Home enteral nutrition in paediatric practice

Nasogastric feeding at home is increasingly being used to provide nutritional support for children with chronic conditions associated with poor growth. The development of specialized feeding products together with accurate and portable enteral feeding pumps has facilitated this process. Parents manage home nasogastric feeding well but require education and continued support. This is probably best offered by a specialized multidisciplinary nutritional care team.     

Home enteral nutrition in children: an 11-year experience with 416 patients

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We report our experience of paediatric home enteral nutrition, as there is little detailed evidence published. METHODS: All patients younger than 18 years commencing treatment between January 1990 and December 2000 were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: The study covered 416 children and adolescents, corresponding to a total of 243,844 days of home enteral nutrition (HEN). The mean (+/-SD) age of patients commencing treatment was 5.4+/-5.3 years (range 0.1-17.8). Indications were digestive disorders in 35% of patients, neurological and muscular disorders in 35%, malignancy in 11%, failure to thrive in 8%, and miscellaneous ailments in 9%. Enteral feeding comprised commercially available paediatric industrial diets in 36%, adult-type diet in 35% and infant formulas in 29%. Children received enteral feeding by nasogastric tube (53%), or gastrostomy (41%). A mechanical pump was used in 98% of the patients. The mean duration of treatment was 595+/-719 days. CONCLUSIONS: HEN can be used while treating a large group of chronic diseases of children. It can be started very early in life and is often prolonged over several years.     

艾滋病患者肝脏损害的CT表现

目的：分析艾滋病患者并发肝脏损害的CT表现,以提高对艾滋病肝脏损害的CT影像学认识。方法：选取2011年12月-2013年12月本院经临床确诊的125例艾滋病住院患者接受CT扫描,对其中83例并发肝脏损害的CT影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组艾滋病患者肝脏损害的CT影像学异常主要包括肝脏弥漫性改变和肝实质病灶,前者表现为单纯性肝肿大10例,单纯肝密度减低9例,肝肿大同时伴肝密度减低36例,弥漫性脂肪肝8例和肝硬化2例;后者表现为肝脏机会性感染10例,艾滋病相关性肝血管瘤6例,相关性原发性肝细胞癌2例。结论：艾滋病患者肝脏损害的CT表现可为临床提供有价值的影像学资料,有助于临床对艾滋病病情的准确判断。     

家庭肠内营养支持治疗胃癌全胃切除术后营养不良

目的:总结家庭肠内营养支持用于胃癌病人全胃切除术后治疗营养不良的经验. 方法:对3例全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,评估其营养状况,建立输注途径,做好病人及家属的指导,行家庭肠内营养支持并作随访. 结果:家庭肠内营养支持后,病人营养状况改善,免疫功能增强,生活质量提高,支持抗肿瘤治疗. 结论:对全胃切除术后营养不良的胃癌病人,应积极开展家庭肠内营养支持治疗.     

Home enteral nutrition in adults: a European multicentre survey

AIMS: This study was undertaken to report indications and practice of home enteral nutrition (HEN) in Europe. METHODS: A questionnaire on HEN practice was sent to 23 centres from Belgium (B), Denmark (D), France (F), Germany (G), Italy (I), Poland (P), Spain (S) and the United Kingdom (UK). This involved adult patients newly registered in HEN programme from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 1998. RESULTS: A total of 1397 patients (532 women, 865 men) were registered. The median incidence of HEN was 163 patients/million inhabitants/year (range: 62-457). Age distribution was 7.5%, 16-40 years; 37.1%, 41-65 years; 34.5%, 66-80 years and 20.9% >80 years. The chief underlying diseases were a neurological disorder (49.1%), or head and neck cancer (26.5%); the main reason for HEN was dysphagia (84.6%). A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (58.2%) or a naso-gastric tube (29.3%) were used to infuse commercial standard or high energy diets (65.3%), or fibre diets (24.5%); infusion was cyclical (61.5%) or bolus (34.1%). Indications and feeds were quite similar throughout the different centres but some differences exist concerning the underlying disease. There was greater variation in the choice of tubes and mode of infusion. In F, G, I, S, and UK, costs of HEN are fully funded. In B, D, and P patients have to pay part or all of the charges. CONCLUSIONS: In Europe, HEN was utilised mainly in dysphagic patients with neurological disorders or cancer, using a standard feed via a PEG. However, there were important differences among the countries in the underlying diseases treated, the routes used, the mode of administration and the funding.     

早期肠内营养支持对脑卒中病人疗效影响的研究

目的:观察早期肠内营养(EEN)对脑卒中病人疗效的影响. 方法:将122例脑卒中病人分为EEN和完全肠外营养(TPN)组,每组61例.两组病人于入院后24h开始实施营养支持.由营养师计算热量,即按照Harris-Benedict公式确定基础能量消耗(BEE),再根据BEE×活动系数×应激系数×体温系数来确定总热量,按照每个病人理论所需的热量选择合适的营养制剂,连续支持治疗7d.观察两组病人的营养监测指标、胃肠道等主要并发症情况和两组日均营养支持费用,并对结果进行统计. 结果:营养支持7d后,除清蛋白(ALB)指标和胃肠道等主要并发症外,EEN组病人前清蛋白(PA)、淋巴细胞总数(TLC)均显著高于TPN组,两组营养支持后ALB、PA、ILC显著高于营养支持前,EEN组营养支持日均费用显著低于TPN组,经统计学分析有显著性差异(P＜0.05). 结论:对于脑卒中病人早期给予EN,能促进病人营养状况的恢复,达到良好的治疗效果.     

