsy studies dissecting intramyocardial hematoma (DIH) with serpiginous tracts across the myocardial fibers has been reported in both the septum and the left ventricle free wall. Methods: We studied 15 patients admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in which DIH was demonstrated by either transthoracic and/or transesophageal and confirmed intraoperatively or by necropsy. Results: In nine patients the hemorrhagic dissection was predominantly in the septum and in the remaining it was in the free wall of the left ventricle (LV). Myocardial infarction involved the left ventricular inferior wall in two, and the anterior wall in 13 patients. The overall mortality was 47%, and in the group with septal hematoma it reached to 78%. Echocardiography disclosed the various acoustic densities of the evolving intramyocardial hematoma, its extension through the hemorrhagic dissection, its spontaneous reabsorption, as well as its communication with the ventricular cavities. Conclusions: Echocardiography is the method of choice for the noninvasive diagnosis of patients with suspected myocardial rupture and intramyocardial dissection postmyocardial infarction.     

Abciximab-induced alveolar hemorrhage after percutaneous coronary intervention

Abciximab, a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor, has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, there is a well-documented increase in bleeding risk associated with the use of this agent. Spontaneous pulmonary hemorrhage is a particularly rare and easily misdiagnosed complication that requires early diagnosis to ensure patient survival. A 61-year-old man presented to the emergency department with chest pain and inferolateral ST elevation on electrocardiogram. A paclitaxel drug-eluting stent was then placed in the left circumflex artery, without complications. Abciximab (a bolus of 0.25 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 10 mg/min for 12 h) was given. Approximately 20 min later, the patient developed dyspnea and hemoptysis. A chest radiograph revealed new bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrates, and the patient was started on empirical antibiotics for pneumonia. Because of increasing dyspnea and somnolence, the patient was intubated and bronchoscopy was performed, revealing serial hemorrhagic returns from the left lower lobe, diagnostic of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and judged to be secondary to abciximab, given the time course. All antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents were stopped. The patient stabilized over the next several days, with some recurrent hemoptysis, and was successfully extubated seven days later. Prognosis remains poor in GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, and early diagnosis is critical so that antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents may be discontinued in a timely manner. A high degree of suspicion is required when treating a patient who presents with dyspnea and new radiological infiltrates after receiving a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor.     

Survival in Infarct Related Intramyocardial Dissection Importance of Early Echocardiography and Prompt Surgery

Infarct related intramyocardial dissection, an unusual mechanical complication associated with recent inferior/inferoposterior myocardial infarction, is characterized by a septal defect and a dissection tract that originates on the left side of the interventricular septum, extends beyond the septum into the right ventricular free wall, and subsequently re-enters the right ventricle. The utility of echo-cardiography for diagnosis has been described. Despite aggressive therapy, the prognosis of intramyocardial dissection is reported to be dismal. We describe the use of prompt echocardiography in two patients, which established the diagnosis of infarct related intramyocardial dissection allowing early definitive surgery and long-term survival.     

急性心肌梗死患者冠脉介入术后住院期间MACCE及大出血的相关因素

目的:回顾性分析急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者住院行冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗术后发生主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）及大出血的相关因素。方法: 以2006年9月～2010年8月收住的280例AMI行PCI手术的患者为研究对象,分为病例组（包括MACCE组及大出血组）和对照组。搜集左室射血分数（LVEF）、血常规、血凝、肝肾功、血脂、血糖、心肌标志物等实验室数据以及球囊和支架扩张罪犯血管的部位、最高压力、时限、次数等指标,采用多因素Logistic回归的方法分析上述因素与MACCE及大出血的相关性。结果: 与手术相关的多因素Logistic回归分析显示支架扩张最高压力与MACCE具有相关性（P<0.01）;手术因素与大出血无任何相关。涵盖手术因素及实验室、病变及一般临床因素等多因素Logistic回归分析显示总胆固醇（TC）、心肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、非弥漫性病变与MACCE具有相关性（P<0.05）;而手术因素即支架扩张最高压力则失去了预测效能。与大出血具有相关性的指标是肌酐（Cr）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、分叉病变、LVEF值（P<0.05）。结论: TC、cTnI、非弥漫性病变成为MACCE的相关因素。与手术因素相比TC、cTnI 、非弥漫性病变对预测MACCE价值更大。而Cr、LDL-C、分叉病变、LVEF值成为大出血的相关因素。     

