内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂的矫治研究

目的:研究内窥镜下双平面隆乳术矫治小乳症合并乳房下垂的效果及安全性。方法:对42例小乳症合并乳房下垂患者在内窥镜下实施双平面隆乳术,对患者随访6个月～1年观察乳房矫正效果。结果:42例患者乳头上提(1.9±0.3)cm;术后乳房未下垂+Ⅰ度下垂比例高于术前(P<0.01);隆乳术总体优良率为92.85%;除了1例BakerⅢ级以外,其余均未发生并发症。结论:内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂矫治效果好,切口隐蔽,乳房形态自然、饱满。     

双平面隆乳术在矫治小乳症并乳房下垂中的应用

目的：讨论双平面隆乳术在矫治小乳症并乳房下垂中的临床应用。方法：选择22例患者,4例哺乳后乳房萎缩并松垂行单纯双平面隆乳术,18例小乳症并乳房Ⅰ度至Ⅲ度下垂行双平面硅胶假体隆乳及乳房下垂矫正。结果：22例术后随访1个月至1年2个月,平均6．5个月。20例（40只）乳房形态良好,无假体移位、包膜挛缩及畸形。1例（2只）Ⅲ度乳房下垂者因悬吊不够,9个月随访时仍呈现Ⅰ度下垂。1例（1只）乳房硬化,为BakerⅢ。讨论“双平面”法隆乳术,即假体同时位于两个平面（部分位于乳腺下,部分位于胸大肌下）,此方法适用于各类乳房,能避免“双乳房”畸形,术后乳房下部形态美观。     

应用解剖型假体隆乳治疗轻中度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体隆乳术治疗小乳症伴轻中度乳房下垂的方法及效果。方法对15例患小乳症伴乳房轻中度下垂者应用解剖型ST-410假体行乳腺下隆乳术，根据术后患者满意度判断手术治疗效果。结果15例乳房轻中度下垂者通过此方法均获得很大改善，患者均感满意。结论应用解剖型假体行乳腺下隆乳术可明显改善轻中度乳腺下垂。     

Skin-sparing mastectomy with staged tissue expander reconstruction using a silicone gel prosthesis and contralateral endoscopic breast augmentation

Women with an A or B cup-size breast with no ptosis or glandular ptosis underwent a skin-sparing mastectomy through a periareolar incision. A submuscular tissue expander was placed for immediate reconstruction. The periareolar incision was closed using a modified pursestring technique. The reconstructed breast was expanded to a C cup size. The expander was removed and replaced with a silicone gel prosthesis. At the time of tissue expander removal, the contralateral breast underwent endoscopic augmentation. Nipple-areolar reconstruction was performed during a third stage to cover the mastectomy scar. Implant reconstruction of the breast frequently results in a breast mound that has greater upper breast fullness than the opposite breast. By augmenting the opposite breast, better symmetry is achieved. Burden WR. Skin-sparing mastectomy with staged tissue expander reconstruction using a silicone gel prosthesis and contralateral endoscopic breast augmentation.     

乳晕切口法解剖型假体隆乳术治疗轻度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体(又称泪滴型假体)隆乳术矫正轻度乳房下垂的可行性及临床效果。方法术前依据原乳房三维形态,测量胸乳距、乳房基底宽度、乳头至乳房下皱襞距离等数据,以确定所需采用的假体类型、容量及下垂乳房下皱襞距离,选用乳晕切口对36例轻度乳房下垂者应用麦格410解剖型假体行隆乳术。结果全部隆乳者术后乳房挺拔,下垂基本得到矫正,受术者均表满意。结论应用解剖型假体的隆乳术是目前矫正有增大乳房容积愿望的轻度乳房下垂者的最佳选择之一。     

A classification and algorithm for treatment of breast ptosis

Background: The Regnault classification of breast ptosis is insufficient for determining surgical strategies for different stages of ptosis. Objective: A new clinical classification of breast ptosis is proposed that allows greater precision in the development of an appropriate surgical plan. Methods: Breast ptosis is classified in 1-cm stages, beginning with stage A at 2 cm above the inframammary crease and continuing through stage E at 2 cm below the inframammary crease, with any level of ptosis beyond stage E defined as stage F. Increments of 1 cm were chosen because each level predicts a different amount of skin excision necessary to elevate the nipple-areolar complex to an ideal aesthetic level. An algorithm is provided for defining options for surgical management of the ptotic breast with and without augmentation and for the previously augmented breast. Results: Seventy-three cases of breast ptosis were treated with augmentation mammaplasty, simultaneous areolar mastopexy breast augmentation, Wise mastopexy breast augmentation, and other procedures following the proposed classification system and treatment algorithm. Conclusions: The new system for staging of breast ptosis is simple and easy to remember and can assist in the planning and evaluation of surgery. (Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:355-363.)     

