老年性白内障晶体游离氨基酸的测定

检出人晶体中的天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸共18种游离的氨基酸。但是在老年性白内障晶体中,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和组氨酸11种氨基酸的含量明显降低(P<0.05),其中5种是必需氨基酸,这可为进一步研究白内障形成的机制及其临床治疗提供一些线索。     

American Uveitis Society Meeting October 30, 1995 Marriott Marquis Hotel, Atlanta, GA, USA

1 Retinal vascular occlusion and scleroderma. Tessler H, Flores-Guevara J, Goldstein D, Chicago, IL, USA. 2 MHC Class II antigen expression in ciliary body in spontaneous and experimental uveitis. Kalsow C, Zhavoronkova M, Dwyer A, Rochester, NY & Scottsville, NY, USA. 3 IL-10 in the vitreous of patients with intraocular lymphoma. Whitcup S, Solomon D, Nussenblatt R, Chan C-C, Bethesda, MD, USA 4 Iris juvenile xanthogranuloma studied by immunohistochemistry. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, DePotter P, Collins M, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 5 Outcomes analysis in with JRA-associated uveitis. Dana M-R, Merayo-Lloves J, Foster C, Boston MA, USA. 6 Persistent glaucoma secondary to periocular steroids. Akduman L, Conway M, Burchfield J, Kolker A, Black D, DelPriore L, Kaplan H, St. Louis, MO, USA 7 The use of itraconazole in ocular histoplasmosis Callanan D, Fish G, Dallas, TX, USA 8 Succesful treatment of macular hole secondary to sympathetic ophthalmia. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Ruiz C, Castilla M. Barcelona, Spain. 9 HLA-DR2+ intermediate uveitis. Pulido J, Tang W, Han D, Mieler W. Milwaukee, WI, USA. 10 Vein occlusion in AIDS misdiagnosed as CMV retinitis. Park K, Marx J, Rao N. Los Angeles, CA, USA. 11 HIV-associated foveal hemorrhage. Crews K, Zimmerman P, Lohner S. Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 12 Cytomegalovirus papillitis in patients with AIDS. Patel S, Rutzen A, Marx J, Thach A, Chong L, Rao N, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 13 Recurrence rate of CMV retinitis following the ganciclovir implant and pars plans vitrectomy and silicone oil. Marx J, Thach A, Rao N, Chong L. Los Angeles, CA, USA.     

学龄儿童眼球生物学参数变化的三年队列研究

目的 探讨学龄儿童眼球生物参数变化与近视发展特点。设计 回顾性队列研究。研究对象 6～7岁学龄儿童167例（167眼）。方法 167例儿童3年2次（2011年、2014年）行眼球生物参数与屈光度检查。根据检查结果（取右眼数据）,分为非近视组（2011年与2014年检查均未确定为近视）,新增近视组（2011年检查未近视,2014年检查确定近视）,近视组（2011年与2014年检查均确定为近视）。采用配对样本t检验比较各组参数变化,组间比较采用方差分析。主要指标 等效球镜（SE）、眼轴长度（AL）、角膜曲率半径（CR）、中央角膜厚度（CCT）、前房深度（ACD）、晶状体厚度（LT）、轴率比（AL/CR）等。结果  非近视组105眼2011到2014年SE、CR变化差异无统计学意义（t=0.86、-1.75,P=0.36、0.084）,AL、CCT、ACD、LT、AL/CR变化差异有统计学意义（t=-19.84、-2.28、-13.94、9.81、-8.18,P=0.000、0.025、0.000、0.000、0.000）。新增近视组45眼2011到2014年CR变化差异无统计学意义（t=-1.68,P=0.099）,SE、AL、CCT、ACD、LT、AL/CR变化差异有统计学意义（t=13.09、-15.54、3.37、-15.30、11.16、-61.90,P=0.000、0.000、0.002、0.000、0.000）。近视组17眼2011到2014年CR变化差异无统计学意义（t=-0.35,P=0.733）,SE、AL、CCT、ACD、LT、AL/CR变化差异有统计学意义（t=4.30、-10.70、-2.43、-3.746、4.439、-7.95,P=0.01、0.000、0.027、0.002、0.000、0.000）。3组间2011年SE、AL、ACD、LT、AL/CR比较差异均有统计学意义（F=46.14、8.89、9.29、4.47、11.76,P=0.000、0.000、0.000、0.013、0.000）,非近视组与新增近视组两两比较LT有显著差异;2014年SE、AL、ACD、LT、AL/CR组间比较差异均有统计学意义（F=134.85、24.77、11.17、6.63、41.08,P=0.000、0.000、0.000、0.002、0.000）。结论  三年随访观察显示,此年龄段儿童眼球生物参数变化显示SE降低、AL增长、CCT变厚、ACD加深、LT变薄、AL/CR增大等特点,而CR无明显变化。LT可能是近视发生的预警信号之一。（眼科,2016, 25: 106-109）     