艾滋病合并肺部PCP感染的影像学分析

目的提高对艾滋病患者合并肺部感染影像学的认识.方法对2001～2006年间确认的16例艾滋病合并肺部PCP感染的影像学进行分析.结果PCP感染两肺野弥漫性渗出性病变分布于肺门周围,肺野外带及肺尖很少受累,为典型的影像学表现.临床症状主要表现为干咳、胸痛、气促和发热而体征不明显.结论艾滋病合并肺部PCP感染的患者临床和影像表现复杂多样,应结合其他相关检查方能做出诊断.     

肠内营养在溃疡性结肠炎治疗中的应用

目的:研究EN支持在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)治疗中的适应证、耐受性、不良反应和疗效.方法:回顾分析220例活动期UC病人,有85例应用EN支持.结果:应用EN支持者,全结肠型占(70.6%)明显多于左半结肠型(18.8%)、直肠乙状结肠型(9.4%)和直肠型(1.2%);重度(56.5%)多于中度(32.9%)及轻度(10.6%).EN组病人BMI<18 kg/m2比例明显高于对照组(P<0.05);ALB水平(28.91±6.64)g/L低于对照组(36.03±6.59)g/L.不同类型EN制剂增加至3 347 kJ/d时间无显著性差异(P>0.05).在不良反应中,腹泻的发生率为14.1%,占所有不良反应的57.1%;EN组与对照组比较,激素减量时间、手术率和缓解率无显著性差异(P>0.05).总蛋白、ALB、PA水平在EN支持后有显著提高(P<0.05).结论:①对病变范围广,中、重度的UC病人,应给予充足的EN;②对存在中、重度营养不良UC病人,应补充EN;③UC病人对不同类型营养制剂耐受性无差异,腹泻是最常见的不良反应;④EN可作为UC活动期的一种辅助治疗.     

胃癌病人术后早期营养支持对营养等状况恢复的比较

目的:探讨胃底贲门癌病人术后早期应用全肠外营养(TPN)和肠内营养(EN)对营养等状况恢复的比较分析.方法:将73例胃底贲门癌病人随机分为EN组(37例)和PN组(36例).于术后48 h内开始给予等氮、等热量营养支持,观察两组病人手术前、后的营养和免疫指标、术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门排气时间和并发症发生的情况.结果:两组病人术后营养支持的营养及免疫指标明显改善(P＜0.05),EN组前清蛋白和免疫指标较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组较PN组术后胃肠道功能恢复的更早,同时并发症的发生率亦明显减低.结论:胃底贲门癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持,既能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,又可改善病人术后营养状况和免疫功能.     

老年胃癌病人围手术期肠内营养支持

目的:观察老年消化道肿瘤围手术期应用整蛋白型肠内营养支持,对改善老年胃肿瘤病人术后的营养、免疫状况及减少并发症的作用及安全性.方法:消化道肿瘤病人40例,随机分为两组,试验组20例,在围手术期给予胃肠内营养支持,术前3 d给予能全素口服至手术前1 d,术后48 h即通过肠内营养输注系统给予能全素.对照组按常规处理,观察围手术期病人的临床表现,监测术前、术后第7 d血浆蛋白、免疫学指标及术后并发症等.结果:试验组胃肠道功能恢复时间为(2.21±0.32)d,对照组为(2.81±1.01)d.试验组1例轻度腹胀,1例出现腹泻,其余病人耐受均良好.试验组出现切口感染1例,对照组为3例.肺部感染试验组为1例,对照组4例.试验组病人应用能全素后血清蛋白及血浆前清蛋白明显高于对照组,两组病人术后CD3 、CD4 及CD /CD8 较术前均有所下降.试验组术后第7 d与对照组比较,CD3 、CD4 及CD4 /CD8 均升高,差异有显著性意义.结论:老年消化道肿瘤病人围手术期应用整蛋白型肠内营养有利于T细胞亚群恢复,对细胞免疫有促进作用,能减少并发症的发生.     

短肽型肠内营养制剂适用于老年脑卒中病人的营养支持

目的:评价短肽型肠内营养(EN)制剂对老年脑卒中病人营养支持治疗的疗效. 方法:将60例出现吞咽障碍需营养支持治疗的老年脑卒中病人,随机分为试验组(n =30,入院48 h内鼻饲给予短肽型EN制剂)和对照组(n=30,入院48 h内鼻饲给予匀浆膳).观察两组病人营养支持前后营养指标和不良反应的发生情况.结果:经过30 d的营养支持,试验组病人较对照组能更好地维持前清蛋白、清蛋白和血红蛋白水平;对照组病人前清蛋白、清蛋白和血红蛋白水平比入院时有显著降低(P＜0.01).试验组病人不良反应(腹胀、腹泻、呕吐、胃潴留、误吸和吸入性肺炎)的发生率(36.67％)显著低于对照组(56.67％),差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论:短肽型EN制剂对老年脑卒中病人营养支持治疗的疗效和安全性均优于匀浆膳.     

肠内营养支持时机对重型颅脑损伤病人术后并发感染的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)与延迟肠内营养(DEN)对重型颅脑损伤术后病人并发感染的影响.方法:将85例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分成EEN组和DEN组,分析两组病人术后感染的发生率、持续时间和部位等与结局有关的参数,并比较两者问的差异. 结果:两组病人术后感染发生率和感染持续时间无显著性差异(P>0.05). 结论:营...