~(99m)Tc-MIBI门控心肌灌注显像在PCI术前及术后的应用价值

目的探讨99m锝~甲氧基异丁基异腈(~(99m)Tc-MIBI)运动/静息门控心肌灌注显像(G-MPI)对于冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者行经皮冠状动脉介人治疗(PCI)术前和术后的临床应用价值。方法选取2014年9月至2015年12月内蒙古医科大学附属医院接受PCI术的CAD患者30例,术前2周及术后3个月行~(99m)Tc-MIBI运动/静息G-MPI,对比手术前后心肌灌注异常节段、负荷/静息灌注总积分、左室射血分数(LVEF)、心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、心室收缩末期容积(ESV)及运动异常节段的变化。结果狭窄程度75%的44支血管对应320个节段,心肌可逆性缺损(RD)患者的异常节段数术前和术后3个月差异有明显统计学意义(x~2=231.867,P0.001)。心肌固定性缺损(FD)患者的异常节段数术前和术后差异无统计学意义(x~2=3.398,P0.05)。RD患者术前与术后3个月的负荷灌注总积分(SSS)、静息灌注总积分(SRS)的差异有统计学意义(t=2.457,2.115,P0.05),FD患者术前和术后3个月SSS的差异有统计学意义(t=2.042,P0.05),而SRS的差异无统计学意义(t=0.258,P0.05)。PCI术后LVEF、EDV、ESV较术前增加,但差异无统计学意义(t=0.075,0.032,0.022;P0.05)。320个总节段中,运动异常节段数术前和术后差异无统计学意义(x~2=3.570,P0.05)。结论 ~(99m)Tc-MIBI运动/静息G-MPI对于CAD患者PCI术前治疗方案确定、病例选择、危险度分层及术后疗效评估均有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin plus abciximab on infarct size and myocardial recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the horizons-AMI CMRI substudy

Background : Myocardial infarct size is a strong independent predictor of mortality in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In the Harmonizing Outcomes with RevasculariZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS‐AMI) trial, bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor reduced cardiac mortality in STEMI patients, which was attributed to reduced major bleeding. Whether a possible reduction in infarct size with bivalirudin may have contributed to the enhanced survival with this agent is unknown. Methods : Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 7 days and after 6 months in 51 randomized patients from a single center in HORIZONS‐AMI trial (N = 28 bivalirudin, N = 23 heparin plus abciximab). Infarct size, microvascular obstruction (MVO), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volume indices were evaluated. Results : Infarct size was not significantly different after treatment with bivalirudin compared with heparin plus abciximab either within 7 days (median 9.3% [interquartile range 4.9%, 26.6%] vs. 20.0% [5.9%, 28.2%], P = 0.28) or at 6 months 6.7% [3.8%, 20.0%] vs. 8.2% [1.8%, 16.5%], P = 0.73). MVO was present in 28.6% versus 34.8% of patients respectively (P = 0.63). LVEF and LV volume indices also did not significantly differ between the two groups at either time period, nor were differences in myocardial recovery evident. Conclusions : In conclusion, in the HORIZONS‐AMI Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) substudy, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging within 7 days and at 6 months after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) did not demonstrate significant differences in infarct size, MVO, LVEF, or LV volume indices in patients treated with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin plus abciximab. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

急性心肌梗死患者心肌灌注状况对经皮冠状动脉介入术后心功能的影响

目的采用经冠状动脉超声心肌声学造影(MCE)评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌灌注状况对经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后心功能改善的影响,并探讨其相关临床意义。方法 18例AMI患者于PCI前及术后15 min分别经左主干或右冠状动脉注射超声声学造影剂,进行MCE实时显影,以视觉评分方式定性分析PCI前后相应心肌节段灌注状况;术后1个月经二维超声评价左心室室壁运动;利用灌注评分指数(PSI)及室壁运动评分指数(WMSI)分析PCI前后心肌灌注水平对心功能改善的影响。结果术前心肌灌注评分为0分的30个心肌节段中,20个(66.7%)术后1个月室壁运动评分为3~5分;而术前心肌灌注评分为2分的11个心肌节段中,有8个(72.7%)1个月时室壁运动评分为1~2分;统计学分析显示,PCI前心肌灌注与1个月室壁运动状况有关(P0.05)。术后心肌灌注评分为0分的12个心肌节段中,11个(91.7%)术后1个月室壁运动评分为3~5分;而术后心肌灌注评分为2分的22个心肌节段中,有17个(77.2%)1个月时室壁运动评分为1~2分;统计学分析显示,PCI后心肌灌注与1个月室壁运动状况有关(P0.01)。结合WMSI及PSI综合评价术后心肌灌注水平与左心室收缩功能的关系,发现二者存在明显相关性(P0.01)。结论 AMI患者心肌灌注状况对PCI后心功能改善有明显影响;经冠状动脉MCE可较准确的判断AMI患者微循环灌注范围,评估术后心功能,故可能对患者的临床预后判断有一定预测价值。     