大鼠不同类型白内障晶体的超微结构改变

目的了解不同类型混浊晶体内组织结构的不同改变。方法对三种大鼠白内障晶体的超微结构进行透射电镜观察。结果５０日龄鼠正常组仅晶体核部轻度退行性变；硒性白内障晶体皮质和核部细胞间连接破坏严重，线粒体变性较多，胞质密度降低，部分胞质液化；半乳糖性白内障晶体皮质部细胞内空泡及球形结构增多，细胞间隙加大且液化明显，核部细胞质似细沙状；先天性白内障晶体皮质部结构尚属正常，但核区细胞间结构破坏较多，胞浆内线粒体空泡变性明显，胞质凝聚，分布不均。结论不同类型白内障晶体内超微结构的改变与其混浊程度及部位有关。     

Cochlin及其编码基因凝血因子C同源物（COCH）在形觉剥夺性近视豚鼠眼球后极部组织的表达

目的　探讨Cochlin及其编码基因凝血因子C同源物（coagulation factor C homology，COCH）在形觉剥夺性近视（form-deprived myopia，FDM）豚鼠眼球后极部组织的表达。方法　选取3周龄的雄性健康三色豚鼠46只，随机分为2组，每组23只，饲养6周。正常对照组的双眼不予任何处理，FDM组的右眼为实验眼，左眼为自身对照，遮盖FDM组豚鼠的右眼，但不压迫右眼角膜和眼睑，保证右眼能自由瞬目。在遮盖后0周、2周、4周及6周时，分别测量两组豚鼠的屈光度、眼轴长度和角膜曲率半径；HE染色观察两组豚鼠后极部巩膜的厚度及形态变化；进行高通量蛋白质组学分析；实时荧光定量PCR检测COCH mRNA的表达量；Western blot检测Cochlin的蛋白表达水平。结果　遮盖前，两组豚鼠眼球的屈光度和眼轴长度双眼间差值（右眼-左眼）差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。遮盖后2周，相比对侧的左眼，FDM组右眼诱导出近视，眼轴相对延长；与正常对照组相比，FDM组右眼的屈光度下降，眼轴长度增加，差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。遮盖后4周和6周，FDM组的右眼相对左眼近视进一步加深，眼轴相对更加延长，近视度数和眼轴长度双眼间差值较正常对照组差异进一步加大，差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。遮盖前，遮盖后2周、4周及6周，两组豚鼠眼球的角膜曲率半径双眼间差值差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。遮盖后6周，HE染色结果显示，正常对照组右眼后极部巩膜的厚度正常，胶原纤维排列致密规则，未见断裂现象。然而FDM组右眼的后极部巩膜变薄，胶原纤维变细，变稀疏，间隙变大，且部分纤维出现断裂现象。蛋白质组学分析结果显示，正常对照组和FDM组间表达差异在1.3倍以上的蛋白共221种，其中100种上调，121种下调。其中Cochlin在FDM组豚鼠眼球后极部组织的表达量是正常对照组的3.77倍，升高趋势最明显。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示，遮盖后6周，在正常对照组和FDM组右眼后极部组织中，COCH mRNA的相对表达量分别为0.38±0.15和1.86±0.35。FDM组的相对表达量明显高于正常对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Western blot检测结果显示，在正常对照组和FDM组右眼后极部组织中，Cochlin与GAPDH的灰度比值分别为0.37±0.14和0.73±0.15。FDM组Cochlin的表达水平显著高于正常对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　FDM豚鼠眼球后极部组织中可检测到COCH mRNA和蛋白Cochlin的表达上调，提示COCH可能在FDM的发生发展中起到重要作用。     

