Use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs.

Plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in England and Wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified. Strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 MDa predominated (= plasmid profile type SE 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs. Eleven profile types were identified in strains from humans, 21 in strains from poultry and 3 in strains from eggs. Eight of the 11 patterns identified in human isolates were found in strains from poultry and 2 in strains from eggs. In contrast 15 patterns seen in poultry were not found in strains from humans. Four percent of strains from humans and 13% from poultry did not carry the 38 MDa plasmid but all strains from eggs were found to carry this plasmid. The second most common profile type in strains isolated between 1981 and 1988 was not identified in strains isolated from 1988-92. It is concluded that plasmid profile typing is a useful method for rapid differentiation within phage type 4 of S. enteritidis but that methods which can discriminate within the predominant profile type, SE 38, are now required.     

Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from human gastroenteritis cases and from epidemiologically associated poultry flocks.

Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human gastroenteritis cases and from two commercial egg-producing poultry flocks was performed to determine if the poultry flocks were the source of the human infections. The plasmid profile and restriction fragment pattern (fingerprint) of five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases matched those of nine isolates from internal organs of egg-laying hens in one flock which was the source of eggs consumed by the cases. Another commercial flock was epidemiologically associated as the source of eggs consumed by affected persons in four separate gastroenteritis outbreaks from which S. enteritidis isolates were available. Five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases in these four outbreaks had the same profile and fingerprint, and they all matched those of the 24 isolates from hens in this flock. These results provide further documentation of egg-borne transmission of S. enteritidis to humans.     

Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis by Salmonella gallinarum in poultry

Salmonella Enteritidis emerged as a major egg-associated pathogen in the late 20th century. Epidemiologic data from England, Wales, and the United States indicate that S. Enteritidis filled the ecologic niche vacated by eradication of S. Gallinarum from poultry, leading to an epidemic increase in human infections. We tested this hypothesis by retrospective analysis of epidemiologic surveys in Germany and demonstrated that the number of human S. Enteritidis cases is inversely related to the prevalence of S. Gallinarum in poultry. Mathematical models combining epidemiology with population biology suggest that S. Gallinarum competitively excluded S. Enteritidis from poultry flocks early in the 20th century.     

对食品中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行DiversiLab分型研究

目的:对来自湛江的食品样本中分离的16株金黄色葡萄球菌进行DiversiLab分型,研究其基因特征和聚类分布,为食源性疾病溯源及预警提供依据。方法:采用DiversiLab自动分型系统对16株金黄色葡萄球菌进行分子分型。结果:DiversiLab分型系统将16株金黄色葡萄球菌分为9个型别,其中P1型包含菌株0902和0901;P2型包含0971、0923、0967、09108菌株;P3型包含菌株0969、0970、10010;P4型包含菌株09118和09119。其余5株金黄色葡萄球菌的每一个菌株被分为一个单独的型别。结论:DiversiLab分型结果准确揭示了16株食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的遗传特征和亲缘关系;Diversilab自动化分型技术方便快捷、结果可靠,是监测分析食源性致病菌和对食源性疾病溯源及预警的有力工具。     

肠炎沙门菌随机扩增多态性DNA分子分型

目的对不同来源的12株肠炎沙门菌分离株进行分子分型。方法分别提取不同菌株基因组DNA,建立和优化随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）反应体系,试用22条随机引物对不同菌株进行RAPD扩增,筛选清晰稳定的扩增条带做统计分析。结果筛选到OPG-03、OPG-06、OPG-07和OPG-13共4条随机引物具有鉴别作用,每一菌株均可扩增出4~10条DNA片段,大多数片段在100~2000bp之间,共扩增出42条RAPD条带,其中共有条带7条,多态性条带35条,多态性为83.3%。不同来源的肠炎沙门菌分离株之间的遗传相似系数在42.6%~100%之间,在0.850的相似性水平上可将12株肠炎沙门菌分离株分为5个不同的亚型。结论应用RAPD技术在分子水平上对肠炎沙门菌进行鉴别和分型具有简便、快速和辨别能力高的优势,对肠炎沙门菌的分子流行病学研究具有较好的应用前景。     

Comparison of two Salmonella enteritidis phage typing schemes

The comparison of two phage typing schemes for Salmonella enteritidis was performed. A total of 517 strains were phage-typed according to the schemes of Lalko [27] and Ward et al. [21]. Strains were isolated from food-poisoning outbreaks and other common sources in Poland, between 1986–1995. Above 99% of all strains tested were differentiated to the definitive phage type using the Lalko collection of typing phages. Phage types 1 and 7 (PTs 1, 7) were the most isolated. The typing phages of Ward enabled to assign 56.5% of all strains (a total of 14 phage types were presented), 37.1% – reacted with phages without showing any of the designated phage types and 6.4% were untypable. Phage type 8 (PT8) predominated. The majority of Salmonella enteritidis strains from one phage type outbreaks of Lalko presented different types of lytic reactions with the Ward phages. Only the correspondence of Salmonella enteritidis PT7 of Lalko with PT8 of Ward et al. [21] was observed.     