Changes in myocardial ischemic burden following percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions

Objectives: We assessed the potential for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) to decrease myocardial ischemia and established objective criteria to predict post‐procedure improvement. Background: Optimal treatment for CTO of coronary arteries is controversial, and selection criteria for PCI of CTO are subjective. Methods: All patients undergoing CTO PCI at a single center between 2002 and 2007 were included if myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was performed within 12 ± 3 months before and a follow‐up study within 12 ± 3 months after PCI. Average summed difference scores were calculated and converted to percent ischemic myocardium to classify patients as having normal/minimal, mild, moderate, or severe ischemia. A significant improvement in ischemia following PCI was classified as an absolute ≥5% decrease in ischemic myocardium. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify ischemic thresholds predictive of decreased and increased ischemic burden on follow‐up MPI. Results: In 301 patients, average baseline ischemic burden was 13.1% ± 11.9% and decreased to 6.9% ± 6.5% (P < 0.001) during follow‐up. Overall, 53.5% of patients met criteria for improvement following PCI. These patients were more likely to be male, without diabetes, with CTO in the left anterior descending artery, and classified as having high ischemic burden at baseline. ROC analysis identified a baseline 12.5% ischemic burden as optimal in identifying those most likely to have a significantly decreased ischemic burden post‐PCI. Those with a baseline ischemic burden less than 6.25% were more likely to have an increased ischemic burden post‐PCI. Conclusions: Ischemic burden is reduced following CTO PCI, and the decrease is greater at high ischemic burden. A threshold of 12.5% ischemic burden is suggested as a criterion for performing PCI in the setting of CTO. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

靶血管髓过氧化物酶对直接冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的探讨靶血管局部髓过氧化物酶（myeloperoxidase,MPO）浓度对急性心肌梗死患者行直接经皮冠状动脉介入（primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI）治疗后心肌灌注的影响。方法纳入行PPCI治疗、并行血栓抽吸术的sT段抬高性心肌梗死患者148为研究对象。冠状动脉造影前,经动脉鞘取血3mL;PPCI治疗前．采用Export XT血栓抽吸导管在靶血管内抽吸血栓,过滤栓子等成分,分离血清备用。按照常规方法植入支架。主要终点为术后心肌呈色分级（myocardialblushgrades,MBG）,次要终点为血流心肌梗死溶栓（thrombolysis in myocardial infarction．TIMI）分级和ST段回落幅度。血清MPO浓度采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测。结果MBG0～1级患者局部MPO浓度为（79．3±8．7）ng／L,MBG2级为（73．7±10．4）ng／L,MBG3级为（53．2±9．8）ng／L,不同MBG分级间血清MPO浓度比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血流TIMI3级患者局部MPO浓度低于TIMI1～2级者,差异有统计学意义[（59．6±8．8）ng／L％（72．9±7．6）ng／L,P〈O．05]。ST段回落≥70％患者局部MPO浓度低于sT段回落〈70％的患者,差异有统计学意义[（55．3±7.3）ng／Lvs（82．7±8．1）ng／L,P〈O．05]。外周动脉血中的MPO浓度与MBG分级、TIMl分级和sT段是否完全回落没有显著相关（P〉0．05）。结论急性心肌梗死患者中,PPCI治疗后心肌灌注不良伴随靶血管局部MPO浓度升高,全身的MPO浓度与术后心肌灌注无明显关系。     

Subepicardial Aneurysm: Echocardiographic Evaluation and Evolution

Subepicardial aneurysms (SEA) are an infrequent and serious form of subacute cardiac rupture complicating myocardial infarction. An early diagnosis and surgical repair may be life saving. SEA comprise an abrupt interruption of the myocardium, with a narrow neck and thin wall containing only the epicardium. It may progress to fatal cardiorrhexis. We describe the echocardiographic evolution of this type of cardiac rupture and the contribution of contrast-enhanced echocardiography. A possible pathophysiological mechanism is proposed.