American Uveitis Society Meeting, May 13,1995 Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA

1 Confirmation of Bartonella henselae as the cause of cat scratch related acute neuroretinitis and prospective observation to its response to oral doxycycline and rifampin. Reed B, Smith R, Dolan M, Wong M, Scales D, Department of Ophthalmology & Infectious Disease, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX, USA. 2 Recurrence rate of CMV retinitis in patients following pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Marx JL, Thach AB, Reingold W, Terry B, Rao NA, Chong LP. Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 3 A PCR based assay for the diagnosis of AIDS related VZV retinitis. Margolis T, Short G, Schwartz D, Irvine A, Martin D, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA. 4 Presumptive ocular sarcoidosis. Dodds EM, Lowder CY, Meisler DM. Division of Ophthalmology, Cleveland, OH, USA. 5 Prevalence of uveitis in an outpatient juvenile arthritis clinic. Akduman L, Tychsen L, Kaplan HJ, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. 6 The role of choroidal dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Choudhury A, Padhye NS, Caspi RR, Bowers WE, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, S.C. and The National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.     

American uveitis society meeting october 31, 1994 san francisco, california

1 Ophthalmic manifestations of presumed rifabutin-related uveitis. Arevalo JF, Freeman WR, La Jolla, CA, USA. 2 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acute anterior uveitis by PCR. Cano J, Diaz M, Navee A, Maldonado M, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Neuroretinits in patients with AIDS. Berger B, Austin TX, USA. 4 Presumed varicella zoster retinitis in a pediatric patient with AIDS. El Baba F, Nachman S, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 5 ARN with hypopyon caused by EVB and herpes type VI viruses. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Maldonado MJ, Barcelona, Spain. 6 CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and ocular infections in HIV(+) patients. Lowder CY, Butler CP, Dodds EM, Recillas-Gispert C, Cleveland, OH, USA. 7 Intravitreal foscanet for persistent CMV. Lieberman RM, Orellana J, New York, NY, USA. 8 Perfluorocarbon liquid versus air-fluid exchange during surgical repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Sery T, Gomes J, Sando R, Dua H, Donoso L, Vrabec T, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 9 Endogenous ophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma: a report of six cases. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, Barrett J, DePotter P, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 10 Ocular lymphoma resembling chronic postoperative endophthalmitis. Fox G, Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 11 A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Whitcup SM, Stark-Vanes V, Nussenblatt RB, Heiss H, Witte R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 12 Cancer-induced autoimmune retinopathy. Thirkill C, Sacramento, CA, USA. 13 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Tessler H. Chicago, IL, USA. 14 Bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes after Candida albicans chorioretinitis. Dodds E, Townsend-Pico W, Lowder CY, Lewis H, Cleveland, OH, USA. 15 An unusual complications of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Gormley PD, Flaxel CJ, Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, Lightman S, London, UK. 16 Surgical removal of a choroidal neovascular membrane in sympahtetic ophthalmia. Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ, Schwartz S, Gregor Z. Lightman S, London, UK. 17 Peripheral laser scatter ablation in pars planitia. Park SE, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Milwaukee, WI, USA.     

Normal periocular anthropometric measurements in the Turkish population

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular and periocular anthropometric measurements of Turkish subjects. METHODS: Corneal diameter, horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure, vertical brow-nasal distance, inter-outer canthal distance, inter-inner canthal distance, inter-pupillary distance, bridge height, lid crease, brow height, levator function, head circumference and interorbital distance were measured in 706 eyes of 353 subjects. RESULTS: In men, the mean corneal diameter was 10.5 mm, horizontal palpepral fissure was 30.0 mm, vertical palpepral fissure was 9.7 mm, vertical brow-nasal distance was 36.9 mm, inter-outer canthal distance was 91.3 mm, inter-inner canthal distance was 30.7 mm, inter-pupillary distance was 60.6 mm, nasal bridge height was 4.7 mm, lid crease was 6.0 mm, pre-tarsal skin height was 2.3 mm, brow height was 9.7 mm, levator function was 14.4 mm, interorbital distance was 99.1 mm and head circumference was 58.0 cm. In female subjects these measurements were 10.3 mm, 30.0 mm, 9.9 mm, 35.1 mm, 90.1 mm, 30.2 mm, 60.1 mm, 4.3 mm, 5.9 mm, 2.1 mm, 9.9 mm, 14.6 mm, 95.8 mm and 55.9 cm, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study we obtained the anthropometric measurements of ocular and periocular structures in Turkish subjects. Knowledge of normal values in a population can be important in the manufacture of spectacles and in clinical and surgical practice.     