Our own experience in the treatment of hypotrophy and ptosis of the breast]

The outcome of surgical of small, ptotic breasts is reported in a retrospective series of fifteen patients operated between 1983 and 1989. Seven patients underwent breast augmentation by insertion of breast implant supplemented in one case by a dermopexy while eight patients underwent cutaneous and glandular remodeling alone. Simple breast augmentation with breast implant gave good results with mild to moderate ptosis (i.e. when the distance between the inferior margin of the clavicle and the upper margin of the areola was equal to or less than 17 cm) provided that: the subareolar segment III did not exceed 5 cm, the skin had good static qualities for breast suspension, the amount of glandular, adipose and cutaneous tissue present allowed the prothesis to be covered by a sufficiently thick layer. With breast ptosis greater than 17 cm or when segment III exceeded 5 cm, cutaneous remodeling by dermopexy was associated with insertion of breast implant. In this group of patients treated, either by breast implant alone, or associated with dermopexy, results were good in 33%, and satisfactory in 50% of cases. Better results were obtained in patients with marked ptosis and breasts which, although hypotrophic, conserved a amount of adipose and glandular tissue sufficient to allow breast reconstruction by soft tissue remodeling alone (without the insertion of an implant). Patients in this group were treated by glandular and cutaneous remodeling with good to excellent results in 80% of cases.     

Subpectoral breast augmentation through the abdominoplasty incision

Abdominoplasty and breast augmentation are often performed together, and subglandular augmentation through the abdominoplasty incision has been previously described. Nine cases of subpectoral breast augmentation and abdominoplasty performed through a single low transverse abdominal incision were performed between 2002 and 2005. The selection criteria included women who were healthy, nonsmokers, without true breast ptosis or breast deformity requiring additional shaping. The subpectoral space was accessed and the pectoralis major origins were mobilized under direct vision, and the implant pocket was shaped with the aid of a breast sizer and breast dissector. The mean follow-up was 22 months. The surgical goals were realized in all cases, with no asymmetry or implant-related complications. The standard abdominoplasty incision provides ample exposure for the creation of a subpectoral pocket and precise placement of implants. The procedure should be considered in patients who wish abdominal recontouring and breast augmentation and have minimal ptosis.     

兼顾矫正乳房中度下垂的隆乳术

目的：探讨应用乳晕周围双环切口隆乳同时悬吊乳房,矫正小乳症伴中度乳房下垂的方法。方法：采用乳晕周围双环形切口,在乳腺的上半象限纵行切开,按胸大肌纤维走向钝性分离至胸大肌后形成间隙,置入乳房假体。用4号丝线将切开的乳腺组织与胸大肌分离口两侧贯穿预缝置4针,打结闭合胸大肌分离口的同时将乳腺固定于胸大肌上,上部乳腺组织筋膜同时缝合固定在肋软骨膜上,以达到隆乳术同时矫正乳房下垂。结果：用本法矫正小乳症伴中度乳房下垂者26例,效果良好。结论：本手术方法简单易行,无须附加乳晕周围以外切口,瘢痕不明显,是矫正小乳症伴中度下垂的一种较好方法。     

乳房下垂矫正术中的乳房悬吊结构重建

目的总结用乳房悬吊结构重建方法矫正轻、中度乳房下垂的临床经验。方法通过乳晕边缘切口，去除上半腺体后松弛的浅筋膜深层，上提腺体至正常位置并固定于深筋膜，腺体浅面按真皮乳罩原理进行悬吊并适当切除乳晕周边多余皮肤，或采用聚丙烯单丝网片对腺体进行悬吊，术后腺体周围形成强大的纤维粘连，从而重建乳腺的悬吊支持结构。同时进行腺体的适当折叠塑形或置入乳房假体增加丰满程度。结果共行轻、中度下垂32例手术（其中单纯悬吊10例，悬吊同时假体隆乳20例，采用聚丙烯网片悬吊2例），手术时间90～150min，平均110min。术中出血量30～100ml，平均58ml。均未发生乳头乳晕坏死感觉障碍等并发症。术后随访6～12个月，平均11．3月，术后外形改善满意率90．6％（29／32）。结论对于不伴腺体肥大的乳房轻、中度下垂，采用乳房悬吊结构重建，是一种创伤相对小，安全，有效的矫正方法。     