Representative Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry and poultry environments in Saudi Arabia

The authors describe the source and prevalence of pathogenic Salmonella serovars among poultry farms in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1,052 (4%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 25,759 samples of poultry (broilers, layers, broiler breeders and layer breeders) and poultry environments (box liner, litter, drag swab, droppings, mice and feed) were examined bacteriologically between 1988 and 1997 at the Poultry Disease Laboratory at the National Agriculture and Water Research Center in Riyadh. Eleven Salmonella serogroups representing 38 different Salmonella serovars were identified by means of antigenic analysis. The majority of the 276 isolates (26.2%) of Salmonella typed, were recovered from liver, heart and intestines of the broilers and layers. The most prominent Salmonella serogroups isolated were as follows: serogroup C1 (392 isolates, 37.26%), B (289 isolates, 27.47%) and D1 (269 isolates, 25.69%). However, untypable and multiple serogroups were also encountered, the most frequent isolates serotyped belonged to groups C1 (97 isolates, 24.7%), D1 (86 isolates, 31.9%), and B (71 isolates, 24.6%). Salmonella Enteritidis (85 isolates, 98.8%), Salmonella Virchow (48 isolates, 57.8%), Salmonella Paratyphi B var. Java (41 isolates, 57.7%) and Salmonella Infantis (30 isolates, 20.6%) were distributed the most widely as all were encountered in poultry and in poultry environments. S. Enteritidis phage type 4 (30 isolates, 35.3%), was the phage type most frequently detected among group D1 phage types, while 39 (45.8%) of the isolates of S. Enteritidis could not be phage typed.     

Biofilm formation and genetic diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from clinical,food, poultry and environmental sources

In the present study, Salmonella isolates (n = 40) recovered from clinical, food, poultry and environmental sources were characterized for serotype identification, genetic diversity and biofilm formation capability. Serotype identification using multiplex PCR assay revealed six isolates to be Salmonella Typhimurium, 14 as Salmonella Enteritidis, 11 as Salmonella Typhi, and the remaining nine isolates unidentified were considered as other Salmonella spp. Most of the Salmonella isolates (85%) produced biofilm on polystyrene surfaces as assessed by microtitre plate assay. About 67.5% isolates were weak biofilm producers and 17.5% were moderate biofilm producers. There was no significant difference in biofilm-forming ability among the Salmonella isolates recovered from different geographical regions or different sources. Among the genetic methods, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR revealed greater discriminatory power (DI, 0.943) followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (DI, 0.899) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR (DI, 0.873). However, composite analysis revealed the highest discrimination index (0.957). Greater discrimination of S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi was achieved using PFGE, while ERIC PCR was better for S. Enteritidis and other Salmonella serotypes. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.992) was observed between biofilm formation trait and clustered Salmonella isolates in composite genetic analysis.     

多位点序列分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳在肠炎沙门菌分子分型的比较

目的 比较多位点序列分型技术和脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）技术在肠炎沙门菌菌株间分型的分辨率。方法 分别建立肠炎沙门菌的6个管家基因thrA、pure、sucA、aroC、hemD、dnaN和一个特异性的DNA标记Sdf Ⅰ的多位点序列分型技术，及以寡切点的XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ作为限制性内切酶的PFGE方法，并应用上述方法对食品中的分离株进行分型，比较两种方法的分辨率。结果 PFGE可以将50株肠炎沙门菌分为11个型。并且通过双酶系统的双重PFGE分型，还可以将PFGE型别再精细划分为亚型；MLST则揭示了在同一血清型内部，各菌株之间的管家基因碱基序列高度保守，而在沙门菌不同血清型的核苷酸序列之间，则分别存在不同数量的碱基差异。即MLST方法只能用于血清型之间，不能在血清型内部进行分型研究。结论 与MLST比较，PFGE方法在肠炎沙门菌的分型方面显示了比较高的分辨率。     

Salmonella serotype enteritidis infections among workers producing poultry vaccine--Maine, November-December 2006

On November 15, 2006, the Maine Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) was notified of a case of salmonellosis (a nationally notifiable disease) in an employee of a facility that produced poultry vaccine. When a second case of salmonellosis in another employee at the same facility was reported on November 25, MDHHS began an outbreak investigation. Results of that investigation suggested that 21 employees of the facility became ill during a 1-month period from exposure to a strain of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (SE) that was used in vaccine production. Infection was thought to have resulted from environmental contamination after the spill of a liquid containing a high concentration of SE. As a result, MDHHS recommended that the facility improve its infection-control procedures to better protect workers. This outbreak highlights occupational risks that can be associated with the manufacture of veterinary biologics involving human pathogens.     