Current methods of treating and preventing myopia

In this review, we discuss and compare current methods of treating and preventing myopia including radial keratotomy, keratomileusis, keratophakia, epikeratoplasty, keratokyphosis, scleral reinforcement, phakoemulsification, and heat application. Among the visual training methods are such procedures as biofeedback and behavior modification. The use of drugs, orthokeratology, spectacles, bifocals, prisms, intraocular lenses, contact lenses, and ultrasound are described.     

视网膜母细胞瘤细胞株SO-Rb50及SO-Rb70对六种抗癌药物敏感性测定

目的 利用体外培养的视网膜母细胞瘤（retinoblastoma,Rb）细胞株筛选对Rb敏感的化疗药物。方法 采用噻唑蓝（3,-4,5 Dimethyliazol tetrazolium bromide,MTT）法对SO-Rb50和SO-Rb70瘤细胞株进行更生霉素、长春新碱、鬼臼噻吩甙、柔红霉素、顺氯氧铂、平阳霉素6种药物体外敏感实验．结果 6种药物作用于SO-Rb5048小时50％抑制浓度（50％ inhibitory concenrtation,IC50）值（μg／ml）分别为0.0004、0.0016、0.0389、0.047、0.29、0.44．72小时分别为0.00025、0.00081、0.0151、0.0192、0.097、0.11,作用于SO-R5048小时IC50值分别为0.00065、0.00149、0.0282、0.043、0.37、0.215,72小时分别为0.00042、0.00082、0.0146、0.0176、0.035、0.084．结论 SO-Rb50和SO-RS70瘤细胞对于上述6种化疗药物均敏感,根据其IC50值．药物敏感性顺序依次为更生霉素、长春新碱、鬼臼噻吩甙、柔红霉素、顺氯氨铂、平阳霉素。     

Ocular phenotype correlations in patients with TWIST versus FGFR3 genetic mutations.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Despite the similar clinical phenotype of the Saethre-Chotzen and Muenke craniosynostoses, the 2 syndromes are now genotypically distinct. Patients with Saethre-Chotzen and Muenke syndromes carry mutations in the TWIST and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 3 genes, respectively. We sought to assess possible ocular phenotypic differences in patients with mutations of either gene previously grouped according to phenotype only. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for 21 children with known mutations of the TWIST (n=10) or the FGFR3 (n=11) genes. Data gathered included patient sex, age, family craniofacial history, craniofacial and ophthalmic surgeries, type of strabismus, ptosis, cycloplegic refraction, visual acuity, the presence of amblyopia, nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO), nystagmus, hypertelorism, epicanthal fold anomalies, and any ocular structural abnormalities. RESULTS: In the TWIST group, ptosis was present in 90%, amblyopia in 70%, horizontal strabismus in 70%, vertical strabismus in 60%, NLDO in 60%, astigmatism in 50%, inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) in 40%, hyperopia in 40%, myopia in 30%, nystagmus in 30%, and optic nerve findings in 30%. In the FGFR3 group, ptosis was present in 36%, amblyopia in 18%, horizontal strabismus in 55%, vertical strabismus in 36%, NLDO in 0%, astigmatism in 9%, IOOA in 45%, hyperopia in 27%, myopia in 18%, nystagmus in 18%, and optic nerve findings in 27%. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with TWIST gene mutations may have more ophthalmic abnormalities, including more strabismus, ptosis, NLDO, astigmatism, vertical deviations, and amblyopia compared with patients with FGFR3 gene mutations.     