不对称乳房美容整形治疗的探讨

目的探讨各种不同类型的不对称乳房的手术治疗方法。方法对48例不同类型的不对称乳房者，分别采用不同的乳房成形术进行矫治，其中包括两侧不同容积的乳房假体隆乳术(19例)，单侧隆乳术(11例)，切除两侧不同体积的乳房组织乳房缩小成形术(9例)，单侧乳房部分切除术(2例)，单侧乳房脂肪抽吸术(1例)，一侧巨乳房缩小成形术，一侧乳房悬吊术(3例)，一侧乳房悬吊，一侧隆乳术(2例)，单侧乳房悬吊(1例)。结果1例因乳房新皱襞下皮肤、皮下组织过多，进行了再次整复术。1例乳房悬吊术后半年，继发轻度下垂。1例因原乳腺组织切除过多且伴有乳房局部较大瘢痕，乳房前外侧稍有凹陷，形态不够满意。其余各例都取得了满意或基本满意的效果。结论对不对称乳房应针对不同的类型采用不同的术式治疗，不对称乳房的检查和测量应力求准确．以便达到尽可能的对称。     

内窥镜双平面假体隆乳术的临床应用

目的：探讨应用内窥镜技术进行双平面假体隆乳术的优缺点及可行性。方法：自2010年6月至2011年5月,应用内窥镜开展双平面隆乳21例,6例为未婚女性,15例为哺乳后乳腺萎缩,其中6例伴轻度或中度的乳腺松垂。结果：21例就医者术后随访1～11个月,除1例乳房轻度欠对称外,其余就医者术后乳房形态良好,手感及动感好,无包膜挛缩,无血肿及感染。结论：采用内窥镜微创技术,可通过腋窝切口完成双平面隆乳手术,切口隐蔽,手术在直视下进行,安全性高,手术创伤小,恢复较快,就医者术后疼痛减轻,包膜挛缩发生率降低。由于结合了乳腺后及胸大肌下两个平面的优势,乳房形态更加自然,手感及动感逼真。适用于大多数需要隆乳者,尤其适用于哺乳后乳腺一定程度松垂的就医者。     

Simultaneous breast augmentation and mastopexy

The results of combining breast augmentation and mastopexy are less predictable than those associated with mastopexy or augmentation mammoplasty alone. A method of breast skin envelope reduction is presented that allows the surgeon performing mastopexy to preview the final breast shape before committing to skin resection. This method, first described in 1978, has proven to be technically versatile and reproducible, and applicable not only to moderate (second degree) and severe (third degree) ptosis but also to simultaneous breast augmentation and mastopexy. For the combined procedures, the practical strategy proposed is first the implant placement through a periareolar incision, and a vertical transglandular incision, usually submusculofascial; second, restoring the gland anatomy by closing the muscularis and the vertical transglandular incision; third, skin envelope adjustment using the Tailor-Tack maneuver to accurately assure the best position of the nipple-areolar complex on the breast mound; fourth, skin incision, de-epithelialization and undermining; and finally, closure combining the the Purse-String maneuver with the vertical incision.     

Extra-projected implants as an alternative surgical model for breast reconstruction. Implantation strategy and early results

The present study reports on patients who underwent breast reconstructions with extra-projection implants. Two-hundred and thirty-four women were treated for 238 breast reconstructions irrespectively of breast shape and size. In this series we aimed to reconstruct for all women a bilateral cosmetic medium-size breast (between 400 and 500cc), highly projected, with a little to moderate ptosis rather then a ptotic one exactly matching the contra-lateral. This is demonstrated by volume of implants that ranged from 397cc for ladies with small breast who received an augmentation, to 533cc for those who side required a reduction surgery. Eighty-six percent of patients received contra-lateral procedures. Complication rate was 8.4% and 66% of reconstructions were rated as good in the patients' opinion. Extra-projection implants, coupled with contra-lateral breast surgery, provide a good aesthetic outcome and avoid myocutaneous flaps only on the basis of breast size and shape.     