Enterotoxin production, phage typing and serotyping of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical materials and food

The production of enterotoxins A, B, C and F by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical sources and from isolates implicated in food poisoning was investigated. One hundred and ninety one of the 374 clinical strains (51.1%) were found to be enterotoxigenic; of these, 81 (27.7%) strains produced enterotoxin A, 57 (15.3%) strains produced enterotoxin B, 23 (6.2%) strains produced enterotoxin C, and 64 (17.1%) strains produced enterotoxin F. These enterotoxigenic strains were most frequently lysed by phages of group III (21.5%) or were not typable (22%). Eighteen of the 29 strains implicated in food poisoning were enterotoxigenic. The correlation of antigens and bacteriophage patterns with enterotoxigenicity was determined: enterotoxin A being related to a4 antigen, enterotoxin B to phages of 94/96 complex with c1, o antigens, and enterotoxin F to phages of group I with 2632, k1k2, m antigens.     

肠炎沙门菌PFGE分子分型及耐药性研究

目的：对本地区及相邻地区2004～2007年分离的肠炎沙门菌菌株的分子分型及耐药性进行分析。方法：采用PFGE进行分子分型,利用药敏卡通过仪器对分离菌株进行药敏检测。结果：5起肠炎沙门菌食物中毒分离的菌株分成3型,其中2型之间存在3条带的差异,菌株间有相近关系。结论：PFGE是一种非常有效的分子分型方法,建立细菌PFGE指纹图谱数据库及PulseNet,对于控制食源性疾病非常重要。     

肠炎沙门菌多位点序列分型技术的研究

目的研究肠炎沙门菌菌株间的分子特征,建立了分子流行病学研究方法——多位点基因序列分型技术(MLST),并对食品中的肠炎沙门菌分离株进行分型研究。方法选择肠炎沙门菌的6个管家基因thrA、purE、sucA、aroC、hemD、dnaN及一个特异性的DNA标记SdfΙ作为目标基因。对上述基因分别进行PCR扩增及产物测序,用sequencer2.0软件对测序结果进行分析、比对核苷酸的差异。同时,将肠炎沙门菌株与GenBank中鼠伤寒沙门菌LT2相应的基因序列进行比较。结果在肠炎沙门菌标准菌株50041和18株食品分离株之间,6个基因PCR产物范围内的近60000个核苷酸序列完全相同,未观察到同一血清型内的基因突变。而与LT2相比,基因产物发生了1到6个点突变。在对SdfΙ的核苷酸序列比较研究中发现,肠炎沙门菌标准菌株与食品中分离株SdfΙ的核苷酸序列与GenBank中该序列的碱基对比,发生了C182T的点突变。即MLST技术揭示了在同一血清型内各菌株管家基因碱基序列的高度保守。结论MLST方法适用于不同血清型沙门菌株间的分型研究,而不适于同一血清型的菌株分型。     

Subdivision of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid profile typing

Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis by plasmid profile typing has been compared to differentiation by phage typing. Examination of the type strains of the 27 S. enteritidis phage types showed that only 11 profile patterns could be identified. Moreover, two profile patterns were found in 15 of the type strains, including those of the two most common phage types in Britain, types 4 and 8. On this basis, plasmid profile typing is not as sensitive as phage typing for the primary subdivision of S. enteritidis. When differentiation of 534 strains of the 27 phage types was attempted using plasmid profiles, variation in pattern suitable for epidemiological subdivision was found in 13 phage types and there were 9 profile patterns in strains of phage type 4. Plasmid profile typing can, therefore, be regarded as an effective adjunct to phage typing for the subdivision of S. enteritidis.     

Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Corvallis, Anatum and Typhimurium from food and human stool samples in Tunisia, 2001-2004

During the period from 2001 to 2004, a total of 72 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars: Anatum (n=40), Enteritidis (n=18), Corvallis (n=8), and Typhimurium (n=6), of various origins (mainly food and diarrhoeagenic stool samples), were collected and further characterized by antibiotic resistance, plasmid analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-five isolates presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics. Among which one S. enterica serovar Anatum isolate was resistant to 11 antibiotics, and one S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolate was resistant to eight antibiotics. Plasmid profiling identified eight plasmid profiles (with 1-5 plasmids) among the isolates, of which one plasmid profile (P01) was predominant. XbaI PFGE analysis revealed the presence of a predominant clone of the four studied Salmonella serovars circulating in Tunisia throughout the years 2001-2004.