American Uveitis Society Meeting October 31, 1994 San Francisco,California

1 Ophthalmic manifestations of presumed rifabutin-related uveitis. Arevalo JF, Freeman WR, La Jolla, CA, USA.

2 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acute anterior uveitis by PCR. Cano J, Diaz M, Navee A, Maldonado M, Barcelona, Spain.

3 Neuroretinits in patients with AIDS. Berger B, Austin TX, USA.

4 Presumed varicella zoster retinitis in a pediatric patient with AIDS. El Baba F, Nachman S, Stony Brook, NY, USA.

5 ARN with hypopyon caused by EVB and herpes type VI viruses. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Maldonado MJ, Barcelona, Spain.

6 CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes and ocular infections in HIV⁺ patients. Lowder CY, Butler CP, Dodds EM, Recillas-Gispert C, Cleveland, OH, USA.

7 Intravitreal foscanet for persistent CMV. Lieberman RM, Orellana J, New York, NY, USA.

8 Perfluorocarbon liquid versus air-fluid exchange during surgical repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Sery T, Gomes J, Sando R, Dua H, Donoso L, Vrabec T, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

9 Endogenous ophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma: a report of six cases. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, Barrett J, DePotter P, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

10 Ocular lymphoma resembling chronic postoperative endophthalmitis. Fox G, Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt R, Bethesda, MD, USA.

11 A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Whitcup SM, Stark-Vanes V, Nussenblatt RB, Heiss H, Witte R, Bethesda, MD, USA.

12 Cancer-induced autoimmune retinopathy. Thirkill C, Sacramento, CA, USA.

13 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Tessler H. Chicago, IL, USA.

14 Bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes after Candida albicans chorioretinitis. Dodds E, Townsend-Pico W, Lowder CY, Lewis H, Cleveland, OH, USA.

15 An unusual complications of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Gormley PD, Flaxel CJ, Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, Lightman S, London, UK.

16 Surgical removal of a choroidal neovascular membrane in sympahtetic ophthalmia. Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ, Schwartz S, Gregor Z. Lightman S, London, UK.

17 Peripheral laser scatter ablation in pars planitia. Park SE, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Milwaukee, WI, USA.     

Normal Periocular Anthropometric Measurements in the Turkish Population

Purpose: To evaluate the ocular and periocular anthropometric measurements of Turkish subjects. Methods: Corneal diameter, horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure, vertical brow-nasal distance, inter-outer canthal distance, inter-inner canthal distance, interpupillary distance, bridge height, lid crease, brow height, levator function, head circumference and interorbital distance were measured in 706 eyes of 353 subjects. Results: In men, the mean corneal diameter was 10.5 mm, horizontal palpepral fissure was 30.0 mm, vertical palpepral fissure was 9.7 mm, vertical brow-nasal distance was 36.9 mm, inter-outer canthal distance was 91.3 mm, inter-inner canthal distance was 30.7 mm, interpupillary distance was 60.6 mm, nasal bridge height was 4.7 mm, lid crease was 6.0 mm, pretarsal skin height was 2.3 mm, brow height was 9.7 mm, levator function was 14.4 mm, interorbital distance was 99.1 mm and head circumference was 58.0 cm. In female subjects these measurements were 10.3 mm, 30.0 mm, 9.9 mm, 35.1 mm, 90.1 mm, 30.2 mm, 60.1 mm, 4.3 mm, 5.9 mm, 2.1 mm, 9.9 mm, 14.6 mm, 95.8 mm and 55.9 cm, respectively. Conclusion: In this study we obtained the anthropometric measurements of ocular and periocular structures in Turkish subjects. Knowledge of normal values in a population can be important in the manufacture of spectacles and in clinical and surgical practice.     

The use of drugs for behavior modification as it relates to the practice of optometry--Part II.

Drugs used in behavior modification are considered with respect to type, specific agents, conditions for which they are used, and associated ocular and visual side effects. Relevant types include narcotic analgesics, sedatives and hypnotics, antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, psychomotor stimulating agents, caffeine, the antihistamines, estrogen and progestins, vitamins, disulfiram, and illicit drugs and chemicals.     