Management of asymptomatic silicone-injected breast with reduction mammoplasty

Even though Silicone injection for breast augmentation has been related to disastrous long-term effects and complications, some patients do not develop significant symptoms at all (asymptomatic). Unfortunately, the management of asymptomatic Silicone-injected breast is still unclear and has never been reported exclusively. We present two cases of asymptomatic patients with a history of liquid Silicone injections who refused to have a mastectomy. They were concerned with the breast ptosis and chose to undergo reduction mammoplasty to improve the appearance of the breasts. Magnetic resonance imaging may be useful as an additional screening tool to confirm the diagnosis and exclude the presence of malignancy in breasts with injected Silicone. We believe that breast reduction may be the alternative option for women with a history of liquid Silicone injection who have no symptoms but desire to preserve their breasts and improve their aesthetics.KEY WORDS: Breast, magnetic resonance imaging, mammaplasty, mastectomy, Silicone     

Importance of the periareolar approach in the augmentation of the ptotic breast

This is a retrospective review of 66 patients with grade II breast ptosis who underwent augmentation mammaplasty from January 1996 to January 2001. Of these 66 patients, 17 were augmented using a periareolar approach, and 49 were augmented using an inframammary approach. All patients had textured saline implants, and 64 of 66 patients had the implants placed in a submuscular position. Mean photographic follow-up was 4.8 months (range, 6 weeks-1 year). When compared with an inframammary approach in the presence of grade II ptosis, a periareolar approach results in improved fill of the lower pole of the breast, improved centralization of the nipple on the breast mound, and lessening or elimination of undesirable upper pole fullness.     

Subfascial Transaxillary Breast Augmentation Without Endoscopic Assistance: Technical Aspects and Outcome

Background Although transaxillary breast augmentation (TBA) is a well-studied procedure, few previous reports exist concerning the subfascial technique, especially without endoscopic assistance. This study aimed to analyze the feasibility of the technique after breast augmentation in terms of its indication, surgical technique, limitations, and clinical outcome. Methods For this study, 42 patients underwent TBA without endoscopic assistance. The technique was indicated for patients with breasts of small or moderate volume without ptosis, patients who wanted no breast scars, and patients who had a poorly defined inframammary fold. The mean follow-up period was 16 months. Implant and incision approach complications were evaluated. Information on patient satisfaction was collected. Results A total of 14 complications occurred in 42 patients, all of them minor. Axillary incision–related complications occurred in 26% of the patients, as represented by a late axillary subcutaneous band (119%), sensory loss in the inner aspect of the arm (71%), and a hypertrophic scar and small wound dehiscence (71%). No patient presented with capsular contracture, visible rippling, or infection. Most of the patients (93%) were either very satisfied or satisfied with their result, and none regretted the surgery. Conclusion The TBA procedure without endoscopic assistance is a simple and reliable technique for breast augmentation. Most of the complications in this study were minor and predictable. They did not interfere with the aesthetic outcome nor the normal postoperative recovery. With TBA, success depends on patient selection as well as careful intra- and postoperative management.     

Endoscopic breast surgery for breast cancer

Since 1995, endoscopic breast surgery (EBS) has been gradually established in Japan. Establishment of EBS was inextricably linked to explosive development of instruments for endoscopic surgery and profound theoretical understanding, how to perform broad & stable dissection of the compact connective tissue thorough small incisions. EBS consisted chiefly of two procedures added to breast and axilla and procedures to breast is classified into three methods according to incisions, axillar, periareolar and combined incisions. With EBS technique, any kind breast surgery, sentinel node biopsy, reconstruction, augmentation, and benign tumor excision, could be performed through same skin incisions. Curability of breast cancer EBS is same as that with conventional method and local recurrence rate after total and partial mastectomy. All breast cancer without skin involvement of cancer would be candidate for EBS. To minimize invasiveness of treatment and maintain cosmetic outcome of breast, combination treatment of ablation treatment, EBS and evolution of radiation therapy would be important.     

应用乳腺旋转瓣固定矫正轻中度乳房下垂

目的:介绍采用乳房外下象限乳腺旋转瓣固定矫正轻中度乳房下垂的方法和经验。方法:经乳晕周缘"双环形"切口,去除内外环之间的表皮。在皮下脂肪组织与腺体之间广泛分离。在乳房下方正中垂直剖开乳腺,并向外侧分离,形成乳房外下象限乳腺瓣,并向内上方旋转固定,缩小乳房基底,重塑乳房外形,并上提下垂的乳头乳晕复合体。伴有明显乳腺萎缩者,同期或Ⅱ期行胸大肌下假体隆乳术。结果:2011年2月~2013年12月采用该方法共治疗轻中度乳房下垂19例,无血肿、感染、乳头乳晕坏死等并发症发生,术后随访1~2年,无乳房下垂复发,乳房下垂明显矫正,双乳对称,外形良好。切口瘢痕呈环线状,乳头乳晕感觉功能正常。结论:乳腺旋转瓣固定法结合了"双环法"和"垂直法"两种技术的优势,对轻中度乳房下垂的治疗,提供了一种新的思路和方法。