Editorial prologue to the following three papers on parallel processing in the human visual system: A new perspective

Anatomical principles of the suprachiasmatic pathway. The neuro-ophthalmologi-cal examination of patients with homonymous hemianopia: qualitative rough perimetry (confrontation tests, Amsler screen, quantitative perimetry (campimetry on the Bjerrum screen, kinetic perimetry, static perimetry, automatic computer controlled perimetry, perimetry with colours, flicker-fusion-frequency perimetry), oculomotor disorders (gaze strategies, optokinetic nystagmus), pupillary disturbances, agnosia for the hemianopia, visual hemineglect, Riddoch phenomenon (statokinetic dissociation), dyslexia, alexia, hemiachromatopsia. Synopsis of different forms of hemianopia: unilateral, total or quadrant, bilateral, temporal half moon preserved or not, homonymous scotomas, horizontal (altitudinal) hemianopias. Pathogenetic analysis: cerebral infarctions, cerebral tumours, migraine, cerebrocranial traumas, neurosurgical interventions, inflammatory conditions, congenital or perinatal brain damages. Spontaneous regression and recovery of homonymous hemianopia. Therapy and rehabilitation (moving and reading exercises, optic devices like mirrors or prisms).     

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent subjects. The infection can be congenital or acquired. Ocular symptoms are variable according to the age of the subject. For instance, young children present with reduced visual acuity, strabismus, nystagmus, and leucocoria, while teenagers and adults complain of decreased vision, floaters, photophobia, pain, and hyperemia. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis typically affects the posterior pole, and the lesions can be solitary, multiple or satellite to a pigmented retinal scar. Active lesions present as grey-white focus of retinal necrosis with adjacent choroiditis, vasculitis, hemorrhage and vitreitis. Cicatrization occurs from the periphery towards the center, with variable pigmentary hyperplasia. Anterior uveitis is a common finding, with mutton-fat keratic precipitates, fibrine, cells and flare, iris nodules and posterior synechiae. Atypical presentations include punctate outer retinitis, neuroretinitis, papillitis, pseudo-multiple retinochoroiditis, intraocular inflammation without retinochoroiditis, unilateral pigmentary retinopathy, Fuchs'-like anterior uveitis, scleritis and multifocal or diffuse necrotizing retinitis. The laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on detection of antibodies and T. gondii DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Toxoplasmosis therapy includes specific medication and corticosteroids. There are several regimens, with different drug combinations. Medications include pirimetamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazol, spiramycin, azithromycin, atovaquone, tetracycline and minocycline. The prognosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is usually good in immunocompetent individuals, as long as the central macula is not directly involved.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者糖耐量受损69例

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)与糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)的关系.方法 单纯OSAHS患者205例,OSAHS合并IGT者69例,OSAHS合并2型糖尿病者46例,健康对照组86例,检测患者体质量指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(lowest artery oxygen saturation,LSaO2)、收缩压、舒张压、红细胞数、甘油三脂、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、口服75 g葡萄糖2 h后血糖.OSAHS合并IGT者行悬雍垂聘咽成形术或鼻腔持续正压通气治疗,该组患者均未用降血糖药物治疗.结果 OSAHS各组与健康对照组比较,LSaO,下降,体质量指数等其他指标均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).OSAHS各组间体质量指数等观察指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).OSAHS合并IGT组空腹血糖及口服75 g葡萄糖2 h后血糖分别与体质量指数、AHI、甘油三酯及总胆固醇水平呈正相关(P＜0.05),与LSaO2水平呈负相关(P＜0.01),与红细胞数、收缩压及舒张压水平无明显相关性.OSAHS合并IGT组患者治疗半年后与治疗前比较:体质量指数及舒张压下降,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);其他指标均有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 OSAHS可并发糖代谢紊乱,其IGT与体质量指数、AHI、LSaO2、甘油三脂、总胆固醇水平相关,治疗OSAHS后,IGT可好转.     

白内障超声乳化并人工晶状体植入术后高阶像差变化及意义

目的 观察白内障超声乳化并人工晶状体植入术后眼高阶像差的变化,探讨其临床意义.方法 采用 Zywave 波前像差仪,检测129例(129只眼)白内障超声乳化并人工晶状体植入术后(非球面人工晶状体60例,球面人工晶状体69例)患者与107例(107只眼)对照人群的眼总高阶像差、球差 (Z400)、彗差(Z310、311)等各高阶像差均方根值(RMS),行协方差分析检验.结果 与对照组相比,人工晶状体眼组的总高阶像差、Z331、Z311、Z441、Z400、Z420、Z440、Z511、Z510、Z550的均方根值(RMS)的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其中,与对照组相比,非球面人工晶状体亚组的总高阶像差、Z331、Z441、Z400、Z440、Z511、Z510、Z550的均方根值(RMS)差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),除了Z331、Z400,其余6个高阶像差均表现增高;球面人工晶状体亚组的总高阶像差、Z331、Z311、Z400、Z420、Z440、Z511、Z550的均方根值(RMS)差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且均表现增高.结论 白内障超声乳化并人工晶状体植入术后眼总高阶像差在内的多数高阶像差均明显增高;根据植入人工晶状体类型的不同,增高的分阶像差会略有差异,但总高阶像差、Z331、Z400、Z440、Z511、Z550等始终表现增高;非球面人工晶状体能有效降低白内障术后眼的球差.     

Accuracy of intraocular lens formulas using total keratometry in eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery

ObjectivesThis comparative study aimed to determine if total keratometry (TK) from IOLMaster 700 could be applied to conventional formulas to perform IOL power calculation in eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery, and to evaluate their accuracy with known post-laser refractive surgery formulas.MethodsSixty-four eyes of 49 patients with previous myopic laser refractive surgery were evaluated 1 month after cataract surgery. A comparison of the prediction error was made between no clinical history post-laser refractive surgery formulas (Barrett True-K, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL) and conventional formulas (EVO, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and SRK/T) using TK values obtained with the optical biometer IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec), as well as Barrett True-K with TK.ResultsThe mean prediction error was statistically different from zero for Barrett True-K, Barrett True-K with TK, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL, and Holladay I with TK. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.424, 0.671, 0.638, 0.439, 0.408, 0.424, 0.479, 0.647, and 0.524, and median absolute error (MedAE) was 0.388, 0.586, 0.605, 0.298, 0.294, 0.324, 0.333, 0.438, and 0.377 for Barrett True-K, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL, Barrett True-K TK, EVO with TK, Haigis with TK, Hoffer Q with TK, Holladay I with TK, and SRK/T with TK, respectively. EVO TK followed by Barrett True-K TK and Haigis TK achieved the highest percentages of patients with absolute prediction error within 0.50 and 1.00 D (68.75%, 92.19%, and 64.06%, 92.19%, respectively)ConclusionsFormulas combined with TK achieve similar or better results compared to existing no-history post-myopic laser refractive surgery formulas.Subject terms: Outcomes research, Prognosis     

Endotoxins in ophthalmic viscosurgical devices

PURPOSE: To measure the endotoxin concentration (EC) of 25 commercially available, hyaluronic acid- and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based (HPMC) ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs). METHODS: The in vitro Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which indicates the presence of endotoxins originating from gram-negative bacteria, was used to determine the EC. The procedure was performed according to the European Pharmacopoeia/USP. EC including duplicate determinations, negative controls, dilution series with control standard endotoxin, dilution series with sample extract and positive sample control. RESULTS: 16 OVDs (Amvisc, Amvisc Plus, Biolon, Coatel, Healon, Healon GV, Healon, HPMC Ophtal L, Microvisc, Microvisc Plus, Ocucoat, Provisc, Rayvisc, Viscoat, Visco Shield 2%, Visko 1.4%) had an EC under 1.2 endotoxin units/mL, five (Adatocel, HPMC Ophtal H, LA Gel, Viscorneal, Viscorneal Plus) had an EC > or = 1.2 and < or = 24 EU/ml, and four (Biocorneal, Dispasan also named Ophthalin, Dispasan Plus, Visko 1%) had an EC of > 24 EU/ml. DISCUSSION: To avoid viscoelastic-related inflammatory or immunological reactions, the use of pure OVDs is recommended, especially for surgical procedures with an inherent possibility of leaving viscoelastic remnants in the eye (e.g., cataract surgery, visco-canalostomy or penetrating keratoplasty).